Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Philippe I | |
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Basilica of St Denis , France | |
Spouses | |
Issue more... | |
Louis XIII of France | |
Mother | Anne of Austria |
Signature | ![]() |
Styled
Throughout his life, Philippe was open about his preference for male lovers, most notably the Chevalier de Lorraine, and freely acted with effeminacy. He married twice, first to Henrietta of England and then to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Two of his daughters, Marie Louise and Anne Marie, became queens consort of Spain and Sardinia respectively, while his son Philippe II served as regent of France from 1715 to 1723.
Early years
Birth
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_young_King_Louis_XIV_of_France_%28wearing_Fleur-de-lis%29_sitting_on_a_throne_with_his_brother_Philippe%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/220px-A_young_King_Louis_XIV_of_France_%28wearing_Fleur-de-lis%29_sitting_on_a_throne_with_his_brother_Philippe%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg)
Philippe de Bourbon[1] was born on 21 September 1640 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France,[2] the day before his mother Anne's 39th birthday.[3] As the son of a ruling king, the infant Philippe held the rank of a Fils de France (son of France).[1] As such, he ranked immediately behind his older brother Louis, Dauphin of France, who inherited the French throne before Philippe reached the age of three. From birth, Philippe was second in line to the throne of France and was entitled to the style of Royal Highness.[1]
He was born in the presence of his father Louis XIII, the
Le Petit Monsieur
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Philippe_of_France_after_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg/190px-Philippe_of_France_after_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg)
At the death of their father Louis XIII in May 1643, Philippe's older brother ascended to the throne of France as Louis XIV. Their mother Queen Anne revoked the late king's will to arrange for a power-sharing agreement with Cardinal Mazarin, who had been serving as Louis XIII's chief minister.[8] Anne was now in full control of her children, something she had been vying for since their birth. As the younger brother of the king, Philippe was addressed as le Petit Monsieur,[9] since his uncle Gaston, who had also been the younger brother of a French king, was still alive. Gaston was then known as le Grand Monsieur. It was not until 1660 at the death of Gaston that Philippe would be known simply as Monsieur or as the Duke of Orléans.[10]
The child Philippe was acknowledged to be attractive, affectionate, and intelligent.[11] The Duchess of Montpensier dubbed him the "prettiest child in the world",[12] while his mother's friend and confidant, Madame de Motteville, later said of Philippe that he displayed a "lively intelligence" early on. From 1646 on Philippe spent some of his childhood at the Hôtel de Villeroy ("Cremerie de Paris"), house of Nicolas de Villeroy, tutor of his brother Louis XIV. The children played there with Catherine de Villeroy and François de Villeroy.[13]
In the autumn of 1647, at age seven, Philippe caught
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Philippe_de_France_wearing_coronation_clothes_for_his_brother%2C_Ecole_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/190px-Philippe_de_France_wearing_coronation_clothes_for_his_brother%2C_Ecole_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg)
When Philippe was eight, the civil war known as the
In late June 1658, Louis became gravely ill. Presumed to have
Duke of Orléans
When Philippe's uncle Gaston died in February 1660,
In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between Louis XIII and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king. Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown.[29] Later, to his already rich holdings Philippe wanted to add the countship of Blois, with its Château de Chambord, and the governorship of Languedoc, but both would be refused to him by his brother.[30]
Marriages and love life
Sexuality
During his childhood, Queen Anne was observed to address Philippe by such nicknames as "my little girl" and encouraged him to dress in feminine clothing even as a young man – a habit he would retain all his life. Even once married, he reportedly carried on open romantic affairs with German nobles, with no regard to either of his two wives.[38] Philippe's favorites, invariably younger, handsome men, dominated contemporary and historical commentaries about his role at court, as had the mignons of Henry III. Philippe was infatuated with the famously arrogant Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche. There were also rumors at court that Philippe in fact had a mistress[39] and had shown an interest in the Duchess of Mercœur, Mazarin's niece.[40] Another lover of Philippe at this time was Antoine Coiffier, the Marquis d'Effiat. The latter had entered Philippe's life as captain of the chase and stayed in his household until Philippe's death.[41]
Among the lovers, one man stands out, Philip of Lorraine-Armagnac,
"As greedy as a vulture,
Excerpt from Dirk Van der Cruysse's Madame Palatine, princesse européenne[37]
Marriage with Princess Henrietta of England
After Louis XIV's marriage to
The couple moved from the Tuileries in early 1662 to the Palais-Royal.
In 1664, Henrietta gave birth at Fontainebleau to a son who was given the title Duke of Valois.[64] Philippe wrote to his brother-in-law Charles II of England "that your sister was this morning safely delivered of a fine boy. The child seems to be in excellent health."[65] The child nonetheless died of convulsions in 1666, having been baptized Philippe Charles d'Orléans hours before death.[66] The loss of the little Duke of Valois affected Henrietta greatly. Philippe, however, was anxious to maintain the allowance which his son had received from the king.[67] This death only augmented the grief of a court still in mourning for the death of Queen Anne in January.[68] The previous year, the Comte de Guiche has been exiled from court with Philippe reporting to his mother that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman.[69]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Monsieur_with_his_favourite_daughter_Marie_Louise%2C_Versailles%2C_Pierre_Mignard.jpg/220px-Monsieur_with_his_favourite_daughter_Marie_Louise%2C_Versailles%2C_Pierre_Mignard.jpg)
c. 1670, Pierre Mignard.
Philippe took part in the War of Devolution in 1667 while Henrietta remained at Saint-Cloud due to her pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at Tournai and Douai and distinguished himself through his valor and coolness under fire.[70] But Philippe later became bored with battle and interested himself more in the decoration of his tent. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint-Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life.[71] Upon her recovery, Philippe returned to the battlefield and distinguished himself at the Siege of Lille.[72]
In January 1670, Henrietta prevailed upon the King to imprison the Chevalier de Lorraine, first near Lyon, then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of the Château d'If. He was finally banished to Rome after offending the King and Henrietta by boasting that he could get Philippe to divorce her.[73] In retaliation for the Chevalier's treatment, Philippe withdrew to his estate at Villers-Cotterêts, dragging Henrietta with him.[74] By February, Philippe's protests and pleas persuaded the King to restore the Chevalier to his brother's entourage. The couple had their last child in August 1669,[75] a daughter who was baptized Anne Marie at the private chapel of the Palais-Royal on 8 April 1670 by Philippe's first chaplain, the bishop of Vabres.
Henrietta is best known to political historians in France for her part in negotiating the
Painting commissioned by Philippe for Saint Cloud, Jean Nocret, 1670 |
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Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale; his nephew, Philippe, Duke of Anjou; standing to the right is his cousin, Anne Marie, la Grande Mademoiselle . The picture frame with the two children are two deceased daughters of Louis and Marie Therèse. |
Search for a second bride
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mathieu%2C_Antoine_-_Henriette_of_England_holding_a_portrait_of_her_husband_-_Versailles.jpg/190px-Mathieu%2C_Antoine_-_Henriette_of_England_holding_a_portrait_of_her_husband_-_Versailles.jpg)
Henrietta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but little by her husband, due to their strained relationship. Louis XIV himself looked for a second wife for Philippe, who was eager to have a male heir to continue the Orléans line.
Marriage with Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte
Philippe married the nineteen-year-old Elizabeth Charlotte, who converted to Roman Catholicism,
The couple were very happy in the first years of their marriage. The Chevalier de Lorraine was in Italy, but returned in spring 1672. Pregnant later that year, Elizabeth Charlotte gave birth to a son in June 1673 who was named Alexandre Louis and given the title Duke of Valois.[49] The child died, however, in 1676.[92] A second son, Philippe, followed in 1674,[93] and then a daughter, Élisabeth Charlotte, in 1676,[94] after which the two mutually agreed to sleep in separate beds.[95] Elizabeth Charlotte was praised as being a natural mother.[96] Philippe's second son with Elizabeth Charlotte, known as the Duke of Chartres until he inherited the dukedom of Orléans in 1701,[97] later served as Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV.[93] Elizabeth Charlotte acted as a mother to Philippe's children by Henrietta and maintained correspondence with them until her last days.[94]
Battle of Cassel
Having already established himself as a successful military commander during the War of Devolution in 1667, Philippe was eager to return to the field. In 1676 and 1677 he took part in sieges in Flanders, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, which made him second-in-command to Louis XIV himself.[98]
"The people of Paris went wild with joy. They really love Monsieur. But at court they'd wished he'd lost the battle for the king's sake..." |
Extract from the memoirs of Primi Visconti[99] |
The most impressive victory won under Philippe's command took place on 11 April 1677: the Battle of Cassel against William III, Prince of Orange,[100] later the king of England and son of Philippe's own first cousin Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. William decided to relieve some besieged towns; from Ypres he marched with 32,000 men through Poperinge and Oxelaëre in the Cassel Valley. Philippe, who learned of his plans, arranged to meet William's forces at Penebeek between Noordpeene and Zuytpeene. Louis XIV sent him some 25,000 foot-soldiers and 9,000 cavalry from Cambrai under the command of Marshal Luxembourg. By nightfall there were 66,000 soldiers ready for battle. The Dutch attacked the French positions without scouting first. Marshal Luxembourg surprised the Dutch with a cavalry attack that practically destroyed three battalions and routed William's army. In all, casualties on both sides amounted to 4,200 dead and 7,000 wounded. Philippe was hailed for his skill as a military commander, much to the annoyance of his brother, the king.[101] He was presumably jealous of Philippe's growing popularity at court as well as on the battlefield.[3] In honor of his victory at Cassel, Philippe set up a Barnabite College in Paris.[102] The campaign marked the end of his military career; he soon immersed himself once again in a life of pleasure.[100]
Cultural expansion and property
From the time of the victory at Cassel until the 1690s, Philippe mainly concentrated his energies on the expansion of his estates, personal fortune, and art collection, including the renovation of his residences, the Palais-Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The latter was his favorite residence,[103] the home of an ever-expanding and "stormy" court.[82] Philippe became an important patron of the artists Jean Nocret and Pierre Mignard, both of whom were employed to elaborate the décor at Saint-Cloud and the Palais-Royal. As early as 1660, Philippe also ordered Antoine Lepautre to begin extensions at Saint-Cloud; later he became contrôleur général of Philippe's properties.[100]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Saint-Cloud%3B_maison_du_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/215px-Saint-Cloud%3B_maison_du_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg)
c. 1677
Following Lepautre's death in 1679, work on Saint-Cloud was continued by his executive assistant Jean Girard in collaboration with Thomas Gobert. Later on, Philippe sought Jules Hardouin-Mansart to design a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles. The gardens were redesigned by André Le Nôtre, while the basin and lowermost canal were added by Mansart in 1698. At the time of Philippe's death in 1701, the estate of Saint-Cloud covered some 1,200 acres (4.9 km2). Saint-Cloud remained with the Orléans family until 1785, when Philippe's great-grandson Louis Philippe d'Orléans sold it to Marie Antoinette, Philippe's great-granddaughter, for the sum of 6,000,000 livres.[104]
Minor improvements at the Palais-Royal began in 1661 at the time of Philippe's marriage to Henrietta, but the property was part of the crown holdings, and had not been used officially for years.[105] Philippe was limited in what he could do to renovate the building until it was given to him in 1692.[106] Philippe again turned to Mansart for assistance in modernizing it. The interior décor was entrusted to Antoine Coypel, whose father Noël Coypel had previously worked at the palace.[107] In 1695, Philippe bought a small island in the Seine directly opposite the château, which he renamed the "Île de Monsieur".
Philippe not only enjoyed architecture and court society, but also music and dancing; he was in fact famed for his exceptional dancing abilities. Philippe was a patron of musicians such as Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, Henri Dumont, Jacques-Antoine Arlaud, and Marie Aubry, many of whom would stay part of his son's household after his death in 1701. Jean-Baptiste Lully was also a protégé of Philippe after he left Mademoiselle's household. Philippe's small art collection created the basis for the Orleans Collection, one of the most important art collections ever assembled.[108]
With the permission of the
Later years
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/After_Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_So-called_portrait_to_Phillipe%2C_Duc_d%27Orleans%2C_Regent_of_France.png/200px-After_Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_So-called_portrait_to_Phillipe%2C_Duc_d%27Orleans%2C_Regent_of_France.png)
Upon the death of Mademoiselle in 1693, Philippe acquired the dukedoms of Montpensier, Châtellerault, Saint-Fargeau and Beaupréau.[112] He also became prince of Joinville, count of Dourdan, Mortain and Bar-sur-Seine and viscount of Auge and Domfront. In later life, Philippe was thus able to maintain his lavish lifestyle easily, and he found much satisfaction in the activities of his children and grandchildren. Both of his daughters by his first wife Henrietta married influential European sovereigns, eventually becoming queens, and his son the Duke of Chartres pursued an active and distinguished military career, having served at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692 as well as the Siege of Namur, much to his father's pride.[113] As he had with Philippe, Louis XIV was careful to limit the power of Chartres.
"I won Monsieur over during the last three years of his life. We even used to laugh together about his weaknesses... He had confidence in me and always took my side, but before that I used to suffer dreadfully. I was just beginning to be happy when the Almighty took poor Monsieur from me" |
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate writing in 1716 to the Princess of Wales regarding their mutual affection in the later years of their marriage[114]
|
In 1696, Philippe's granddaughter
Philippe angrily returned to Saint-Cloud early the same evening to dine with his son. Philippe collapsed onto his son after suffering a fatal
Elizabeth Charlotte, worried that she would be put in a convent (a stipulation of her
Portrayals in media
Philippe has been portrayed in various modern media:
- The Private Life of Louis XIV (1935 film), played by Hans Stüwe
- Liselotte of the Palatinate (1966 film), played by Harald Leipnitz
- The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (1966 film), played by Pierre Pernet
- Marquise (1997 film), played by Franck de La Personne
- Vatel (2000 film), played by Murray Lachlan Young
- Charles II: The Power and the Passion (2003 mini-series), played by Cyrille Thouvenin
- Le Roi Soleil (2005 musical), played by Christophe Maé
- A Little Chaos (2015 film), played by Stanley Tucci
- Versailles (2015 TV series), played by Alexander Vlahos
Issue
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_the_coronet_of_a_%22Son_of_France%22_%28Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_the_coronet_of_a_%22Son_of_France%22_%28Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit%29.svg.png)
First marriage
Married his first cousin, Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais-Royal. The couple had three children, in addition to four miscarriages and one stillbirth:
- Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no issue.[3]
- Miscarriage (1663).[134]
- Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy.[97]
- Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665).[49]
- Miscarriage (1666).[134]
- Miscarriage (1667).[134]
- Miscarriage (1668).[135]
- Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue.[136]
Second marriage
Married
- Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in childhood;[97]
- Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, and had issue;[93]
- Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, and had issue.[138]
Ancestors
Ancestors of Philippe of France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
References
- ^ a b c François Velde (4 July 2005). "The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs". heraldica.org. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ "Philippe I de France, duc d'Orléans". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 286.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 3
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 47.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 4
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 48.
- ^ "Anne of Austria". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- ^ "PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLÉANS". Château de Versailles. Ministère de la culture. 27 October 2016.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 15
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 66.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 14
- ^ Louis XIV and Philippe d'Orléans at the Cremerie de Paris / Hotel de Villeroy[permanent dead link]
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 17
- ^ Strickland, Agnes (1885). Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest (Volume 5 ed.). Harvard University: G. Bell and Sons. p. 345.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 16
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 21
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- ^ Barker 1989, p. 41
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 44
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 52
- ^ "Gaston, duke d'Orléans". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 21 April 2023.
- ^ a b Stokes 1913, p. 106.
- ^ a b François Velde (4 July 2005). "Armory of Old Regime (pre-1789) French Peerage". heraldica.org. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ Anthony 1852, p. 195
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 20
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 69
- ^ Crompton 2006, p. 342
- ^ a b c Crompton 2006, p. 341
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 69.
- ^ a b Erlanger, p. 75 (footnote)
- ^ Dufresne 1991, p. 33
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- ^ P. Salazar in Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 1990 (Ed Wotherspoon and Aldrich).
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- ^ Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1824). Secret memoirs of the court of Louis xiv, and of the regency; extracted from the German correspondence of the duchess of Orleans. London: G. & W.B. Whitaker. p. 146.
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- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 72.
- ^ Sackville-West 1959, p. 75
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- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 114
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- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 163
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 164
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 240
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 241
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- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 116
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 243
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 244
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 245
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 307
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 312
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 326.
- ^ Cartwright 1900, p. 278
- ^ a b Barker 1989, p. 114
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 154
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 155
- ^ Robinson, James, The History of Gastric Surgery, chapter 20, p 239
- ^ Saint-Simon, Mémoires, Volume III, Chapter IX, "Description de l'exil du chevalier de Lorraine et de la mort de Madame"
- ^ a b c Mitford 1966, p. 56
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 157
- ^ a b Stokes 1913, p. 316.
- ^ Sackville-West 1959, p. 234
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 123
- ^ Williams 1909, p. 20
- ^ Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate; Stevenson, Gertrude Scott (1924). The Letters of Madame: The Correspondence of Elizabeth-Charlotte of Bavaria, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orleans, Called "Madame" at the Court of King Louis XIV. Indiana University: D. Appleton. pp. 9–10.
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 163
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 129
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 321.
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 156
- ^ a b c Stokes 1913, p. 327.
- ^ a b Stokes 1913, p. 323.
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 166
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 139
- ^ a b c Stokes 1913, p. 328.
- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 352.
- ^ Buckley 2008, p. 180
- ^ a b c Pevitt 1997, p. 17
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 166
- ^ Williams 1909, p. 17
- ^ Pevitt 1997, p. 11
- ^ Saint-Albin, pp 7, 9
- ^ Vatout 1830, pp. 58–59
- ^ Vatout 1830, p. 63
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 168
- ^ Watson, Peter; Wisdom and Strength, the Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece, Hutchinson, 1990. p 202
- ^ a b Barker 1989, p. 186
- ^ Barker 1989, p. 198
- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 279
- ^ Anselme 1726, p. 187.
- ^ Pevitt 1997, p. 55
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- ^ Fraser 2006, p. 298
- ^ Pevitt 1997, p. 111
- ^ Lynn 1999, p. 16
- ^ Pevitt 1997, p. 56
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- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 361.
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- ^ Pevitt 1997, p. 57
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- ^ Gerard & Hekma 1989, p. 111
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- ^ Stokes 1913, p. 367.
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- ^ Gerard & Hekma 1989, p. 112
- ^ Cooke Taylor 1849, p. 170
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- ^ Weir 2011, p. 255.
- ^ "Henrietta Anne Of England". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 26 June 2023.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Cartwright, Julia (1900). Madame: A life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I and Duchess of Orléans. London: Seeley and Co. Ltd.
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