Philip III of Navarre

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Philip III
King of Navarre (jure uxoris)
with Joan II (1328–1343)
Reign1 April 1328 – 16 September 1343
Coronation5 March 1329
PredecessorCharles I
SuccessorJoan II
Born(1306-03-27)27 March 1306
Died16 September 1343(1343-09-16) (aged 37)
Burial
Pamplona Cathedral
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1318)​
Issue
more...		Maria, Queen of Aragon
Blanche, Queen of France
Charles II, King of Navarre
Philip, Count of Longueville
Louis, Duke of Durazzo
HouseHouse of Évreux
FatherLouis, Count of Évreux
MotherMargaret of Artois

Philip III (

Capetian main line went extinct, as he and his wife and cousin, Joan II of Navarre
, acquired the Iberian kingdom and a number of French fiefs.

Philip and Joan's accession signified the end of the 44-year-long personal union between France and Navarre. Although neither succeeded in claiming the crown of France, Philip and Joan were powerful vassals of the Valois king Philip VI as well as successful co-monarchs in Navarre. Despite initial reluctance by the Navarrese to accept him as king alongside Joan, Philip in particular is credited with improving the kingdom's legislature. The couple resided chiefly in their French lands but spent enough time in Navarre to earn them substantial popularity in the country.

Philip actively supported his Valois cousin with his troops and as army leader, especially during the onset of the

Kingdom of Granada
, during which he fell ill, possibly wounded, and died.

Capetian succession

Philip was the son of

Capetian House of Burgundy, claimed the crown on her behalf, but her paternal uncle succeeded instead as King Philip V. Her uncle also displaced her in succession to the Kingdom of Navarre, which had only recently come into Capetian hands through Queen Joan I of Navarre, the mother of Philip V and Louis X.[1]

Philip V was eventually pressured to renegotiate his niece's status.

consummated until 1324.[5]

Philip III of Navarre doing hommage to Philip VI of France for his French lands

Philip inherited the fief of Évreux in

Charles of Valois (d. 1325) was appointed his guardian.[7]

King Philip V died sonless in 1322 and all his patrimony passed to his and King Louis X's younger brother,

Mortain and Longueville.[12]

Accession as king

Seal of Philip III

The death of Charles, Joan's younger uncle, in February 1328 paved the way for Philip's accession to the throne of Navarre, as there was no longer anyone who could challenge the couple's right to it. The Navarrese, uncomfortable with repressive governors appointed from Paris, were pleased to see the

Puente la Reina on 13 March, electing Juan Martínez de Medrano and Juan Corbarán de Lehet as regents.[13] They assembled again in May, recognizing Philip's wife as their sovereign. The ascension of the House of Évreux under Philip III is thus important as beginning of a new era in the history of Navarre, now once again free from the government of France.[14]

While Joan's hereditary right to the crown was universally recognized by

King of Navarre.[14] Of particular concern was Philip's role in the forthcoming coronation. The Estates insisted that Joan alone, as "the natural lady", would be raised on the shield and crowned and that "no one can be raised up if they are not the natural lord".[16] They nevertheless agreed to allow Philip to take part in the government. Philip was dissatisfied, believing that his position would be undermined if he were not crowned alongside Joan. The couple's legates invoked the New Testament in support of Philip's rights as "husband and head", while also stressing that Joan as sovereign wished him to be crowned and to have more power as her co-ruler.[17]

The Navarrese regency ended on 27 February 1329 in

anointed by bishop Arnalt de Barbazan and raised on the shield in Pamplona Cathedral on 5 March 1329.[17] Philip and Joan were the first monarchs of Navarre to be crowned. The use of crowns and sceptres was an innovation in Navarrese royal ceremony, borrowed from Capetian tradition. Although they came to form part of the ceremonial of the subsequent Évreux monarchs, these elements had no significance to the Navarrese in 1329, to whom the oath was the essential act.[19]

In May 1329, Philip and Joan signed a charter which emphasised repeatedly that she was the "true and natural heir" of Navarre, but that "all of the kingdom of Navarre would obey her consort under the name of king".

livres tournois.[22] Placing a limitation on the monarchs' reign was an unprecedented and extraordinary condition.[23]

Domestic policy

Philip and Joan's possessions, colored yellow, before the acquisition of Angoulême, Mortain and Longueville

Grandson of a king but raised with the expectation of being merely a count, Philip took kingship seriously.[24] He was completely unprepared for the role but succeeded, all whilst counselling the newly enthroned King of France, in learning within a few months everything he need to know about his new kingdom, its people, language and institutions.[10]

Philip III proved to be an effective and successful ruler.

princes of the blood, but Philip ensured their visibility in Navarre during several visits. He even visited the kingdom on his own on several occasions, while its "natural lady" administered his own counties in France.[26]

Philip III and Joan II's joint reign was marked by their close cooperation, but he prevailed in legislation and several other fields of government.[27] Forty-one surviving royal decrees were issued in the names of both Philip and Joan, but Philip signed thirty-eight without referring to his wife, while only six were issued in Joan's name alone.[28] The couple ensured that the Navarrese customs and laws were respected and that the kingdom's citizens were more directly involved in governance. Their active involvement in the administration of Navarre despite their absences, as well as putting the interests of Navarre ahead of those of their French homeland, earned them praise by both their contemporaries and by historians.[25]

Economic development projects undertaken by Philip and Joan include the construction of an

anti-Jewish riots that took place before their arrival and assigning compensation to the victims. A particular problem for them was banditry, which they strove to address at the onset of their reign. Their dedication to serving justice led the chroniclers to depict them as "a good king and queen and well loved by all in their kingdom".[29]

In 1338, Philip confiscated the lands of

royal domain.[30]

Foreign relations

Sketch of a stained glass window depicting Philip III in the chapel of Saint Anne of Évreux Cathedral

In August 1328, Philip, only recently recognised as King of Navarre, joined the King of France in the suppression of a

peasant revolt in Flanders.[31] At the battle of Cassel on 23 August, the international force assisting Philip VI, was divided into ten batailles, with the French king himself commanding the fifth. He was joined by thirty-nine banners in his bataille, among them that of Philip III.[32]

Thereafter, Navarre's foreign policy during the reign of Philip III and Joan II shifted again towards Iberia. Though they remained entangled in French politics, the couple were keen to build closer relations with the neighbouring kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.[33] From 1329 to 1333 they negotiated a marital alliance with Aragon; their eldest child and heir presumptive, a daughter named Joan, was to marry King Peter IV of Aragon. During the negotiations, however, two sons, Louis and Charles, were born to the couple and displaced the prospective bride in the succession. She eventually became a nun. The alliance with Aragon was nevertheless concluded in 1338 when Peter married Philip and Joan's second daughter, Marie.[34]

From 1328 until 1331 Philip III of Navarre and Philip VI of France corresponded with

Archbishop of Rouen, preached a crusading sermon before an assembly of noblemen in the presence of Philip VI in Paris. After the sermon, the King of France took the cross and, along with the King of Navarre, the Duke of Brabant, the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Bourbon, vowed to go on a "holy voyage overseas" to restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This crusade was finally to be directed against Granada, but owing to instability in Europe was delayed indefinitely with papal approval on 13 March 1336.[36][37]

In late June 1335, while Philip was in France, Navarre suffered the first of a series of violations of its border by Castile that escalated into war by October. Although neither Philip nor Alfonso had provoked hostilities, the latter felt bound to lead his army against Navarre. Philip sent the

archbishop of Reims, Jean de Vienne, to negotiate a peace, which Alfonso was quick to agree. On 28 February 1336 at Las Cuevas, a peace treaty was signed. Navarre had received military assistance from Gaston II, Count of Foix, and after the war Philip ordered his treasury to compensate the count.[38]

Succession to the French throne proved to be far from settled by Philip of Valois's accession. In 1337 Edward III of England decided to claim France as the closest male relative of Charles IV. In December 1339, during the opening stages of the Hundred Years' War, Philip III of Navarre reinforced the garrison of Tournai in anticipation of an English siege.[39] He was at the side of Philip VI of France and the kings allied with him, John of Bohemia and David II of Scotland, for the war's first campaign, when French king lifted the sieges of Cambrai (8 October 1339) and Tournai (25 September 1340).[40]

Crusade and death

Philip returned to Navarre in 1342 and again in 1343, partly in preparation for joining the crusade against the Muslim state of Granada. He likely felt this was his duty as ruler of an Iberian kingdom.

siege of Algeciras in July 1343 with 100 knights and 300 infantrymen, but more important than this small military force was the large quantity of provisions—meat, barley, bacon and wine—which he had sent from the Bay of Biscay. When Gaston II of Foix, an ally of Navarre in the war of 1335, abandoned the siege in late August, he tried unsuccessfully to convince Philip to leave as well.[43]

Tombs of Philip III and Joan II

In early September Philip fell ill, after being wounded by an arrow according to some reports.[41] Alfonso XI offered him his own doctors, who advised Philip to change his diet. The King of Navarre, however, preferred the advice of his own doctor, who told him to keep eating meat and wine and to withdraw from the siege.[43] He obediently withdrew, but got no further than Jerez de la Frontera, where he died on 16 September 1343.[26] His body was brought back to Pamplona for burial,[44] though his heart was buried at the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. His widow, Joan, received a letter of condolences from Pope Clement VI (the former Pierre-Roger) in November.[43] Algeciras fell in March 1344.[45] Joan continued to reign alone until her death in 1349, when the crown passed to their eldest surviving son, Charles II.[46]

Family

Unlike the well-documented marriages of their Capetian predecessors, no evidence attests to Philip and Joan's personal relationship. This indicates that their marriage was marked neither by particular closeness nor difficulty.[47] They were very rarely apart, however, and had nine children together.[26]

Family tree

Henry I of NavarreIsabella of AragonPhilip III of FranceMarie of Brabant
Louis of Évreux
Isabella of FranceLouis X of FrancePhilip V of FranceCharles IV of FrancePhilip VI of France
Edward III of EnglandJoan II of NavarrePhilip III of Navarre

References

  1. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 53.
  2. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 55.
  3. ^ a b c Woodacre 2013, p. 57.
  4. ^ Woodacre 2013, pp. 56, 71.
  5. ^ a b Miranda García 2003, p. 23.
  6. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 197.
  7. ^ Guyot-Bachy 2002, p. 91.
  8. ^ a b Woodacre 2011, p. 69.
  9. ^ Rogers 1999, p. 249.
  10. ^ a b Rigaudière 1995, p. 30.
  11. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 70.
  12. ^ a b Woodacre 2011, p. 71.
  13. ^ Orella Unzué 1985, p. 465.
  14. ^ a b Woodacre 2011, p. 72.
  15. ^ Monter 2012, p. 58.
  16. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 62.
  17. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. 63.
  18. ^ Segura Urra 2018.
  19. ^ Mugueta Moreno & Tamburri Bariain 2007, pp. 182–85.
  20. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 194.
  21. ^ a b Woodacre 2013, pp. 63–64.
  22. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 64.
  23. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 65.
  24. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 286.
  25. ^ a b c d Woodacre 2011, p. 275.
  26. ^ a b c Woodacre 2011, p. 195.
  27. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 66.
  28. ^ Monter 2012, pp. 59–60.
  29. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 276.
  30. ^ Mugueta Moreno 2007, p. 211.
  31. ^ TeBrake 1993, p. 11.
  32. ^ Viard 1922, p. 368.
  33. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 142.
  34. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 143.
  35. ^ Jones 1995, p. 398.
  36. ^ Setton 1976, p. 179.
  37. ^ O'Callaghan 2011, p. 155.
  38. ^ Azcárate Aguilar-Amat 1989, pp. 805–07, 815, 830.
  39. ^ Sumption 1999, p. 255.
  40. ^ Burne 1955, p. 43.
  41. ^ a b Housley 1986, p. 61.
  42. ^ Linehan 1995, p. 619.
  43. ^ a b c O'Callaghan 2011, pp. 199–201.
  44. ^ Arias Guillén 2012, p. 157.
  45. ^ O'Callaghan 2011, p. 206.
  46. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 226.
  47. ^ Woodacre 2011, p. 196.

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  • Azcárate Aguilar-Amat, Pilar (1995). "Aportación y muerte de Felipe de Evreux en la cruzada de Algeciras (1343)". In Eduardo Ripoll Perelló; Manuel Fernando Ladero Quesada (eds.). Actas del II Congreso Internacional "El Estrecho de Gibraltar", Ceuta, 1990. Vol. 3. Madrid. pp. 61–76.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Philip III of Navarre
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 27 March 1306 Died: 16 September 1343
Regnal titles
Preceded by Count of Évreux
1319–1343 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
King of Navarre
1328–1343
with Joan II
 Succeeded byas sole ruler
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