Chernozem
Chernozem | |
---|---|
Chernozemic soil | |
USDA-NRCS) | |
Used in | WRB, other |
WRB code | CH |
Profile | AhBC |
Parent material | Loess |
Climate | Humid continental |
Chernozem (from Russian: чернозём,
Distribution
The name comes from the
Chernozem cover about 230 million
The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere (for example, on 1% of Poland, Hungary, and Texas). It also exists in Northeast China, near Harbin. The only true chernozem in Australia is located around Nimmitabel, some of the richest soils on the continent.[7]
Previously, there was a black market for the soil in Ukraine. The sale of agricultural land has been illegal in Ukraine since 1992 until the ban was lifted in 2020,[8] but the soil, transported by truck, could be traded legally. According to the Kharkiv-based Green Front NGO, the black market for illegally acquired chernozem in Ukraine was projected to reach approximately US$900 million per year in 2011.[9]
Canadian and United States soil classification
Chernozemic soils are a soil type in the Canadian system of soil classification and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).
Chernozemic soil type "equivalents", in the Canadian system, WRB, and U.S. Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy:
Canadian | WRB | United States |
---|---|---|
Chernozemic | Kastanozem, Chernozem, Phaeozem | Mollisol |
Brown Chernozem | Kastanozem (Aridic) | Aridic Mollisol subgroups (Xerolls and Ustolls) |
Dark Brown Chernozem | Haplic Kastanozem | Typic Mollisol subgroups |
Black Chernozem | Chernozem | Udic Mollisol subgroups |
Dark Grey Chernozem | Greyzemic Phaeozem | Boralfic Mollisol subgroups, Albolls |
Source: Pedosphere.com Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. |
History
Theories of Chernozem origin:
- 1761: Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (plant decomposition)[10]
- 1763: Mikhail Lomonosov (plant and animal decomposition)[11]
- 1799: Peter Simon Pallas (reeds marsh)[citation needed]
- 1835: Charles Lyell (loess)[12]
- 1840: Sir Roderick Murchison (weathered from Jurassic marine shales)[12]
- 1850: Karl Eichwald (peat)[citation needed]
- 1851: А. Petzgold (swamps)
- 1852: Nikifor Borisyak (peat)[citation needed]
- 1853: Vangengeim von Qualen (silt from northern swamps)
- 1862: Rudolf Ludwig (bog on place of forests)[citation needed]
- 1866: Franz Josef Ruprecht (decomposed steppe grasses) [13]
- 1879: First chernozem papers translated from Russian[14]
- 1883: Vasily Dokuchaev published his book Russian Chernozem with a complete study of this soil in European Russia.[15]
- 1929: Otto Schlüter (man-made)[16]
- 1999: Michael W. I. Schmidt (neolithic biomass burning)[17][18]
As seen in the list above, the 19th and 20th-century discussions on the
See also
Notes
- ^ Prolonged use may still require replenishment with fertilizers because it easily can get depleted of nutrities.
References
- IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022. ISBN 979-8-9862451-1-9 ([1]).
- ]
- ^ a b "chernozem | Etymology, origin and meaning of chernozem by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Chernozem". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ "How Chemical Pre-Treatments in Particle Size Analysis Impact Wind Erosion Modeling". AZoM.com. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ISBN 978-94-010-6950-2
- ^ Ukraine: Soils in Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ KG McQueen. "The Tertiary Geology And Geomorphology Of The Monaro: The Perspective In 1994" Centre For Australian Regolith Studies, Canberra 1994
- ^ "Ukraine lifts ban on sale of farmland in bid to receive international funds". Euronews. 31 March 2020.
- ^ Black market for rich black earth, Kyiv Post (9 November 2011)
- ^ Wallerius J. G. Agriculturae fundamenta chemica, åkerbrukets chemiska grunder. Upsaliae, 1761. 8, 4, 322 p.; The natural and chemical elements of agriculture. London, York: Bell, Etherington, 1770. 198 p.
- ^ 'Lomonosov M. V. § 125. // On the strata of the Earth: a translation of "O sloiakh zemnykh" (1763) / translated by S. M. Rowland, S. Korolev. Boulder: Geological Soc. of America, 2012. 41 p. (Special paper; 485) "And so, there is no doubt that black soil is not primordial matter, but that it has been produced by the decomposition of animal and plant bodies over time"
- ^ ASIN B0095632AU
- JSTOR 20723789
- ^ Dokoutchaief B. Tchernozème (terre noire) de la Russie d'Europe. St.-Ptb.: Soc. Imp. libre économ., 1879. 66 p. (Comptes-rendus Soc. Imp. libre économ. T. 4).
- ^ Dokuchaev V. V. Russian Chernozem (1883) // Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. (for USDA-NSF), S. Monson, Jerusalem, 1967. (Translated from Russian into English by N. Kaner)
- ^ doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009, archived from the original(PDF) on 8 March 2016
- S2CID 56045817,
These data challenge the common paradigm that chernozems are zonal soils with climate, parent material and bioturbation dominating soil formation, and introduce fire as a novel, important factor in the formation of these soils
- doi:10.5167/uzh-3752,
It is now an open question as to whether Neolithic settlers did indeed prefer to grow crops where Chernozems occurred or if Neolithic burning formed the chernozemic soils.
- doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009, archived from the original(PDF) on 8 March 2016,
magnetic susceptibility of soil material may reflect past fires
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-809239-2.
Chernozem soils exhibit similar features worldwide and are generally characterized by significant magnetic enhancement in the upper soil horizons.
- S2CID 129974901.
Further reading
- W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 5.3.2. ISBN 978-3-540-30460-9
External links
- profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
- IUSS profile photos (with classification) Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine IUSS World of Soils