John of Brienne

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"John I of Jerusalem" redirects here. For the bishop, see John I (bishop of Jerusalem).

John of Brienne
Count of Brienne
Reign1205/06–1221
PredecessorWalter III
SuccessorWalter IV
Bornc. 1170
Died19–23 March 1237 (aged 66–67)
Constantinople
Burial
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Istanbul
, Turkey)
Spouses
Maria, Queen of Jerusalem
​
​
(m. 1210; died 1212)​
​
​
(m. 1214; died 1220)​
​
(m. 1224)​
Issue
Érard II, Count of Brienne
MotherAgnes of Montfaucon

John of Brienne (c. 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was

Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champagne. John, originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200. After the death of his brother, Walter III, he ruled the County of Brienne on behalf of his minor nephew Walter IV
(who lived in southern Italy).

The barons of the

John of Ibelin, attempted to depose him. John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade. Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimously acknowledged, his right to rule Damietta (in Egypt) was confirmed shortly after the city fell to the crusaders in 1219. He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia on behalf of his second wife, Stephanie
, in 1220. After Stephanie and their infant son died that year, John returned to Egypt. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure (including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians) in 1221.

John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe (Italy, France, England, León, Castile and Germany) to seek assistance for the Holy Land. He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225, and Frederick ended John's rule of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although the popes tried to persuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John, the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as their lawful ruler. John administered papal domains in Tuscany, became the podestà of Perugia and was a commander of Pope Gregory IX's army during Gregory's war against Frederick in 1228 and 1229.

He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co-ruler (with

Franciscan
friar.

Early life

John was the youngest of the four sons of Count

Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montfaucon.[2][3] He seemed "exceedingly old ... about 80"[4] to the 14-year-old George Akropolites in 1231;[5] if Akropolites' estimate was correct, John was born around 1150.[6][7] However, no other 13th-century authors described John as an old man.[6] His father referred to John's brothers as "children" in 1177 and mentioned the tutor of John's oldest brother, Walter III, in 1184; this suggests that John's brothers were born in the late 1160s.[8][9] Modern historians agree that John was born after 1168, probably during the 1170s.[10][11]

Although his father destined John for a clerical career, according to the late-13th-century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he "was unwilling".[11] Instead, the minstrel continued, John fled to his maternal uncle at the Clairvaux Abbey.[11] Encouraged by his fellows, he became a knight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights.[11] Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims are apparently invented (for instance, John did not have a maternal uncle in Clairvaux), historian Guy Perry wrote that it may have preserved details of John's life.[12] A church career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th-century noblemen in France; however, if his father sent John to a monastery he left before reaching the age of taking monastic vows.[12] John "clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well" in his youth, because the 13th-century sources Akropolites and Salimbene di Adam emphasize his physical strength.[13]

Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191.[14] His oldest son, Walter III, succeeded him in Brienne.[15] John was first mentioned in an 1192 (or 1194) charter issued by his brother, indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter's court.[6][15] According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John participated in a war against Peter II of Courtenay.[16] Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed that he was called "John Lackland", according to contemporary charters John held Jessains, Onjon, Trannes and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200.[15] In 1201, Theobald III granted him additional estates in Mâcon, Longsols and elsewhere.[17] Theobald's widow, Blanche of Navarre, persuaded John to sell his estate at Mâcon, saying that it was her dower.[18]

Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting in southern Italy.

Theobald IV.[20] According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, she loved John "more than any man in the world"; this annoyed King Philip II of France.[7][20]

The two versions of Ernoul's chronicle tell different stories about John's ascent to the throne of

grand masters of the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller.[23]

King of Jerusalem

Co-ruler

Multi-coloured map
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other crusader states in the early 13th century

John landed at

Albert of Vercelli married him to Queen Maria.[24] John and Maria were crowned in the Cathedral of Tyre on 3 October.[24] The truce concluded by Maria's predecessor Aimery and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Adil I had ended by John's arrival.[25] Although Al-Adil was willing to renew it, Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a new treaty without John's consent.[24] During John and Maria's coronation, Al-Adil's son Al-Mu'azzam Isa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city.[24] After returning to Acre, John raided nearby Muslim settlements in retaliation.[26]

Although about 300 French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land,[27] no influential noblemen joined him; they preferred participating in the French Albigensian Crusade or did not see him as sufficiently eminent.[28] John's cousin, Walter of Montbéliard, joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus.[28] Montbéliard led a naval expedition to Egypt to plunder the Nile Delta.[26] After most of the French crusaders left the Holy Land, John forged a new truce with Al-Adil by the middle of 1211[26][24] and sent envoys to Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade.[24]

Conflicts

Maria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter,

Raoul of Merencourt, Bishop of Sidon, to Rome for assistance from the Holy See.[32] Pope Innocent confirmed John as lawful ruler of the Holy Land in early 1213, urging the prelates to support him with ecclesiastical sanctions if needed.[33] Most of the Jerusalemite lords remained loyal to the king, acknowledging his right to administer the kingdom on behalf of his infant daughter;[34] John of Ibelin left the Holy Land and settled in Cyprus.[35]

The relationship between John of Brienne and

Raymond-Roupen of Antioch and Leo I, King of Cilician Armenia, who were supported by Hugh and the Hospitallers.[36] However, John sent only 50 knights to fight the Armenians in Antiochia in 1213.[37] Leo I concluded a peace treaty with the Knights Templar late that year,[38] and he and John reconciled.[38] John married Leo's oldest daughter, Stephanie (also known as Rita), in 1214[38] and Stephanie received a dowry of 30,000 bezants.[39] Quarrels among John, Leo I, Hugh I and Bohemond IV are documented by Pope Innocent's letters urging them to reconcile their differences before the Fifth Crusade reached the Holy Land.[39]

Fifth Crusade

Main article: Fifth Crusade

Pope Innocent proclaimed the Fifth Crusade in 1213, with the "liberation of the Holy Land" (the reconquest of

Leopold VI of Austria, landed at Acre in early September 1217.[42] Andrew II of Hungary and his army followed that month,[42] and Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch soon joined the crusaders.[39][43] However, hundreds of crusaders soon returned to Europe because of a famine following the previous year's poor harvest.[44] A war council was held in the tent of Andrew II, who considered himself the supreme commander of the crusader army.[45] Other leaders, particularly John, did not acknowledge Andrew's leadership.[43] The crusaders raided nearby territory ruled by Al-Adil I for food and fodder, forcing the sultan to retreat in November 1217.[46][47] In December John besieged the Ayyubid fortress on Mount Tabor, joined only by Bohemond IV of Antioch.[43][48] He was unable to capture it, which "encouraged the infidel", according to the contemporary Jacques de Vitry.[43][49]

Frisian crusaders attack a tower near Damietta during the Fifth Crusade (from Matthew Paris' 13th-century Chronica Majora
).

Andrew II decided to return home, leaving the crusaders' camp with Hugh I and Bohemond IV in early 1218.[50] Although military action was suspended after their departure, the crusaders restored fortifications at Caesarea and Atlit.[51] After new troops arrived from the Holy Roman Empire in April, they decided to invade Egypt.[52][53] They elected John supreme commander, giving him the right to rule the land they would conquer.[54] His leadership was primarily nominal,[55] since he could rarely impose his authority on an army of troops from many countries.[56]

The crusaders laid siege to Damietta, on the Nile, in May 1218.[57] Although they seized a strategically important tower on a nearby island on 24 August,[55][54] Al-Kamil (who had succeeded Al-Adil I in Egypt) controlled traffic on the Nile.[58] In September, reinforcements commanded by Pope Honorius III's legate Cardinal Pelagius (who considered himself the crusade's supreme commander) arrived from Italy.[59]

Egyptian forces attempted a surprise attack on the crusaders' camp on 9 October, but John discovered their movements.[58] He and his retinue attacked and annihilated the Egyptian advance guard, hindering the main force.[58] The crusaders built a floating fortress on the Nile near Damietta, but a storm blew it near the Egyptian camp.[58] The Egyptians seized the fortress, killing nearly all of its defenders.[58] Only two soldiers survived the attack; they were accused of cowardice, and John ordered their execution.[58] Taking advantage of the new Italian troops, Cardinal Pelagius began to intervene in strategic decisions.[60] His debates with John angered their troops.[61] The soldiers broke into the Egyptian camp on 29 August 1219 without an order, but they were soon defeated and nearly annihilated.[61] During the ensuing panic, only the cooperation of John, the Templars, the Hospitallers and the noble crusaders prevented the Egyptians from destroying their camp.[61]

In late October, Al-Kamil sent messengers to the crusaders offering to restore Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth to them if they withdrew from Egypt.

John of Joinville, John seized one-third of Damietta's spoils;[66] coins minted there during the following months bore his name.[67] Al-Mu'azzam, emir of Damascus and brother of al-Kamil, invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and pillaged Caesarea before the end of 1219.[68]

John's father-in-law, Leo I of Armenia, died several months before the crusaders seized Damietta. He bequeathed his kingdom to his infant daughter, Isabella.[69] John and Raymond-Roupen of Antioch (Leo's nephew) questioned the will's legality, each demanding the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia for themselves.[67] In a February 1220 letter, Pope Honorius declared John to be Leo's rightful heir.[70] Saying that he wanted to assert his claim to Cilicia, John left Damietta for the Kingdom of Jerusalem around Easter 1220.[71][72] Although Al-Mu'azzam's successful campaign the previous year also pressed John to leave Egypt, Jacques de Vitry and other Fifth Crusade chroniclers wrote that he deserted the crusader army.[73]

Stephanie died shortly after John's arrival.[74] Contemporary sources accused John of causing her sudden death, claiming that he severely beat her when he heard that she tried to poison his daughter Isabella.[73] Their only son died a few weeks later, ending John's claim to Cilicia.[74] Soon after Pope Honorius learned about the deaths of Stephanie and her son, he declared Raymond-Roupen the lawful ruler of Cilicia and threatened John with excommunication if he fought for his late wife's inheritance.[75]

John did not return to the crusaders in Egypt for several months.[76] According to a letter from the prelates in the Holy Land to Philip II of France, lack of funds kept John from leaving his kingdom.[76] Since his nephew Walter IV was approaching the age of majority, John surrendered the County of Brienne in 1221.[77] During John's absence from Egypt, Al-Kamil again offered to restore the Holy Land to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in June 1221; Pelagius refused him.[78] John returned to Egypt and rejoined the crusade on 6 July 1221 at the command of Pope Honorius.[79][78]

The commanders of the crusader army decided to continue the invasion of Egypt, despite (according to Philip d'Aubigny) John's strong opposition.[79][80] The crusaders approached Mansurah, but the Egyptians imposed a blockade on their camp.[81] Outnumbered, Pelagius agreed to an eight-year truce with Al-Kamil in exchange for Damietta on 28 August.[82] John was among the crusade leaders held hostage by Al-Kamil until the crusader army withdrew from Damietta on 8 September.[82]

Negotiations

After the Fifth Crusade ended "in colossal and irremediable failure", John returned to his kingdom.[83][84] Merchants from Genoa and Pisa soon attacked each other in Acre, destroying a significant portion of the town.[84] According to a Genoese chronicle, John supported the Pisans and the Genoese left Acre for Beirut.[84]

John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe,

bailli to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem in his absence.[87][88]

Manuscript illumination of Isabella II, Frederick II and several other people
Marriage of John's daughter, Isabella II of Jerusalem, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225 (from Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica)

He left for Italy in October 1222 to attend a conference about a new crusade.[87][88] At John's request, Pope Honorius declared that all lands conquered during the crusade should be united with the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[89] To plan the military campaign, the pope and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II met at Ferentino in March 1223;[90] John attended the meeting.[91] He agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Frederick II after the emperor promised that he would allow John to rule the Kingdom of Jerusalem for the rest of his life.[91]

John then went to France, although Philip II was annoyed at being excluded from the decision of Isabella's marriage.

Basilica of St Denis in July;[92] Philip bequeathed more than 150,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land.[89][92] John then visited England, attempting to mediate a peace treaty between England and France after his return to France.[94]

He made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in March 1224.[95][96] According to the Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, John went to the Kingdom of León to marry one of the elder daughters of Alfonso IX of León (Sancha or Dulce) because Alfonso had promised him the kingdom "along with her".[96] The marriage could jeopardize the claim of Sancha's and Dulce's half-brother, Ferdinand III of Castile, to León.[96] To protect her son's interests, Ferdinand's mother Berengaria of Castile decided to give her daughter (Berengaria of León) to John in marriage.[96] Although modern historians do not unanimously accept the chronicle's account of John's plan to marry Sancha or Dulce, they agree that the queen of France (Blanche of Castile, Berengaria of Castile's sister) played an important role in convincing John to marry her niece.[95][96] The marriage of John and Berengaria of León was celebrated in Burgos in May 1224.[97]

About three months later, he met Emperor Frederick's son Henry in Metz and visited Henry's guardian, Engelbert, Archbishop of Cologne.[98] From Germany John went to southern Italy, where he persuaded Pope Honorius to allow Emperor Frederick to postpone his crusade for two years.[98] Frederick married John's daughter, Isabella (who had been crowned queen of Jerusalem), on 9 November 1225.[99] John and Frederick's relationship became tense.[100] According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John got into a disagreement with his new son-in-law because Frederick seduced a niece of Isabella who was her lady-in-waiting.[100] In the other version of the chronicle John often "chastised and reproved" his son-in-law, who concluded that John wanted to seize the Kingdom of Sicily for his nephew Walter IV of Brienne and tried to murder John (who fled to Rome).[100] Frederick declared that John had lost his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem when Isabella married him; he styled himself king of Jerusalem for the first time in December 1225.[100][101] Balian of Sidon, Simon of Maugastel, Archbishop of Tyre, and the other Jerusalemite lords who had escorted Isabella to Italy acknowledged Frederick as their lawful king.[102]

Papal service

Pope Honorius did not accept Frederick's unilateral act, and continued to regard John as the rightful king of Jerusalem.[103] In an attempt to take advantage of the revived Lombard League (an alliance of northern Italian towns) against Frederick II, John went to Bologna.[104] According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, he declined an offer by the Lombard League representatives to elect him their king.[104] Even though this account was fabricated, John remained in Bologna for over six months.[105] The dying Pope Honorius appointed John rector of a Patrimony of Saint Peter in Tuscany (part of the Papal States) on 27 January 1227,[106][107] and urged Frederick II to restore him to the throne of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[104] Honorius' successor, Gregory IX, confirmed John's position in the Papal States on 5 April[108] and ordered the citizens of Perugia to elect him their podestà.[108]

Gregory excommunicated Frederick II on 29 September 1227, accusing him of breaking his oath to lead a crusade to the Holy Land;[109] the emperor had dispatched two fleets to Syria, but a plague forced them to return.[110] His wife Isabella died after giving birth to a son, Conrad, in May 1228.[111] Frederick continued to consider himself king of Jerusalem, in accordance with the precedent set by John during Isabella's minority.[111]

The imperial army under the command of

Latin Empire of Constantinople, who were offering him the imperial crown.[113]

Emperor of Constantinople

Election

Latin Empress
; John was senior co-emperor of her husband, Baldwin II.

The

Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria was willing to accept the regency, but the barons of the Latin Empire suspected that he wanted to unite the Latin Empire with Bulgaria.[115] They offered the imperial crown instead to John, an ally of the Holy See.[115]

After months of negotiation, John and the envoys from the Latin Empire signed a treaty in Perugia which was confirmed by Pope Gregory on 9 April 1229.[116][117] John was elected emperor of the Latin Empire for life as senior co-ruler with Baldwin II, who married John's daughter Marie.[116][117] The treaty also prescribed that although Baldwin would rule the Latin lands in Asia Minor when he was 20 years old, he would become sole emperor only after John's death.[116][117] John also stipulated that his sons would inherit Epirus and Macedonia, but the two regions still belonged to Emperor of Thessalonica Theodore Doukas.[116]

After signing the treaty, John returned to Sulmona.[113] According to the contemporary Matthew Paris, he allowed his soldiers to plunder nearby monasteries to obtain money.[113] John lifted the siege of Sulmona in early 1229 to join Cardinal Pelagius, who launched a campaign against Capua.[118] Frederick II (who had crowned himself king of Jerusalem in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre) returned to Italy, forcing the papal troops to withdraw.[119][120]

John went to France to recruit warriors to accompany him to Constantinople.[121] Pope Gregory did not proclaim John's expedition to the Latin Empire a crusade, but promised papal privileges granted to crusaders to those who joined him.[121] During his stay in France, John was again an intermediary between local potentates[122] and signed a peace treaty between Louis IX of France and Hugh X of Lusignan.[122] He returned to Italy in late 1230.[123] John's envoys signed a treaty with Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice, who agreed to transport him and his retinue of 500 knights and 5,000 commoners to Constantinople in return for John's confirmation of Venetian possessions and privileges in the Latin Empire.[124] Shortly after John left for Constantinople in August, Pope Gregory acknowledged Frederick II's claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[125]

Rule

John was crowned emperor in

Emperor of Nicaea, who supported a rebellion against their rule in Crete.[128] According to Philippe Mouskes' Rhymed Chronicle, John could make "neither war nor peace";[126] because he did not invade the Empire of Nicaea, most French knights who accompanied him to Constantinople returned home after his coronation.[126] To strengthen the Latin Empire's financial position, Geoffrey II of Achaea (John's most powerful vassal) gave him an annual subsidy of 30,000 hyperpyra after his coronation.[127][128]

Taking advantage of John III Vatatzes' invasion of

Franciscan and two Dominican friars wanted to mediate a truce between the Latin Empire and Nicaea in 1234 but it was never signed.[131] In a letter describing their negotiations, the friars described John as a "pauper" abandoned by his mercenaries.[132]

John III Vatatzes and Ivan Asen II concluded a treaty dividing the Latin Empire in early 1235.[133] Vatatzes soon seized the last outposts of the empire in Asia Minor and Gallipoli, and Asen occupied the Latin territories in Thrace.[133] Constantinople was besieged in an effort to persuade the defenders to gather in one place, enabling an invasion elsewhere.[134] Although the besiegers outnumbered the defenders, John repelled all attacks on the town's walls.[135] Mouskes compared him to Hector, Roland, Ogier the Dane and Judas Maccabeus in his Rhymed Chronicle, emphasizing his bravery.[135]

A Venetian fleet forced Vatatzes' naval forces to withdraw, but after the Venetians departed for home the Greeks and Bulgarians besieged Constantinople again in November 1235.[136] John sent letters to European monarchs and the pope, pleading for assistance.[136] Since the survival of the Latin Empire was in jeopardy, Pope Gregory urged the crusaders to defend Constantinople instead of the Holy Land.[137] A combined naval force from Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Geoffrey II of Achaea broke through the blockade.[136] Asen soon abandoned his alliance with Vatatzes, who was forced to lift the siege in 1236.[138]

Death

According to three 13th-century authors (Matthew Paris, Salimbene di Adam and Bernard of Besse), John became a Franciscan friar before his death.[139] They agree that John's declining health contributed to his conversion, but Bernard also described a recurring vision of an old man urging the emperor to join the Franciscans.[140] Most 13th-century sources suggest that John died between 19 and 23 March 1237,[141] the only Latin emperor to die in Constantinople.[141]

According to the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims, he was buried in Hagia Sophia.[142] Perry wrote that John, who died as a Franciscan friar, may have been buried in the Franciscan church dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi which was built in Galata during his reign.[142] In a third theory, proposed by Giuseppe Gerola, a tomb decorated with the Latin Empire coat of arms in Assisi's Lower Basilica may have been built for John by Walter VI, Count of Brienne.[143]

Family

John's first wife (Maria the Marquise, born 1191) was the only child of Isabella I of Jerusalem and her second husband, Conrad of Montferrat.[144] Maria inherited Jerusalem from her mother in 1205.[145] John and Maria's only child, Isabella (also known as Yolanda), was born in late 1212.[30][29]

Stephanie of Armenia became John's second wife in 1214.[29] She was the only daughter of Leo II of Armenia and his first wife, Isabelle (niece of Sibylle, the third wife of Bohemond III of Antioch).[146] Stephanie gave birth to a son in 1220, but she and her son died that year.[74]

John married his third wife,

County of Eu in France with his marriage.[150] John's second son, Louis, was born around 1230.[85] His youngest son, John, who was born in the early 1230s, was Grand Butler of France.[151]

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  129. ^ a b Perry 2013, p. 172.
  130. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 723.
  131. ^ Perry 2013, p. 173.
  132. ^ Perry 2013, p. 161.
  133. ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 724.
  134. ^ Perry 2013, p. 174.
  135. ^ a b Perry 2013, p. 175.
  136. ^ a b c Perry 2013, p. 176.
  137. ^ Perry 2013, p. 179.
  138. ^ Perry 2013, p. 177.
  139. ^ Perry 2013, p. 180.
  140. ^ Perry 2013, p. 181.
  141. ^ a b Perry 2013, p. 182.
  142. ^ a b Perry 2013, p. 183.
  143. ^ Perry 2013, p. 183–185.
  144. ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 30–32.
  145. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 104.
  146. ^ Runciman 1989, p. 87, Appendix III (genealogical trees 2 and 4).
  147. ^ Bianchini 2012, p. 188.
  148. ^ Perry 2013, p. 130.
  149. ^ Bianchini 2012, p. 187.
  150. ^ Perry 2013, p. 165.
  151. ^ Perry 2013, pp. 164–165.

Sources

Primary sources

  • George Akropolites: The History (Translated with an Introduction and Commentary by Ruth Mackrides) (2007). Oxford University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1
    .

Secondary sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John of Brienne.
John of Brienne
House of Brienne
Born: c. 1170 Died: 19–23 March 1237
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Count of Brienne

1205/06–1221 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Jerusalem
1210–1225
With: Maria and Isabella II 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Latin Emperor
1229–1237
With: Baldwin II 		Succeeded by
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