Castaway

A castaway is a person who is cast adrift or ashore. While the situation usually happens after a

The provisions and resources available to castaways may allow them to live on the island until other people arrive to take them off the island. However, such rescue missions may never happen if the person is not known to still be alive, if the fact that they are missing is unknown, or if the island is not mapped. These scenarios have given rise to the plots of numerous stories in the form of novels and film.

Real occurrences

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Thorgisl

Icelander Thorgisl set out to travel to

Grettir Ásmundarson

Icelander Grettir Ásmundarson was outlawed by the assembly in Iceland. After many years on the run, he and two companions went to the forbidden island of Drangey, where he lived several more years before his pursuers managed to kill him in 1031.

Fernão Lopes

The Portuguese soldier Fernão Lopes was marooned on the island of Saint Helena in 1513. He had lost his right hand, the thumb of his left hand, his nose, and his ears as punishment for mutiny and apostasy for converting to Islam. For the rest of his life – he died in about 1545 – Lopes stayed on the island, except for two years around 1530, when the Portuguese king helped him travel to Rome, where the Pope granted him absolution for his sin of apostasy.

Juan de Cartagena and Pedro Sánchez Reina

In April 1520, a mutiny broke out in

A French noblewoman, Marguerite de la Rocque, was marooned in 1542 on an island in the

On 28 March 1658, while searching for the 68 survivors of the wreck of Vergulde Draeck along the lower central west coast of Western Australia, Upper Steersman Abraham Leeman and his boat crew of 13 from Waeckende Boey (also known as Waeckende Boeij ("Watching Buoy")) were inexplicably abandoned by the skipper of that ship, Samuel Volkersen. They were then about 180 km north of present-day Perth. Their boat was in poor condition, they had no water, just a few pounds of flour contaminated by seawater, and some rashers of bacon.

Leeman, who kept a journal,^[4] rallied his crew. They found water by digging on an offshore islet, and then killed seals and dried the meat, using the skins to raise the sides of the boat. Leeman even constructed his own compass. They then set sail for Java. They made their way up the Western Australian coast, and after a voyage of 2500 km reached the eastern end of Java with the loss of only one man. In endeavouring to land, their boat was wrecked and many of the men ran off into the jungle. Leeman and his three remaining companions then walked the full length of the south coast of Java, through jungle, volcanic country, braving marauding tigers along the way. Upon getting to the western end of Java they were captured by a Javanese prince and held for ransom. The Dutch then paid the ransom and Leeman and his compatriots finally made it to Batavia (Jakarta) on 23 September 1658.^[5]

A Miskito called Will

In 1681, a Miskito named Will by his English comrades was sent ashore as part of an English foraging party to Más a Tierra. When he was hunting for goats in the interior of the island, he suddenly saw his comrades departing in haste after having spotted the approach of enemies, leaving Will behind to survive until he was picked up in 1684.

Alexander Selkirk

The

Philip Ashton, born in

The Zuytdorp departed from the Cape of Good Hope on 22 April 1712 with at least 200 to 250 people on board, including women and children, and disappeared. It is now thought to have struck the Zuytdorp Cliffs on the central coast of Western Australia in early June 1712. The first signs of the wreck were found in 1927 but it was not until 1959 that the identity of the wreck was confirmed by Dr. Philip Playford.^[7] The discovery of a considerable amount of material from the wreck on the scree slope and top of the cliffs established that many people had managed to get off the stricken vessel and on to shore. Exactly how many people survived the disaster is uncertain and estimates vary from 30 up to 180 or more. There has been speculation that the survivors headed east along the Murchison River, 60 kilometres to the south. However, finds of a coin and a 'Leyden Tobacco Tin' at wells to the north, as well as linguistic and technological evidence suggest they headed north, perhaps ending up in the northern Gascoyne, about 450 kilometres north of the wrecksite.^[8] It is thought the survivors ultimately integrated with local Aboriginal populations.

Leendert Hasenbosch

Leendert Hasenbosch was a Dutch ship's officer (a bookkeeper), probably born in 1695. He was set ashore on the uninhabited

In 2002, the full truth of the story was disclosed in a book by Dutch historian Michiel Koolbergen (1953–2002), the first to mention Hasenbosch by name. Before that time, the castaway's name had not been known. The story is available in English as A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725.^[9][10]

Charles Barnard

In 1812, the British ship Isabella, captained by George Higton, was shipwrecked off Eagle Island, one of the Falkland Islands. Most of the crew was rescued by the American sealer Nanina, commanded by Captain Charles Barnard. However, realising that they would require more provisions for the expanded number of passengers, Barnard and a few others went out in a party to retrieve more food. During his absence, the Nanina was taken over by the British crew, who left them on the island. Barnard and his party were finally rescued in November 1814. In 1829, Barnard wrote, A Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Captain Charles Barnard, detailing the happenings.

Crews of the Grafton and Invercauld

On January 3, 1864, the 56-ton schooner Grafton was wrecked in the north arm of Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island. The five-man crew, led by Captain Thomas Musgrave and Francois Edouard Raynal as mate, spent twenty months on the island until three of them went out for rescue in the ship's dinghy, sailing more than 400 km up north to Stewart Island. All men survived. Unknown to them, on May 11, 1864, the ship Invercauld bound from Melbourne to Callao was wrecked in bad weather on the west coast of the same island. From the initial crew of 25, only 19 made it to shore and after more than a year spent on the island only three men survived starvation and cold, being rescued by a ship looking for a shelter to make repairs.

Steven Callahan

A week after sailing from the

Survivors of the Strathmore survived for 7 months at a small island of the Crozet Islands from 1875 to 1876. They survived from eating eggs and flesh of geese, albatrosses and other seabirds. The also ate root vegetables and fish.^[11] The survival was the input for, among others, the book “Survival on the Crozet Islands: The Wreck of the Strathmore in 1875”.^[12]

Other castaways

Other castaways in history include:

• Pedro Serrano, a 16th-century Spanish sailor marooned on a small island in the Caribbean.
• Four Russian whalers, Aleksei Inkov, Khrisanf Inkov, Stepan Sharapov, and Fedor Verigin, survived from 1743 to 1749 probably on Halvmåneøya in the Svalbard group of Norwegian islands; one died shortly before rescue^[13]
• The Bounty's mutineers and Tahitian women
• James Riley, who led his crew through the Sahara Desert, after they were shipwrecked off the coast of Western Sahara in August 1815
• Otokichi, a Japanese boy whose ship was cast adrift and after 14 months reached the west coast of North America in 1834
• Nakahama Manjirō, a Japanese fisherman's son, shipwrecked on Tori-shima in 1841, who was rescued by an American ship and played a role in the opening up of Japan to the West
• Juana Maria, the last surviving member of the Nicoleño, who lived alone on San Nicolas Island, California, from 1835 to 1853 and inspired Scott O'Dell's Island of the Blue Dolphins
• James Morrill, an English sailor who was shipwrecked off the coast of north-eastern Australia in 1846. After surviving a journey in a makeshift raft to the mainland, he was taken in by a local clan of Aboriginal Australians. He adopted their language and customs and lived as a member of their society for 17 years before joining the newly established British colony.
• Narcisse Pelletier, a 14-year-old French cabin boy who was abandoned on the Cape York Peninsula in Australia in 1858. He was adopted by an Aboriginal family with whom he lived for 17 years before being discovered by the crew of a passing ship and returned to France against his will.
• 22 men of Ernest Shackleton's Trans-Antarctic expedition were stranded on Elephant Island off the Antarctic Peninsula for four months in 1916.
• Ada Blackjack, an Inuit woman left alone (1921–23) on Wrangel Island when a European expedition went wrong.
• Poon Lim, a Chinese sailor who survived 133 days alone in the South Atlantic after his ship was torpedoed by the German Kriegsmarine. Rescued in 1943. His story partly used by Alfred Bester in The Stars My Destination (1956) as an idiom for the protagonist Gully Foyle.
• The Tongan castaways, a group of teenage boys who ran away from school in 1965 and ended up marooned on an island in the Pacific for 15 months. Their story has been held as a parallel with the fictional boy castaways in the novel Lord of the Flies.
• Barney Island, Queensland, in the Torres Strait between New Guinea
  and Australia
• 16 people who were washed onto an island^[
  2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and were rescued after two months^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Jesús Vidaña, Salvador Ordóñez and Lucio Rendón, three Mexican fishermen from the port of San Blas, Nayarit who sailed 5,500 miles (8,900 km) in nine months before being rescued 200 miles (320 km) from the Marshall Islands on August 9, 2006
• On December 19, 2011, two fishermen from the
  Republic of Kiribati landed in the Marshall Islands where they were rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard. The men were adrift for 33 days and fed on tuna. The two men, aged 53 and 26, were also involved in a rare incident upon landing when the 26-year-old found that his uncle, who had disappeared at sea more than 25 years ago and was long believed dead, had landed in the Marshall Islands as well and married there, where he also had children.^[14]
• The French cargo ship L’Utile ran aground in 1761 on an island of sand and coral today known as Tromelin Island on its way to Mauritius while on an unofficial detour when travelling from Madagascar, carrying an unauthorised cargo of slaves. A flat bottom ship was made using the remains of the wreckage and 80 Malagasy were left on the island with three months supplies and were told that the 122 departing sailors would send help at the first opportunity. They were rescued 15 years later.[15]
• James Knight and his crew perished on Marble Island in 1721 while looking for the Northwest Passage.
• A number of crew members on the Polaris Expedition on a polar expedition were accidentally cast a float on an ice floe and endured six months and 2900 km living in tents and igloos while moving from floe to floe.
• On the Jeannette expedition to the north pole, after being frozen in pack ice and spending 16 months adrift their ship was crushed. 33 Men took to the ice to walk and sail to the Lena River on the Siberian Coast. 13 survivors made it back to the United States.

Castaways in popular culture

See also: Survivalism in fiction

Various novels, television shows and films tell the story of castaways:

Pre-20th century

• The Odyssey, an ancient Greek epic attributed to Homer.
• Sinbad the Sailor, a Middle Eastern folk tale.
• Ibn Tufail
  .
• Theologus Autodidactus, a 13th-century novel by Ibn al-Nafis.
• The Tempest, a 1611 play by William Shakespeare.
• Wildflower: The Barbara Crawford Thompson Story, is based on the life of a 12-year-old Barbara Crawford who was taken from her home in Sydney in 1843. She was rescued after being shipwrecked in November 1844.
• first novel in English
• Lemuel Gulliver, a physician in Gulliver's Travels, a satire by Jonathan Swift.
• The Swiss Family Robinson, an 1812 book by Johann David Wyss that has been adapted into various film and television versions.
• Ben Gunn, a pirate marooned in Treasure Island (1883) by Robert Louis Stevenson.
• Several late 19th century novels by Jules Verne, such as:
  • In Search of the Castaways, published in 1868, narrating the search for Captain Grant by his children after a message in a bottle from him is found.
  • The Mysterious Island, published in 1874.
  • Godfrey Morgan, published in 1882, also known as School for Robinsons.
  • Two Years' Vacation, published in 1888, which relates the fortunes of a group of schoolboys stranded on a desert island.

Literature

This is a list of fiction. There are also memoirs such as Castaway.

• The Blue Lagoon, a 1908 romance novel by Henry De Vere Stacpoole about two children stranded on a tropical island after a shipwreck, with multiple film adaptations.
• Baby Island, a 1937 novel by Carol Ryrie Brink about two preteen sisters caring for four babies on a South Seas island.
• Survivor Type, a 1982 short story by Stephen King about a shipwrecked surgeon who ends up eating parts of his own body to survive.
• Lord of the Flies, a novel by William Golding, and several movie versions.
• Hatchet, a novel that follows the life of a teenage boy as he survives in the Canadian wilderness after the plane he was on crashes.
• Island of the Blue Dolphins, a book by Scott O'Dell about a girl marooned on an island for 18 years.
• Kensuke's Kingdom, a 1999 children's novel by Michael Morpurgo about a boy who travels the world with his parents but ends up marooned on an island.
• The End, the final novel in A Series of Unfortunate Events.
• The Martian, a 2011 novel by Andy Weir, later a film, in which the Castaway literary tradition of self-reliance and will to survive is transposed to the planet Mars.

Films

Title	Director	Notable cast	Summary	Released	Notes
The Blue Lagoon	W. Bowden, Dick Cruickshanks	Molly Adair	First film adaptation of the novel.	1923
Mr. Robinson Crusoe	A. Edward Sutherland	Douglas Fairbanks	A yachtsman makes a bet his friends that he can swim ashore on a remote island in the South Seas with nothing but a toothbrush and be "living the life of Riley" when they return.	1932
The Blue Lagoon	Frank Launder	Jean Simmons, Donald Houston	Second film adaptation of the novel.	1949
Miss Robin Crusoe	Eugene Frenke	Amanda Blake, George Nader, Rosalind Hayes	A variation of Robinson Crusoe starring Amanda Blake as Robin Crusoe.	1953
Robinson Crusoe	Luis Buñuel	Daniel O'Herlihy	Adaptation based on the book of the same name. Lead actor Dan O'Herlihy, playing Crusoe, was nominated for the 1955 Academy Award for Best Actor – making him the only actor to receive a nomination for the role.	1954
Swiss Family Robinson	Ken Annakin	John Mills, Dorothy McGuire, James MacArthur	Walt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name .	1960
In Search of the Castaways	Robert Stevenson	Hayley Mills, Maurice Chevalier, George Sanders, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Michael Anderson Jr.	Walt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name.	1962
Lord of the Flies	Peter Brook	James Aubrey, Tom Chapin and Hugh Edwards	Based on the book of the same name.	1963	Awards: 1 NBR Award
Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.	Byron Paul	Dick Van Dyke	Walt Disney adaptation based on the book of the same name.	1966	Awards: 1 Golden Laurel
Hell in the Pacific	John Boorman	Lee Marvin, Toshiro Mifune	An American pilot and a Japanese naval captain match wits when both are marooned on an uninhabited island during World War II.	1968
Swept Away	Lina Wertmüller	Giancarlo Giannini, Mariangela Melato	A rich woman and a communist sailor are stranded on an island in the Mediterranean Sea.	1974	Awards: 1 David di Donatello Award , 1 other award
The Blue Lagoon	Randal Kleiser	Brooke Shields, Christopher Atkins, Leo McKern	Two children survive a shipwreck and grow up on a tropical island in the South Pacific.	1980	Third film version of the novel.
Castaway	Nicolas Roeg	Oliver Reed, Amanda Donohoe	Based on the book of the same name.	1986
Lord of the Flies	Harry Hook	Balthazar Getty, Chris Furrh, Danuel Pipoly	Shipwrecked on a tropical island, a group of English schoolchildren eventually revert to savagery in spite of the efforts of a few rational children.	1990	Remake of the 1963 film of the same title.
Return to the Blue Lagoon	William A. Graham	Brian Krause, Milla Jovovich, Lisa Pelikan	The son of the original castaways is marooned with a young girl on a tropical island.	1991	Sequel to The Blue Lagoon.
Robinson Crusoe	Rod Hardy, George T. Miller	Pierce Brosnan	Film adaptation loosely based on the novel.	1997
Six Days Seven Nights	Ivan Reitman	Harrison Ford, Anne Heche, David Schwimmer	A New York magazine editor and a pilot fight pirates and face other dangers after crash landing on a desert island in the South Seas.	1998
Cast Away	Robert Zemeckis	Tom Hanks	After surviving a plane crash, a FedEx systems analyst finds himself stranded on a desert island in the South Pacific.	2000	Awards: 1 Golden Globe , 15 other awards
Swept Away	Guy Ritchie	Madonna, Adriano Giannini, Bruce Greenwood	Remake of the 1974 film of the same title.	2002
Survival Island	Stewart Raffill	Billy Zane, Kelly Brook, Juan Pablo Di Pace	A love triangle turns deadly when a husband and wife, and her lover, are stranded on a desert island.	2005
The Breed	Nicholas Mastandrea	Michelle Rodriguez, Oliver Hudson, Taryn Manning	A group of college students fly to a desert island for a party weekend find themselves under siege by murderous hounds.	2006

Television

Title	Network	Notable cast	Summary	Years	Notes
77 Sunset Strip – Secret Island	ABC	Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Jacques Bergerac, Grant Sullivan, Catherine McLeod, Tuesday Weld, Kathleen Crowley	While flying from the h bomb test.	December 4, 1959
Gilligan's Island	CBS	Bob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer, Tina Louise, Russell Johnson, Dawn Wells	Classic sitcom about seven castaways stranded on a desert island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean after a shipwreck.	1964–1967	Awards: 3 TV Land Awards, 1 other award
The Admirable Crichton	NBC	Norman Barrs, Pamela Brown, Edward Cicciarelli	A group of English aristocrats are shipwrecked when their yacht runs around on an island in the South Pacific.	1968	Television film
The New People	ABC	Tiffany Bolling, Zooey Hall, David Moses	A group of young college students are stranded after their plane crashes on a mysterious island in the South Pacific.	1969–1970
Lost Flight	NBC	Lloyd Bridges, Anne Francis, Ralph Meeker	The crew and passengers of a jet airliner crash struggle to survive on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific.	1970	Television film
Der Seewolf [de]	ZDF ORTF	Edward Meeks, Raimund Harmstorf	Based on the book of the same name.	1971–1973	Television miniseries
The Six Million Dollar Man - Survival of the Fittest	ABC	Lee Majors, Richard Anderson	Oscar Goldman becomes the target for several conspirators who want to stop him from negotiating with the Russians. As he and Steve Austin fly back to Washington, D.C., their plane is caught in a storm, and they crash land on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Amongst the survivors are the conspirators who want to kill Oscar.	January 25, 1974
The Cay	NBC	James Earl Jones, Alfred Lutter III	Based on the book of the same name.	1974	Television film
The Bionic Woman - Fly Jamie	ABC	Lindsay Wagner, Martin E. Brooks	Jaime is undercover as stewardess Miss Winters to keep an eye on Rudy Wells, who is transporting a top-secret Cobalt 247 formula. The plane goes down in an electrical storm and the passengers end up on a desert island where the conspirators will do anything to get the formula from Rudy.	May 5, 1976
Shogun	NBC	Richard Chamberlain, Toshiro Mifune, Yoko Shimada	An English navigator and his crew are shipwrecked in feudal Japan.	1980	Television miniseries. Awards: 3 Golden Globes , 5 other awards
Danger Island	NBC	Lisa Banes, Richard Beymer, Maria Celedonio	A group of vacationers survive an airliner at sea on a flight and are cast ashore on a mysterious island.	1992	Television film
Mysterious Island	Family Channel	Alan Scarfe, Colette Stevenson, Stephen Lovatt	Based on the book of the same name.	1995
Bermuda Triangle	ABC	Sam Behrens, Susanna Thompson, Lisa Jakub	After their boat sinks in an unusual storm, a family become stranded on an island in the "27th dimension".	1996	Television film
Forbidden Island		Nikita Ager, Paul Kersey, Grayson McCouch	Survivors of a plane crash are stranded on a mysterious tropical island which possesses supernatural powers.	1999
Survivor/Expedition Robinson	Various	N/A	Reality game show in which contestants various remote island areas while competing in challenges and progressively vote each other out of the game.	1997–
Castaway 2000	BBC	N/A	Reality television series in which a volunteer community lived for a year on the previously uninhabited Taransay in the Outer Hebrides.	2000–2001
Jumping Ship	Disney Channel	Joey Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, Andrew Lawrence	Three brothers sailing to Australia for summer vacation are forced to abandon ship during an encounter with modern-day pirates.	2001	Television movie. Sequel to Horse Sense.
Dinotopia	ABC	Tyron Leitso, Wentworth Miller, David Thewlis	Two American teenage boys on a joyride in their father's plane crash land on an isolated island where humans and sentient dinosaurs peacefully coexist. It later spawned a short-lived TV series.	2002	Television miniseries. Awards: 1 Primetime Emmy , 5 other awards
Lost	ABC	Terry O'Quinn, Matthew Fox, Evangeline Lilly, Josh Holloway, Jorge Garcia	Drama series about the 48 survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 as they try to survive on a mysterious island in the South Pacific.	2004–2010	Awards: 1 Golden Globe , 56 other awards
Mysterious Island	Hallmark Channel	Kyle MacLachlan, Gabrielle Anwar, Patrick Stewart	Based on the book of the same name.	2005	Television film
Flight 29 Down	Discovery Kids	Allen Alvarado, Corbin Bleu, Jeremy James Kissner, Johnny Pacar	Adventure series about teenagers after a plane crash on an island somewhere in the South Pacific.	2005–2010	Television show
Blue Lagoon: The Awakening	Lifetime	Indiana Evans, Brenton Thwaites	Remake of The Blue Lagoon set in the 21st century.	2012	Television film
MythBusters: Duct Tape Island	Discovery Channel	Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman	Adam and Jamie recreate a castaway scenario: using only duct tape to survive both on a desert island and on their canoe.	2012	Television show
Arrow	WBTD	Stephen Amell, Katie Cassidy, Colin Donnell	Based on the fictional character Green Arrow. Oliver Queen is a castaway, and to survive he must forge himself into a weapon. He goes on to become a vigilante crime-fighter to clean up his city.	2012–
Awesomness/AwesomenessTV	Nickelodeon	N/A	A sketch called "Gillian's Island" has the titular castaway (portrayed by Amber Montana ) showing viewers of her "TV series" how to survive on an island in the event that they get stranded and await for the day when someone comes to rescue them.	2013	Web series/Television show

Games

• Johnny Castaway (1993), a screensaver that follows the daily exploits of its namesake
• The Island (1993)
• The ClueFinders 5th Grade Adventures: The Secret of the Living Volcano (1999), a PC game created by The Learning Company
• Survival Kids (1999)
• Pikmin (2001)
• Stranded (2003)
• Return to Mysterious Island (2004)
• Lost in Blue (2005)
• Let's Go Jungle!: Lost on the Island of Spice (2006)
• The Sims 2: Castaway (2007)
• Lost in Blue 2 (2007)
• Lost in Blue 3 (2007)
• Lost in Blue: Shipwrecked (2008)
• The Sims Castaway Stories
  (2008)
• Return to Mysterious Island 2 (2009)
• Tomb Raider (2013)
• Stranded Deep (2015)

Minor part of the story

Castaways are part of other stories as well, where the event is not the central plot but is still an important aspect. Examples include:

• The Black Stallion
• The Road to El Dorado
• Kidnapped

Desert Island Discs

Desert Island Discs is a BBC Radio 4 interview show in which the subject is invited to consider themselves as a castaway on a desert island, and then select their eight favourite records, one favourite book (in addition to The Bible and the Complete Works of Shakespeare), and a luxury inanimate object to occupy their time.

See also

• Castaway depot
• Desert island
• Marooning
• Robinsonade
• Stowaway
• Feral child
• Trespasser
• Spy

References

1. ^ Coello, Francisco. "Conflicto hispano-alemán", Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid, t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, pp. 233, 301
2. ^ Rupert Gerritsen 2011 Selected Transcriptions and Translations, and Collation of Information ... ... Relating to Material Evidence from the Vergulde Draeck ... 1656–1658, Canberra: Batavia Online Publishing.
3. ^ Rupert Gerritsen 1994 And Their Ghosts May Be Heard, South Fremantle: Fremantle Art Centre Press. pp. 232–46.
4. ^ ‘Journaal of te dag register van mijne voyagie ...’
5. ^ See James Henderson 1982 Marooned, Perth: St. George Books.
6. ^ "Pirate Biographies" at The New England Pirate Museum. Accessed 4 December 2005.
7. ^ Philip Playford 1960 "The Wreck of the Zuytdorp On the Western Australian Coast in 1712", Nedlands: Royal Western Australian Historical Society.
8. ^ Rupert Gerritsen 1994 And Their Ghosts May Be Heard pp. 252–60; Philip Playford 1996 Carpet of Silver: The Wreck of the Zuytdorp Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press pp. 213–17.
9. ISBN 978-1-4461-8986-3
10. ISBN 90-74622-23-2
11. ^ "Varia". Algemeene visscherij-courant (in Dutch). 2 April 1876 – via Delpher.
12. ^ "Survival on the Crozet Islands: The Wreck of the Strathmore in 1875.: 9780908708024 - AbeBooks".
13. ISBN 0-7432-2431-0
14. ^ "Pacific castaways find long-lost relatives". ABC.net.au. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
15. ^ Macfarlane, J.A. "Fifteen Years Forsaken". Damn Interesting. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

External links

• The Straight Dope
  . Accessed 4 December 2005.

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