Daoud ibn al-Adid

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Daoud al-Hamid li-llah
caliph)
Succeeded bySulayman Badr al-Din
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Daoud ibn al-Adid

Al-Adid li-Din Allah (father)
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Daoud ibn al-Adid (also spelled Dawud and Da'ud;

regnal name of al-Ḥāmid liʾllāh (الحامد لله) among his followers, was the 25th imam of Hafizi Isma'ilism, and pretender to the Fatimid Caliphate
.

Daoud was the oldest son of the last Fatimid caliph, al-Adid. When al-Adid died in 1171, Daoud was a child. He was not allowed to succeed to the throne by the all-powerful vizier, Saladin, who inaugurated his own Ayyubid regime instead. Like the rest of his family, Daoud spent the rest of his life until his death in 1207/8 in captivity, despite occasional revolts and conspiracies by Fatimid sympathizers. He is reported to have had a son, Sulayman Badr al-Din, conceived in secret, who became the last Hafizi imam.

Life

Daoud was the oldest son of the last

al-Adid li-Din Allah (r. 1160–1171).[1] Like his immediate predecessors, al-Adid would be little more than a figurehead monarch, effectively a puppet in the hands of courtiers and strongmen who disputed with one another over the spoils of the tottering Fatimid regime.[2] The last and most notable of these strongmen was Saladin, who became vizier and the de facto ruler of Egypt in March 1169.[3]

Fall of the Fatimid Caliphate

Under pressure from his Syrian overlord,

wali al-ahd).[11]

The new

Ayyubid regime placed the numerous Fatimid clan—the contemporary official Qadi al-Fadil places the total at 252, 98 men and 154 women[12]—under house arrest in the palace of Barjawan, under the supervision of Saladin's trusted chamberlain, Baha al-Din Qaraqush. Their enormous treasures were divided among Saladin and Nur al-Din, and the famous Fatimid libraries were split up and sold or confiscated by Saladin's officials.[13][14] Saladin persecuted the remaining Isma'ili faithful, many of whom fled to Upper Egypt.[13]

Life in captivity

Daoud remained in captivity, but his followers still recognized him as their

Kanz al-Dawla, but suppressed in early September by Saladin's brother, al-Adil.[18][19] Another pro-Fatimid uprising occurred in 1176, in the name of Daoud, or by an Isma'ili missionary claiming to be Daoud, at Qift in Upper Egypt. Al-Adil again went to suppress the new revolt and executed as many as 3,000 locals in reprisals.[18][19]

By 1188, however, an attempted uprising in Cairo by a small group who called out the Shi'a battle-cry "Family of Ali" during the night found no response from the people of the Egyptian capital.[20] In 1207/8, the Fatimid prisoners were moved to the Cairo Citadel.[18] Daoud died in the same year. His followers received permission from al-Adil, by then the sultan of Egypt, to mourn him in public, but the sultan used the occasion to arrest their leaders and confiscate their property.[18]

Heirs and aftermath

Despite the separation of male and female prisoners, Daoud apparently managed to beget two sons, reportedly with slave women secretly smuggled into his chambers. The mother of the eldest,

Hidden Imam'.[18][22] As late as 1298, a pretender claiming to be the son of Sulayman ibn Daoud, and also called himself Daoud appeared in Upper Egypt, but by this time the Isma'ilis had been reduced to small isolated enclaves, the last traces of which are recorded in the 14th century.[23][24]

References

  1. ^ Halm 2014, p. 237.
  2. ^ Saleh 2009.
  3. ^ Brett 2017, pp. 291–292.
  4. ^ a b Daftary 2007, p. 252.
  5. ^ Brett 2017, p. 293.
  6. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 289–290.
  7. ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 294.
  8. ^ Halm 2014, p. 290.
  9. ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 252–253.
  10. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 290–291.
  11. ^ Walker 1995, p. 264.
  12. ^ Halm 2014, p. 292.
  13. ^ a b c Daftary 2007, p. 253.
  14. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 292–294.
  15. ^ Halm 2014, p. 296.
  16. ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 253–254.
  17. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 296–297.
  18. ^ a b c d e Daftary 2007, p. 254.
  19. ^ a b Halm 2014, p. 297.
  20. ^ Halm 2014, p. 298.
  21. ^ Halm 2014, pp. 298–299.
  22. ^ Halm 2014, p. 299.
  23. ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 254–255.
  24. ^ Halm 2014, p. 325.

Sources

  • Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-7486-4076-8
    .
  • ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2
    .
  • ISBN 978-3-406-66163-1
    .
  • Saleh, Marlis J. (2009). "al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh". In Fleet, Kate;
    ISSN 1873-9830
    .
  • Walker, Paul E. (1995). "Succession to Rule in the Shiite Caliphate". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 32: 239–264.
    JSTOR 40000841
    .
Shia Islam titles
Preceded by
al-Adid li-Din Allah
 25th Imam of Hafizi Isma'ilism
13 September 1171 – 1207/8 		Succeeded by
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