Sava

Coordinates: 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E / 44.82417°N 20.44389°E / 44.82417; 20.44389
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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Sava (disambiguation).

Sava
Brčko
  • Sremska Mitrovica
  • Šabac
  • Obrenovac
  • Belgrade
    • Physical characteristics
    SourceZelenci
     • locationKranjska Gora, Slovenia
     • coordinates46°29′31″N 13°44′16″E / 46.49194°N 13.73778°E / 46.49194; 13.73778
     • elevation833 m (2,733 ft)
    MouthDanube
     • location
    		Belgrade, Serbia
     • coordinates
    		44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E / 44.82417°N 20.44389°E / 44.82417; 20.44389
     • elevation
    		68 m (223 ft)
    Length992 km (616 mi)[1] a
    Basin size97713.2 km2 (37727.3 sq mi)[1]
    Discharge 
     • locationthe river mouth
     • average1609 m3/s (56800 cu ft/s)
    Basin features
    Progression
    headwater

    The Sava

    Pannonian Plain
    .

    The Sava is 990 kilometres (615 miles) long, including the 45-kilometre (28 mi)

    rivers in Europe
    and among the longest tributaries of another river.

    The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and is shared by three capital cities: Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is about 2⁄3-navigable for larger vessels: from the confluence of the Kupa in Sisak a few kilometers below Zagreb.

    Etymology

    The name is believed to be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sewh1- ('to press, push (forth); to take liquid, water', whence the English word sup) and the ending *eh2, so that it literally means 'that which waters [the ground]'.

    Ancient Greek: Σάος).[6][7]

    Sources

    Zelenci spring of Sava Dolinka
    Sava near Okroglo
    See also: Sava Bohinjka and Sava Dolinka

    The Sava River is formed from the

    headwaters in northwest Slovenia. The drainage basin has other key tributaries, including the 52-kilometre (32 mi) Sora, the 27-kilometre (17 mi) Tržič Bistrica and the 17-kilometre (11 mi) Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences as far east downstream as Medvode.[8][9]

    The Sava Dolinka rises at the

    Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water.[10] The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial,[9] 45-kilometre (28 mi) segment.[13]

    The Sava Bohinjka originates in

    Savica Falls,[17] downstream from Triglav Lakes Valley, and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka.[18] The watercourse flows 41 kilometres (25 miles)—including the length of the Savica—east to Radovljica,[9] where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava.[12]

    Course

    Sava at Litija

    The Sava spans Central-Southeast Europe, flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is 990 kilometres (615 miles), including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka and the 945-kilometre (587 mi) Sava proper. As a right tributary of the Danube, the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin.[19][20] The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube,[21] slightly shorter than the 966-kilometre (600 mi) Tisza and the 950-kilometre (590 mi) Prut—the Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course.[22][23] It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge.[21] The river course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans,[24] and the southern border of the Central Europe.[25] Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 the Sava was the longest river lying completely within the country.[26]

    From the source to the Sutla

    Sava gorge between Ljubljana and Trbovlje

    The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of

    hydroelectric dam—Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka,[27] at 411 metres (1,348 feet) a.s.l.[9] Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs,[28] built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants.[29][30]

    The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia,

    Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir stands.[35] The latter is site of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat.[36] The easternmost stretch of the Sava River course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice, where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia, marking 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of their border near confluence of the Sutla (Slovene: Sotla).[37] At that point, the Sava reaches 132 metres (433 feet) a.s.l. after flowing 221 kilometres (137 miles) through Slovenia and along its border.[9]

    From the Sutla to the Una

    Sava in Zagreb near Youth Bridge on 13 February 2014 after record rainfall, which, combined with melting snow, expanded the river to three times its normal size, rising to the height of 347 cm and reaching the levees. At the time the picture was taken, the water level started subsiding and was at 287 cm.[38] The trees in the water indicate the usual width of the river, around 100 m.[39]

    The westernmost part of the 562-kilometre (349 mi) Sava River course in Croatia,

    Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain which is intended to act as flood control retention basin.[44] The canal has been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964, when one third of the city was flooded and 17 people were killed.[45] The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in Belgrade, Serbia.[46]

    East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the

    Lonjsko polje Nature Park,[52] encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area.[53]

    From the Una to the Drina

    Bosanski Brod via a river island.[54]

    Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and

    Bosanska Gradiška, and Slavonski Brod to Županja, where it turns south to Brčko. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three administrative entities, Republika Srpska, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Brčko District, having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Srijem counties, except in the area of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of Vojvodina. No cities in this segment of the course span the river. It represents an international frontier, three times seeing adjacent, opposing key settlements: Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod and Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina, opposing Stara Gradiška, Slavonski Brod and Gunja
    in Croatia.

    The 337.2-kilometre (209.5 mi) segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, corresponding to the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation, such as from 86.8 metres (285 feet) 

    ASL at Jasenovac to 76.6 metres (251 feet) ASL at Brčko gauges: over 287.5 kilometres (178.6 miles) of the river between them.[55] The river below Zagreb has a 0.4‰ slope (gradient) on average, much less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰. This results in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands.[11]

    From the Drina to the Danube

    Sava and the Danube at Belgrade
    Sava and the historical center of Belgrade

    Downstream from the confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches

    Lake Sava since 1967.[56][57]

    The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching 68.3 metres (224 feet) a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade, 1,169.9 kilometres (726.9 miles) away from the Danube's confluence and the Black Sea.[58]

    Settlements

    Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and includes four capitals: Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Zagreb. All except Sarajevo, are on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the river.[59] Belgrade, at the lowest end of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1135,502. Ten municipalities of its outer conurbation have combined population of 1283,783, taking in many mutual suburbs. The Belgrade metropolitan area has a population of 1639,121.[60] Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-administered area.[61] Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area,[62] it has a combined population of 1110,517.[61] Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing a population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area.[63][64]

    The largest city of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the river is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000.[65] Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587),[66] Sisak (33,049),[61] Obrenovac (24,568),[67] and Bosanska Gradiška (est. 20,000).[68]

    The most populous urban areas along the Sava River

    Belgrade
    Belgrade

    Zagreb

    		 Rank City Country Urban population Municipal population

    Ljubljana
    Ljubljana
    Slavonski Brod
    Slavonski Brod

    1 Belgrade Serbia 1233,350 1659,440
    2 Zagreb Croatia 802,588 1110,517
    3 Ljubljana Slovenia 295,504 537,893
    4 Slavonski Brod Croatia 53,473 59,507
    5 Šabac Serbia 52,822 115,347
    6
    Brčko
    Bosnia-Herzegovina
    		 40,000 85,000
    7 Sremska Mitrovica Serbia 37,586 79,773
    8 Kranj Slovenia 35,587 51225
    9 Sisak Croatia 33,322 47,768
    10 Obrenovac Serbia 24,568 71419
    Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia 2011 Census;
    Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 Census;[70] Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina[65]

    Watershed

    Brčko and Gunja in 1996. Wartime damage was repaired in 2000.[71][72]

    The Sava River basin covers a total area of 97713.2km² making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin,

    Pannonian Plain. The mean elevation of the basin is 545m a.s.l.[73]

    Country Sava basin area Share of national
    territory in the basin    		 Share of the Sava basin
    Slovenia 11734.8 km2 (4530.8 sq mi) 52.8% 12.01%
    Croatia 25373.5 km2 (9796.8 sq mi) 45.2% 25.97%
    Bosnia-Herzegovina
    		 38349.1 km2 (14806.7 sq mi) 75.8% 39.25%
    Serbia 15147.0 km2 (5848.3 sq mi) 17.4% 15.50%
    Montenegro 6929.8 km2 (2675.6 sq mi) 49.6% 7.09%
    Albania 179.0 km2 (69.1 sq mi) 0.59% 0.18%
    Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[74]

    Major tributaries

    The confluence of the Sava and Drina

    The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and

    Bosut.[75]

    The 346km Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters of the

    Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje. Its 20319.9km² catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing 10000km² in size.[75]

    Hydrology

    Lake Zbilje upstream from Medvode

    The average annual

    gauging station in May 2014.[80]

    Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the 0.88-cubic-kilometre (0.21 cu mi)

    food production.[28]

    Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of

    transboundary waters, eleven are considered to be largely in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro.[82]

    Discharge

    Mean annual discharge of the Sava River at Zagreb (period from 1992 to 2019), Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade (period from 1992 to 2021):[83][84][85][86]

    Year Mean annual discharge (m³/s)
    Belgrade Sremska

    Mitrovica

    		Zagreb
    1992 1537 1474 313
    1993 1178 1121 251
    1994 1595 1531 255
    1995 1676 1610 281
    1996 1958 1888 377
    1997 1555 1492 264
    1998 1534 1471 302
    1999 1838 1770 297
    2000 1360 1300 269
    2001 1676 1610 266
    2002 1543 1480 221
    2003 1055 1000 146
    2004 1828 1760 316
    2005 1899 1830 271
    2006 1757 1690 275
    2007 1228 1170 234
    2008 1340 1280 315
    2009 1442 1380 314
    2010 2418 2338 399
    2011 961 908 183
    2012 1157 1096 183
    2013 1859 1793 382
    2014 2316 2245 472
    2015 1533 1470 249
    2016 1615 1550 310
    2017 1289 1234 289
    2018 1665 1595 312
    2019 1380 1320 314
    2020 1065 1010
    2021 1513 1450
    2022[87] 1110
    Average 1559 1496 288

    Geology

    The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse

    clastic sediments.[96]

    The lower course of the Sava in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin.

    Iron Gate gorge.[99] In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging 500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 feet), except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and 5,500 metres (18,000 feet) in the Sava depression.[100] The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands,[101] which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain.[102] The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old.[103] Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau.[104] The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok.[105]

    Economy

    Electric power generation

    There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10 

    gigawatt-hours. Approximately 3.3 cubic kilometres (0.79 cubic miles) of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters.[106]

    As of October 2012[update], there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo,

    installed capacity. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700  million euros. There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning the construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in the Zagreb area. The four plants—Podsused, Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at a cost of 800  million euros. The four power plants will have an installed capacity of 122  megawatts and an annual production capacity of 610 gigawatt-hours.[109]

    Hydroelectric power plant Location
    Installed capacity
    		 Annual production capacity
    Moste Moste, Slovenia 21 MW 56 GWh
    Mavčiče Mavčiče, Slovenia 38 MW 62 GWh
    Medvode Medvode, Slovenia 25 MW 72 GWh
    Vrhovo
    Vrhovo
    , Slovenia    		 34.2 MW 116 GWh
    Boštanj Boštanj, Slovenia 36 MW 115 GWh
    Blanca Blanca, Slovenia 42 MW 144 GWh
    Sources: Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana,[110] Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi.[111]

    Water supply and food production

    Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at 783,000,000 cubic metres (2.77×1010 cubic feet) per year, and another 289,000,000 cubic metres (1.02×1010 cubic feet) of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at 30,000,000 cubic metres (1.1×109 cubic feet) per year.[106] Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97  commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant.[112] The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing the quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one-third of the pre-war catches which ranged from 719 to 988 tonnes (708 to 972 long tons; 793 to 1,089 short tons) between 1979 and 1990.[113] The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005,[114] is tasked with the establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.[115]

    Navigation and ports

    The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for 593.8 kilometres (369.0 miles) between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in

    Sisak, Croatia, 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles) upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers.[116] The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN).[117] The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of 80 to 85 metres (262 to 279 feet), the maximum beam of 9.5 metres (31 feet), the maximum draught of 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) and tonnage up to 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons).[118] The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine.[119] The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina,[120] Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia,[121] and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.[122]

    As of 2008[update], 24.5 kilometres (15.2 miles) of the river course between

    Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons) only, complying with the AGN's Category III.[117] The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers 250 centimetres (98 inches) draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac.[123]

    The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with a meandering of the river's course—limiting the length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded

    munitions.[47] Navigation along further 68 kilometres (42 miles) of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons), and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for the restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica,[124] as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the European Union and as of October 2012, an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase the safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route.[125] The ISRBC is tasked with the establishment of an international regime of navigation on the river since 2005.[115]

    Country Port Annual cargo Year
    Croatia Sisak 139,899 t 2007[126]
    Slavonski Brod 139,364 t 2007[126]
    Serbia Sremska Mitrovica 295,551 t 2009[122]

    Road, rail and pipeline transport

    The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the

    crude oil pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia.[133]

    Environmental issues

    Pollution

    The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by the activities of the urban population in the basin.[134] Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000 population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate.[135] Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000 PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although the existing facilities are inadequate.[136]

    In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all.[135] Population centres exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes of phosphorus.[137]

    Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year.[138] As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.[139]

    Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.[140] Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples.[141] Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk,[dubious – discuss] and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade."[142] The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with the greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.

    Hazardous substances load from significant industrial pollution of the Sava River basin surface waters in 2007
    Country Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Mercury Nickel Lead Zinc Phenols
    Slovenia 115 0.03 83 142 0.51 582 75 7,656 104
    Croatia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.02 0.04 0.02 N/A N/A
    Bosnia-Herzegovina
    		 N/A N/A 1380 983 N/A 21 13,629 1656 N/A
    Serbia 2,010 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1223 2,038
    Montenegro N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 246 1 N/A
    Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[140] N/A - data not available

    Protected areas

    The Sava River basin is very significant because of its

    Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia.[143]

    Sport and recreation

    The Tacen Whitewater Course in Ljubljana, Slovenia

    There are several sports and recreational grounds on the river banks and gravel pits and artificial lakes adjacent. Tacen Whitewater Course, on the right bank of the Sava in Tacen, a suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course in 1948.[144] It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991[145] and 2010.[146] In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling.[147] The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as many as 100,000 visitors daily in the summer months.[148][149]

    The Sava River is the site of several

    regattas. Those include the International Sava Tour rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko,[150] and the Belgrade Regatta (sailing regatta).[151]

    The river is also the site of the

    FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012.[152]

    Recreational and

    sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course.[112] There is a 700 metres (2,300 feet) long sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež, Slovenia.[153]

    Tradition

    Even though the name Sava became very common among Slavs, and has a "Slavic tone", the river's name has pre-Slavic Celtic and Roman origins;[154] Strabo writes in Geographica 4.6.10 (composed between 20 BCE and 20 CE) of the River Saüs,[155] and the Romans used the name Savus. Another name, used for the Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus.[156]

    Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the

    Cibalae, Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa.[161] Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus have been found in remains of Emona,[162] Andautonia and Siscia.[163] Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain became identified with the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers.[164]

    The Romantic poet France Prešeren wrote The Baptism on the Savica (Slovene: Krst pri Savici), the Slovene national epic, in 1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, helped to inspire the design of the coat of arms of Slovenia of 1991:

    However, the two wavy lines at the base of the blazon officially represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than the Savica or the Sava specifically.[165]

    The Sava River also appears symbolically in the coat of arms of the former Kingdom of Slavonia:

    The design, approved by the

    Croatian anthem.[167]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ /ˈsɑːvə/;[2] Slovene pronunciation: [ˈsàːʋa],[3] Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [sǎːʋa];[4] Serbian Cyrillic: Сава, Hungarian: Száva
    1. ^ a b "Sava River Basin Analysis Report" (PDF). International Sava River Basin Commission. September 2009. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF, 9.98 MB) on 17 July 2010.
    2. ^ "Sava" Dictionary.com
    3. ^ "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Sava".
    4. ^ "Hrvatski jezični portal: Sava".
    5. ^ Udolph, Jürgen (28 March 2007). "Stara Europa u Hrvatskoj: ime rijeke Save". Folia onomastica Croatica (12/13). Retrieved 19 March 2018.
    6. ^ Suda, sigma, 94 - EN
    7. ^ Suda, 1501 - GR
    8. ^ Vrhovec, Pristov & Hočevar 1996, p. 123.
    9. ^ a b c d e f g h SURS 2002, p. 47.
    10. ^ a b Carey & Clark 2005, p. 50.
    11. ^ a b c d Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009, chapter 3.9.6..
    12. ^ a b Trišič et al. 1997, pp. 295–298.
    13. ^ a b ISRBC & September 2009, p. 12.
    14. ^ Orožen 1901, pp. 96.
    15. ^ WFFC 2012.
    16. ^ Fallon 2010, p. 133.
    17. ^ McKelvie & McKelvie 2008, p. 111.
    18. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 3.
    19. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, p. 113.
    20. ^ Primožič, Kobold & Brilly 2008, p. 1.
    21. ^ a b c d ISRBC & February 2009.
    22. ^ ICPDR.
    23. ^ Bostan et al. 2011, p. 127.
    24. ^ Todorova 2009, p. 30.
    25. ^ Promitzer, Hermanik & Staudinger 2009, p. 10.
    26. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 13.
    27. ^ HSE (Moste).
    28. ^ a b ISRBC & September 2009, p. 53.
    29. ^ HSE (Mavčiče).
    30. ^ HSE (Medvode).
    31. ^ Municipality of Ljubljana.
    32. ^ ECRR 2006, pp. 81–83.
    33. ^ Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani 2007.
    34. ^ Municipality of Laško.
    35. ^ HSE (Vrhovo).
    36. ^ Krško NPP.
    37. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, p. 170.
    38. ^ "Sliv Save". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
    39. ^ Google Earth
    40. ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015, p. 49.
    41. ^ Zagreb County Tourist Board.
    42. ^ Aničić & Treer 1997, p. 162.
    43. ^ Nacional & 22 May 2006.
    44. ^ Šterc 1979, p. 97.
    45. ^ Index.hr & 26 October 2011.
    46. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, p. 187.
    47. ^ a b ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 160–161.
    48. ^ Nova TV & 4 January 2012.
    49. ^ tportal.hr & 7 July 2011.
    50. ^ Index.hr & 19 January 2011.
    51. ^ ISRBC 2011, p. 37.
    52. ^ Lonjsko Polje NP (a).
    53. ^ Lonjsko Polje NP (b).
    54. ^ Nadilo 2000, p. 183.
    55. ^ ISRBC 2011, p. 69.
    56. ^ ISRBC 2011, p. 103.
    57. ^ JP Ada Ciganlija.
    58. ^ ISRBC 2011, p. 109.
    59. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, p. 146.
    60. ^ RZS 2011, p. 19.
    61. ^ a b c d Croatian Census 2011.
    62. ^ Bašić 2005, pp. 63–64.
    63. ^ SURS Census – Naselja 2002, p. L.
    64. ^ SURS Census – Občine 2007.
    65. ^ a b CoM BiH 2003, p. 13.
    66. ^ SURS Census – Naselja 2007, p. K.
    67. ^ RZS 2011, p. 21.
    68. ^ Municipality of Gradiška.
    69. ^ RZS 2011, pp. 19, 21.
    70. ^ SURS Census – Naselja 2007.
    71. ^ HRT 2000.
    72. ^ The Talon & 22 March 1996, pp. 1, 12.
    73. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 5–8.
    74. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, p. 6.
    75. ^ a b ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 12–13.
    76. ^ ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 13–14.
    77. ^ Oikos 2008, p. 20.
    78. ^ Mayer 1996, p. 31.
    79. ^ Mayer 1996, p. 32.
    80. ^ Tutiš 2014, p. 3.
    81. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (a), p. 3.
    82. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (a), pp. 5–6.
    83. ^ "Republički hidrometeorološki zavod".
    84. ^ "The Study of Water for Pollution Reduction on the Sava River Basin in the Republic of Croatia" (PDF). 2001.
    85. ^ Petar, Božanović (2018). "Promjene protočnog režima Save kod Zagreba".
    86. ^ "International Sava River Basin Commission".
    87. ^ "Република Србија РЕПУБЛИЧКИ ХИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОШКИ ЗАВОД ХИДРОЛОШКИ ГОДИШЊАК 1. ПОВРШИНСКЕ ВОДЕ 2022" (PDF): 123. Retrieved 14 November 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    88. ^ a b Placer 2008, p. 207.
    89. ^ Placer 2008, p. 209.
    90. ^ Bavec & Verbič 2001, p. 385.
    91. ^ Stepišnik 2012, pp. 300–303.
    92. ^ Placer 2008, p. 206.
    93. ^ Topole 2003, p. 53.
    94. ^ Topole 2003, p. 46.
    95. ^ Kolar-Jurkovšek & Jurkovšek 2012, p. 324.
    96. ^ Ramovš, Sremać & Kulenović 1987, p. 398.
    97. ^ Placer 2008, p. 208.
    98. ^ Haas 2012, pp. 14–18.
    99. ^ Hilbers 2011, p. 16.
    100. ^ Saftić et al. 2003, p. 108.
    101. ^ Malvić & Velić 2011, p. 221.
    102. ^ Hrvatske vode, section 2.1.
    103. ^ Pamić, Radonić & Pavić 2003, p. 6.
    104. ^ Bačani, Šparica & Velić 1999, p. 149.
    105. ^ Vukovar-Syrmia County 2006, p. 6.
    106. ^ a b ISRBC & December 2010, p. 25.
    107. ^ ISRBC & December 2010, p. 15.
    108. ^ HESS (Boštanj).
    109. ^ Jalušić 2011, p. 9.
    110. ^ Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana.
    111. ^ HESS (Projekti).
    112. ^ a b Habeković, Homen & Fašaić 1990, p. 9.
    113. ^ Habeković et al. 1997, p. 99.
    114. ^ ISRBC History.
    115. ^ a b ISRBC Mission.
    116. ^ ISRBC 2011, p. 27.
    117. ^ a b MMATI 2008, p. 19.
    118. ^ UNECE 1996, p. 84.
    119. ^ UNECE 1996, p. 16.
    120. ^ BMG.
    121. ^ MMATI 2008, p. 18.
    122. ^ a b Danube Strategy in Serbia.
    123. ^ MMATI 2010, section 1.1.3..
    124. ^ MMATI 2008, p. 35.
    125. ^ Al Jazeera Balkans & 22 April 2012.
    126. ^ a b MMATI 2008, p. 52.
    127. ^ EU & 9 September 2002.
    128. ^ ECOSOC 2002, pp. 11–12.
    129. ^ ECOSOC 2002, p. 17.
    130. ^ Brnjac, Abramović & Maslarić 2010, p. 303.
    131. ^ Orient-Express at the Encyclopædia Britannica
    132. ^ ISRBC Bridges 2011, p. 24.
    133. ^ JANAF.
    134. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 38.
    135. ^ a b ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 41.
    136. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 42.
    137. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 50.
    138. ^ ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 68.
    139. ^ Vuković et al. 2011, p. 13.
    140. ^ a b ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 66.
    141. ^ Bošnir et al. 2003, p. 34.
    142. ^ Vuković et al. 2011, p. 14.
    143. ^ ISRBC & December 2010, p. 13.
    144. ^ Canoe Federation of Slovenia (a).
    145. ^ Canoe Federation of Slovenia (b).
    146. ^ Sinfo & October 2010, p. 35.
    147. ^ Zagreb Holding.
    148. ^ Politika & 14 July 2008.
    149. ^ Press & 2 July 2012.
    150. ^ Vasić, Mandić & Nedeljkov 2011, p. 103.
    151. ^ 24 sata & 8 August 2011.
    152. ^ Šabac Marathon 2013.
    153. ^ Slovenian Tourist Board.
    154. ^ a b Šašel Kos 2009, p. 46.
    155. ^ Strabo (1917–1932). "Book IV Chapter 6". In Jones, H. L.; Thayer, Bill (eds.). Geographica. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 21 August 2016. After the Iapodes comes Segestica [Sisak], a city in the plain, past which flows the River Saüs, which empties into the Ister [Danube].
    156. ^ Šašel Kos 2009, pp. 42–43.
    157. ^ a b Rendić-Miočević 2012, p. 300.
    158. ^ Vasić, Mandić & Nedeljkov 2011, p. 78.
    159. ^ Deluka, Dragčević & Rukavina 2003, p. 739.
    160. ^ Buzov 2011, p. 367.
    161. ^ Buzov 2011, p. 369.
    162. ^ Šašel Kos 2009, p. 43.
    163. ^ Rendić-Miočević 2012, p. 294.
    164. ^ GCO & June 2011, p. 9.
    165. ^ Brunčić 2003, p. 44.
    166. ^ MVPEI.

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    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sava.
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    • Condition of Sava at locations in Slovenia (proceeding down the stream):
      • Radovljica – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Radovljica by ARSO)
      • Medno – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Medno by ARSO)
      • Šentjakob – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Šentjakob by ARSO)
      • Hrastnik – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Hrastnik by ARSO)
      • Jesenice na Dolenjskem – graphs, in the following order, of water level and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Jesenice na Dolenjskem by ARSO)
    • "Save" .
      New International Encyclopedia
      . 1905.

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