Carinthia
Carinthia
Kärnten ( State | ||
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Votes in Bundesrat 4 (of 62) | | |
Website | www.ktn.gv.at |
Carinthia (
Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture.
Name
The etymology of the name "Carinthia", similar to Carnia or Carniola, has not been conclusively established. The Ravenna Cosmography (about AD 700) referred to a Slavic "Carantani" tribe as the eastern neighbours of the Bavarians. In his History of the Lombards, the 8th-century chronicler Paul the Deacon mentions "Slavs in Carnuntum, which is erroneously called Carantanum" (Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum) for the year 663.[3]
"Carantani" may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre-Indo-European root *karra 'rock'.[4] (cf. Friulian: carantàn), or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from *karantos 'friend, ally'.
Likewise the Slovene name *korǫtanъ may have been adopted from the Latin *carantanum. The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *carantia.[5]
Carinthia is known as Koruška/ Корушка in Croatian and Serbian, Korutany in Czech, Kärnten in German, Karintia in Hungarian, Carinzia in Italian, Carintia in Spanish, Karyntia in Polish, Korutánsko in Slovak, and Koroška in Slovene.
Geography
The state stretches about 180 km (110 mi) from east to west, and 70 km (43 mi) in a north-south direction. With 9,536 km2 (3,682 sq mi), it is the fifth-largest Austrian state by area. Most of the larger Carinthian towns and lakes are situated within the Klagenfurt Basin in the southeast, an inner Alpine sedimentary basin covering about one-fifth of the area. These Lower Carinthian lands differ from the mountainous Upper Carinthian region in the northwest, stretching up to the Alpine crest.
The Carinthian lands are confined by mountain ranges: the
are a major tourist attraction.The capital city is Klagenfurt. The next important town is Villach, both strongly linked economically. Other major towns include Althofen, Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal, Bleiburg, Feldkirchen, Ferlach, Friesach, Gmünd, Hermagor, Radenthein, Sankt Andrä, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Spittal an der Drau, Straßburg, Völkermarkt, Wolfsberg.
Carinthia has a
Due to the diversified
History
The settlement history of Carinthia dates back to the Paleolithic era. Archaeological findings of stone artifacts in a stalactite cave near Griffen are older than 30,000 years; larger settlements in the Lavanttal, Maria Saal and Villach regions are documented from about 3000 BC. Remains of a prehistoric stilt house settlement were discovered at Lake Keutschach, today part of the Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps World Heritage Site. Skeleton finds from about 2000 BC (near Friesach) denote a permanent population, and intensive arable farming, as well as trading with salt and Mediterranean products, was common already during the periods of the Urnfield and Hallstatt culture. Hallstatt grave fields were discovered near Dellach (Gurina), Rosegg (Frög), and on the Gracarca mountain southeast of Lake Klopein.
Noricum
As the Roman Empire declined in the 5th century AD, the Noricum region was exposed to recurring campaigns of
Carantania
From 591 onwards, the
While initially, the Carantanian rulers joined the tribal union of
In 788, Duke Tassilo III was finally deposed by the Frankish king Charlemagne, and his territories were incorporated into the Carolingian Empire. By the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the former Carantanian lands fell to the kingdom of East Francia ruled by Charlemagne's grandson Louis the German. The ritual of installation of the Carantanian dukes at the Prince's Stone near Karnburg in Slovenian was preserved until 1414, when Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia.
Duchy of Carinthia
The
Formation of the state
In late 1918, the breakup of the Habsburg monarchy was imminent, and on 21 October 1918 the members of the
Disputed frontiers
After the end of the
An Allied Commission headed by U.S. Lt.Col. Sherman Miles inspected the situation in situ and recommended the Karawanken main ridge as a natural border to keep the Klagenfurt basin intact but, in agreement with item no. 10 of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, suggested a referendum in the disputed area. An armistice was agreed upon on 14 January and by 7 May 1919 the Yugoslav forces had left the state, but Slovene troops under Rudolf Maister returned to occupying Klagenfurt on 6 June. Upon the intervention of the Allied Supreme Council in Paris, they retreated from the city but remained in the disputed part of Carinthia until 13 September 1920.
In the
According to the same treaty, a
After World War I to present
Originally an agrarian country, Carinthia made efforts to establish a touristic infrastructure such as the
During
Carinthia, East Tyrol, and Styria then formed the UK occupation zone of
Demographics
The largest part of Carinthia's population settles in the Klagenfurt Basin between Villach and Klagenfurt. In 2008, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia was 9.3% of the total population, about half the Austrian figure of 17.5%.[12] By 2020, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia had risen to 14.5%, yet this figure remains lower than the Austrian average, where close to a quarter of the population has a migration background.[13]
The majority of Carinthia's population is today German-speaking. In the south of the province (mainly in the districts of Villach-Land Klagenfurt-Land and Völkermarkt) live Carinthian Slovenes where they speak Slovene and are recognized as an autochthonous ethnic minority. The discussion about ethnic group rights (e.g. bilingual place-name signs) can be very emotional and the rights of Slovenes in Carinthia are still not fully implemented.
Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Administrative divisions
The state is divided into eight rural and two urban
Statutory cities
- licence plate code: K)
- Villach (VI)
Rural districts
- Feldkirchen (FE)
- Administrative seat: Feldkirchen
- Municipalities: Albeck • Glanegg • Gnesau • Himmelberg • Ossiach • Reichenau • Sankt Urban • Steindorf am Ossiacher See • Steuerberg
- Hermagor (HE)
- Administrative seat: Hermagor-Pressegger See
- Market towns: Kirchbach • Kötschach-Mauthen
- Municipalities: Dellach • Gitschtal • Lesachtal • Sankt Stefan im Gailtal
- Klagenfurt-Land (KL)
- Administrative seat: Klagenfurt (not part of the district)
- Town: Ferlach
- Market towns: Schiefling am See
- Municipalities:
- Sankt Veit an der Glan (SV)
- Administrative seat: Sankt Veit an der Glan
- Towns: Althofen • Friesach • Straßburg
- Market towns: Brückl • Eberstein • Gurk • Guttaring • Hüttenberg • Klein Sankt Paul • Liebenfels • Metnitz • Weitensfeld im Gurktal
- Municipalities: Deutsch-Griffen • Frauenstein • Glödnitz • Kappel am Krappfeld • Micheldorf • Mölbling • Sankt Georgen am Längsee
- Spittal an der Drau (SP)
- Administrative seat: Spittal an der Drau
- Towns: Gmünd • Radenthein
- Market towns: Greifenburg • Lurnfeld • Millstatt • Oberdrauburg • Obervellach • Rennweg am Katschberg • Sachsenburg • Seeboden • Steinfeld • Winklern
- Municipalities: Bad Kleinkirchheim • Baldramsdorf • Berg im Drautal • Dellach im Drautal • Flattach • Großkirchheim • Heiligenblut am Großglockner • Irschen • Kleblach-Lind • Krems • Lendorf • Mallnitz • Malta • Mörtschach • Mühldorf • Rangersdorf • Reißeck • Stall • Trebesing • Weissensee
- Villach-Land (VL)
- Administrative seat: Villach (not part of the district)
- Market towns: Arnoldstein • Bad Bleiberg • Finkenstein am Faaker See • Nötsch im Gailtal • Paternion • Rosegg • Sankt Jakob im Rosental • Treffen • Velden am Wörther See • Weißenstein
- Municipalities: Afritz am See • Arriach • Feistritz an der Gail • Feld am See • Ferndorf • Fresach • Hohenthurn • Stockenboi • Wernberg
- Völkermarkt (VK)
- Administrative seat: Völkermarkt
- Town: Bleiburg
- Market towns: Eberndorf • Eisenkappel-Vellach • Feistritz ob Bleiburg • Griffen
- Municipalities: Diex • Gallizien • Globasnitz • Neuhaus • Ruden • Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See • Sittersdorf
- Wolfsberg (WO)
- Administrative seat: Wolfsberg
- Towns: Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal • Sankt Andrä
- Market towns: Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud • Lavamünd • Reichenfels • Sankt Paul im Lavanttal
- Municipalities: Preitenegg • Sankt Georgen im Lavanttal
Politics
The state assembly Kärntner
The most recent election, the 2018 Carinthian state election, was held on 5 March 2018. The SPÖ, the party of the incumbent governor Peter Kaiser, almost reached the absolute majority of seats in the state assembly. This makes Carinthia one of Austria's most left-leaning regions.
The legislature also elects the state government, composed of a minister-president, whose ancient title is Landeshauptmann ("State Captain"), his two deputies, and further four Landesräte ministers. The members of the cabinet form an all-party government elected under a system of proportional representation based on the number of representatives of the political parties in the Landtag. The incumbent Landeshauptmann is Peter Kaiser (SPÖ).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 20.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 5.4% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year.[14]
Language
German is the official language.[15]
The people are predominantly German-speaking with a unique (and easily recognizable)
A Slovene-speaking minority, known as the Carinthian Slovenes, is concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of the state. Its size cannot be determined precisely because the representatives of the ethnic group reject a count.[citation needed] Recommendations for a boycott of the 2001 census, which asked for the language used in everyday communication, reduced the count of Slovene speakers to 12,554 people, 2.38% of a total population of 527,333.[16]
Tourist attractions
Major sights include the cities of
Scenic highlights are the main bathing lakes
.Culture
Customs and traditions
One of many customs that still subsists all over Carinthia are Kirchtage, a traditional type of fair. The most famous is Villacher Kirchtag in Villach, which was first held in 1936 and is very popular among locals and tourists.[17]
Museums
The museums in Carinthia include the Carinthian State Museum with its locations in Klagenfurt, the Maria Saal open-air museum, the Magdalensberg Archaeological Park, and the Teurnia Roman Museum. One of the most important city museums is the City Museum of Villach, which documents, among other things, the life story of its temporary citizen Paracelsus.
Literature
Carinthia has produced several internationally renowned writers in recent decades. In the early 20th century, Robert Musil, Josef Friedrich Perkonig, Dolores Viesèr, and Gerhart Ellert gained some notoriety.
After the Second World War, the poets Ingeborg Bachmann, Michael Guttenbrunner, and Christine Lavant first came to the fore. They were followed by Peter Handke, Gert Jonke, Josef Winkler, and Peter Turrini. Among other things, they took a very critical look at their homeland, like Josef Winkler in his trilogy “Das wilde Kärnten”. Other important representatives of Carinthian literature include Janko Messner, Janko Ferk, Lydia Mischkulnig, Werner Kofler, Antonio Fian, and Florjan Lipus.
The most important publishers are Johannes Heyn, Carinthia, and the Carinthian printing and publishing company. Slovenian literature is primarily promoted by the Carinthian publishers Mohorjeva/Hermagoras, Drava, and the Wieser-Verlag founded by Lojze Wieser.
The most important literary event in Carinthia is the Days of German-language Literature in Klagenfurt, during which the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize is awarded, which has been held annually since 1977 and particularly supports younger authors. The Ingeborg Bachmann Prize is one of the most important literary awards in the German-speaking world.
Fine Arts
In the early 20th century, the Nötsch circle was active with the painters Sebastian Isepp, Franz Wiegele, Anton Kolig, and Anton Mahringer with its European orientation. The painter Herbert Boeckl was only loosely associated with the circle. An art-political controversy was the dispute over the Kolig frescoes in the Klagenfurt country house from 1931, which ended in the removal of the frescoes in 1938. In terms of architecture, Gustav Gugitz, the builder of the State Museum, should be mentioned, while the Wörthersee architecture with the villas and hotels is primarily characterized by Viennese architects. Switbert Lobisser is known for his woodcuts. Werner Berg made woodcuts and paintings, especially of his adoptive home in Bleiburg.
After 1945, Maria Lassnig, Hans Staudacher, and Hans Bischoffshausen initiated a radical new beginning. Important sites were and are the Carinthian Art Association, the Hildebrand Gallery, the Nötscher-Kreis-Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art Carinthia, which opened in 2003. Two high-profile "art scandals" were the frescoes by Giselbert Hoke in Klagenfurt main station in 1950 and the redesign of the meeting room in the country house in 1998 by Anton Kolig's grandson, Cornelius Kolig.
A fountain designed by Kiki Kogelnik stands near the country house. Other visual artists are Valentin Oman, Bruno Gironcoli, Meina Schellander, and Karl Brandstätter. In Carinthia, the architect Günther Domenig designed the Steinhaus am Ossiacher See, the building for the state exhibition in Hüttenberg and the extension for the Klagenfurt city theater.
Notable people
Born in Carinthia
- Arnulf of Carinthia, Holy Roman Emperor, born about 850, grew up in Moosburg, died December 8, 899 in Regensburg.
- Pope Gregory V (né Bruno of Carinthia), born about 972, place unknown, died February 18, 999, in Rome.
- Saint Gurk.
- Heinrich von dem Tuerlin, minstrel and epic poet, early 13th century, probably born at Sankt Veit an der Glan.
- Ulrich von dem Türlin, a 13th-century epic poet, probably born at St. Veit an der Glan.
- Castle Tyrol.
- Josef Stefan, physicist, born March 24, 1835, in the vicinity of Klagenfurt, died January 7, 1893, in Vienna.
- Thomas Koschat, composer and bass singer, born August 8, 1845, in Klagenfurt.
- Robert Musil, author, born November 6, 1880, in Klagenfurt, died April 15, 1942, in Geneva.
- Anton Wiegele, painter, born February 23, 1887, at Nötsch im Gailtal, died December 17, 1944, at Nötsch im Gailtal.
- Herbert Boeckl, painter, born June 3, 1894, in Klagenfurt, died January 20, 1966, in Vienna.
- Rudolf Kattnigg, composer, born April 9, 1895, in Treffen, died September 2, 1955, in Vienna.
- Josef Klaus, politician, born August 15, 1910, at Kötschach-Mauthen, died July 25, 2001, in Vienna.
- Heinrich Harrer, mountaineer and ethnographer, born July 6, 1912, at Obergossen, Hüttenberg, died January 7, 2006, at Friesach.
- Christine Lavant, poet, born July 4, 1915, in Großedling, Wolfsberg, died June 7, 1973, at Wolfsberg.
- Maria Lassnig, painter, born September 9, 1919, in Kappel am Krappfeld.
- Kathrin Glock, entrepreneur, born November 26, 1980, in Carinthia.
- Palo Alto.
- Felix Ermacora, specialist in international law, born October 13, 1923, in Klagenfurt, died February 24, 1995, in Vienna.
- Ingeborg Bachmann, poet and writer, born June 25, 1926, in Klagenfurt, died October 17, 1973, in Rome.
- Gerhard Lampersberg, composer, born July 5, 1928, at Hermagor, died May 29, 2002, in Klagenfurt.
- Günther Domenig, architect, born July 6, 1934, in Klagenfurt, died 15 June 2012.
- Udo Jürgens, singer and composer, born September 30, 1934, in Klagenfurt, died December 21, 2014, in Münsterlingen, Switzerland.
- Kiki Kogelnik, painter, born January 22, 1935, at Bleiburg, died February 1, 1997, in Vienna.
- Bruno Gironcoli, sculptor, born September 27, 1936, at Villach, died February 19, 2010, in Vienna.
- Engelbert Obernosterer, writer, born December 28, 1936, at Sankt Lorenzen, Lesachtal.
- Dagmar Koller, actress and singer, born August 26, 1939, in Klagenfurt.
- Peter Handke, playwright and writer, born December 6, 1942, at Griffen.
- Arnulf Komposch, mirror artist, born 1942 in Klagenfurt.
- Wolfsberg.
- Gert Jonke, playwright, born February 8, 1946, in Klagenfurt, died January 4, 2009.
- Werner Kofler, writer, born July 23, 1947, in Villach.
- Wolfgang Petritsch, diplomat, born August 26, 1947, in Klagenfurt.
- Erik Schinegger, intersexed alpine skier, born June 19, 1948, at Agsdorf, Sankt Urban.
- Wolfgang Puck, celebrity chef, born July 8, 1949, in Sankt Veit an der Glan.
- Josef Winkler, writer, born March 3, 1953, in Kamering.
- Franz Klammer, alpine skier, born December 3, 1953, at Mooswald, Fresach.
- Markus Müller, pharmacologist and rector of the Medical University of Vienna, born August 23, 1967, in Klagenfurt.
- Patrick Friesacher, Formula one driver, born September 26, 1980, in Wolfsberg.
Died in Carinthia
- Modestus, missionary, born about 720 in Ireland, died about 772 probably in Maria Saal.
- Poland, born about 1042; according to legend, died in OssiachMarch 22, 1081 (?).
- Carl Auer von Welsbach, chemist and inventor, born September 1, 1858, in Vienna, died August 4, 1929, in Möbling.
- Anton Kolig, painter, born July 1, 1886, at Neutitschein (today Nový Jičín, Czech Republic), died May 17, 1950, in Nötsch im Gailtal.
- Werner Berg, painter, born April 4, 1911, in Elberfeld, now Wuppertal, Germany, died September 7, 1981, in Sankt Veit im Jauntal, Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See.
- Milivoj Ašner, born April 21, 1913, in Daruvar, Croatia, died 14 June 2011, accused Ustaše war criminal.
See also
- Slovenian Carinthia
- Carinthia (statistical region in Slovenia)
- Carinthian Plebiscite
- Carinthian Slovenes
- Slovene field and house names in Carinthia
References
Notes
- ^ "Basisdaten Bundesländer" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ Simoniti Vasko, Štih Peter (1996): Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva. Celovec, Mohorjeva družba in Korotan.
- ^ "Home > Carinthia at first sight > History". www.ktn.gv.at. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
- ^ France Bezlaj, Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika (Slovenian Etymological Dictionary). Vol. 2: K-O / edited by Bogomil Gerlanc. - 1982. p. 68. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1976–2005.
- ^ [1] Minutes of the Third Session of the Provisional National Assembly of German-Austria on 12 Nov. 1918], in: Austrian National Library, Minutes of the Parliamentary Sessions, p. 66
- ^ Kurze Geschichte Kärntens, in: Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land. 90 Jahre Konstituierung der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung. Broschüre zum Festakt der österreichischen LandtagspräsidentInnen am 20. Oktober 2008, p.24
- ^ Bill by the State Council, Appendix No. 3 PDF
- ^ "Niederösterreichischer Landtag". noe-landtag.gv.at.
- ^ a b ”Kärnten.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago 2010.
- ISBN 3-85366-954-9
- ^ Statistik Austria, Österreichischer Städtebund: Österreichs Städte in Zahlen 2009. Statistik Austria, Wien 2009
- ^ "Österreich - Migrationshintergrund Bundesland 2020". Statista (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
- ^ "Kärntner Landesverfassung -K-LVG" (PDF).
- ^ "Bevölkerung mit österreichischer Staatsbürgerschaft nach Umgangssprache seit 1971" (in German). Statistik Austria. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ "Villacher Kirchtag", Wikipedia (in German), 2023-05-01, retrieved 2023-07-06
External links
- Official website (in German, Italian, English, and Slovene)
- Carinthia Tourism
- Consuming Carinthia