David Wanklyn
Malcolm David Wanklyn | |
---|---|
Second World War
| |
Awards | Victoria Cross Distinguished Service Order & Two Bars |
Born in 1911 to an affluent family in
Wanklyn developed a seafaring interest at the age of five and applied to join the Royal Navy aged 14. Despite some physical ailments, he was able to pass the selection boards. He progressed as
After the outbreak of the
During 15 months of operations, Wanklyn led Upholder on 27 patrols and sank 11
On 14 April 1942, while on his 28th patrol, Wanklyn and his crew disappeared. He was posted missing in action. His exact fate remains unknown. Research suggests Upholder was sunk by a combination of an Italian warship and German aircraft. In 1986 the Royal Navy launched another submarine of the same name. The Upholder/Victoria-class submarine HMS Upholder served until 1994 when it was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Chicoutimi. It remains operational.
Early life and family
David Wanklyn's parents were William Lumb Wanklyn and Marjorie Wanklyn. His father was English and his mother's parents were Irish. As a young man Wanklyn preferred to be thought of as Scottish. He spent his formative years in Scotland and developed a close affinity for the country and people. He learned to shoot and practice his fishing skills while living there.[3]
Wanklyn's father was born in
With little money, his mother sent William to one of the family's many connections. He was adopted by a wealthy
On 28 June 1911 their third son, Malcolm "David" Wanklyn was born in
When the
Wanklyn became a keen sailor and angler and was particularly fond of shooting. He was also an accomplished musician. In his teenage years, his uncle's stories were still vivid and Wanklyn's desires still lay with a naval career. He attended Parkfield Preparatory School in Haywards Heath, Sussex. Academically he excelled, although he was shy and a loner, and had a propensity to avoid team games. Nevertheless, his intellectual approach to his studies won him respect amongst his fellow students and made him a popular individual.[8]
In 1925 he applied to join the Royal Navy. During the selection board process it was discovered he was colour blind. This congenital disorder would normally have ended his career. Fortunately the chief medical officer was a patient man and coached him to differentiate between what he was seeing and what was a congenital illusion. He passed the written examinations and negotiated the Admiralty Interview Board. In 1925, he entered Dartmouth Naval College.[9]
He was assigned as a midshipman on 1 May 1929 after finishing top of his class in five subjects. In 1930 he was assigned to the battleship Marlborough, part of the Third Battle Squadron; and the following year to the battlecruiser Renown in September 1931 on which he served with fellow midshipman, and future vice admiral, Peter Gretton. While serving in the ship, Wanklyn was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant, the equivalent of an army second lieutenant. He was promoted sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1932.[10] Soon afterwards he moved to the naval gunnery school—HMS Excellent—at Whale Island, Portsmouth to learn more about naval navigation to qualify for his second ring at the rank of lieutenant. In February 1933 he moved to HMS Dolphin[11] and was promoted lieutenant on 1 February 1933.[12]
Submarine service
After attending promotion courses in 1932 he joined the
He patrolled around Gibraltar during the
Wanklyn returned to Gosport in July 1939 and became the first lieutenant and second-in-command of
Second World War
Wanklyn was then appointed as the commanding officer of
North Sea operations
To exert pressure on German naval forces Wanklyn undertook a patrol on 14 July. On 18 July he arrived off the Dutch coast. North of
Wanklyn returned to port in Blyth. His success was to be rewarded in August 1940. Wanklyn was relocated to the north-west, to Barrow-in-Furness, where he was presented with the command of HMS Upholder, which was then under construction. He commanded her for the remainder of the war.[19] Upholder was a U-class submarine equipped with four internal and two external torpedo tubes. These were supplemented by a 76 mm QF 3-inch 20 cwt deck gun. She was laid down on 30 October 1939 and launched in July 1940. Wanklyn took command just as she was completed and watched over the ship during her construction. The vessel was 196 feet long with a beam of 12 feet. Her surface speed was 12 knots and submerged could reach nine. She could dive to periscope depth in 45 seconds.[20]
After a five-month fitting-out and sea trial phase she was declared battle ready. Wanklyn sailed for the
Mediterranean
Wanklyn's first success in this theatre was an attack on a large ship escorted by a destroyer heading to port in Tripoli. At 01:30 on 26 January 1941 he began his attack surfaced. He evaded the destroyer, but both torpedoes missed. Later another convoy was sighted and he fired two torpedoes but once again, both missed. On 28 January 1941 Wanklyn's lookouts sighted another convoy. Closing undetected to 900 yards, he scored one hit on the 7,500-ton transport Duisburg, which was damaged. On 30 January 1941 he fired two torpedoes at a northbound convoy and claimed a hit on a 5,000-ton cargo ship which has not been confirmed. Having expended all of his torpedoes, Upholder berthed in Malta on 1 February.[23] He was promoted lieutenant commander on 1 February 1941.[24]
Wanklyn was back at sea on 12 February 1941. In the dark, lookouts sighted a submarine and Wanklyn ordered an attack. After realising it was a British vessel from its silhouette, the attack was aborted. It was later discovered the submarine had been the British T-class submarine Truant.[25] Ten days later, on 22 February, restrictions on British submarines were lifted and shipping in the entire Mediterranean Sea was considered fair game and to be sunk on sight.[26]
On 10 March, a convoy of small ships 'in ballast' was sighted off Tripoli. Conscious of the shortage of torpedoes he held fire.[27] While on his fourth patrol, on 3 April 1941, he sighted a convoy but the ships were at extreme range. On 10 April, a second attack went wrong when his torpedoes' tracks were seen and the convoy took evasive action. Upholder was subjected to a sustained counter-attack and was then forced to crash-dive deep when the hydrophones detected a torpedo closing on the vessel.[28] Rather than give up, Wanklyn decided to reconnoitre convoys. On the 12 April 1941 he sighted five large ships with three destroyers. He surfaced to broadcast their position to Malta headquarters, but an enemy aircraft spotted him and Upholder was forced to dive. Later, Wanklyn repeated the procedure which was acknowledged. He fired a star shell over the convoy to mark its position and the enemy fleet quickly reversed direction to port. It attracted the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, comprising Janus, Jervis, Mohawk and Juno. The force did not make contact that night. Days later, during the Battle of the Tarigo Convoy, the same tactics allowed other submarines to lead the force to devastate an Italian convoy for the loss of one destroyer.[29]
In early April, British naval intelligence received a report that
Simpson received a report from naval intelligence that two enemy
The following day, 26 April, he spotted two ships that had run aground. He waited for darkness so that he could escape under cover, and closed on the merchant and its destroyer escort, hoping to torpedo both. As he closed to eliminate the destroyer first he ran aground in 29 feet of water. Unable to risk torpedoes in such shallow water, he moved alongside the transport, which had been heavily damaged in an attack and appeared to be deserted, with no live personnel on board. The deck was covered in motorcycles, cars and trucks earmarked for the Afrika Korps. Wanklyn ordered a boarding party to loot whatever they could and lay scuttling charges, which blew up the ship. He elected to leave the destroyer, which lay in much shallower water, until the following day. Wanklyn ran aground again and was forced to abandon the attack, returning to base with Arta as his solitary kill.[32]
In North Africa, German forces had gone onto the offensive in
Leading submariner
Wanklyn did not partake in social activities excessively. When he returned to shore he spent 24 hours discussing his patrol report with Simpson and checking over preparations for the next sortie. Wanklyn did this immediately, as no commander knew when he would be called into action again. The toll and strain of operations prompted Simpson to send his commanders into the country to relax when there was a lull in operations. Wanklyn's letters to his wife usually carried the address of
Wanklyn was called into action again on 15 May 1941. Unique had reported five cruisers and smaller craft convoying in the
On 23 May he spotted a convoy of two tankers. Looking through the periscope he saw that one ship carried French colours, and consulted his identification books to determine her identify. The crew identified the name on her hull—Damieni. The second ship was called Alberta. There was no intelligence of neutral shipping in the area and both ships sounded Italian. After some thought, Wanklyn attacked. Three torpedoes were fired and Capitaine Damiani, a Vichy French vessel travelling under Italian charter, sank by the stern roughly 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) south-west of Punta di Pellaro. Alberta carried out evasive action and the escorting vessels dropped 26 depth charges and hunted Upholder all afternoon. The following afternoon a further 21 were dropped. None came close. With no Asdic, Wanklyn dived to 150 feet, as he could not easily determine enemy movements. The enemy abandoned the attacks and at dusk Upholder surfaced.[40]
As it grew dark, lookouts spotted a large ship with five destroyers. The Italian liner-turned troopship
The strain of operations was already showing and commander Simpson ordered Wanklyn to be taken off patrols. Simpson could not spare his crew and they were not afforded the same respite. Wanklyn was now one of the most successful submarine commanders on the Allied side and Simpson was anxious to rest him. While off combat duty, Wanklyn lectured and tutored new officers if he was asked, but preferred not to force junior commanders to listen to his experiences. Simpson did not want to expose Upholder to undue risk in his absence, and the submarine was allotted the Messina to Tripoli route, rather than allowing it to conduct operations close to the enemy shore. In Wanklyn's absence, a new 27-year-old commander, Arthur Hezlet, took over from him. Hezlet was an aggressive commander and Simpson made sure to send the vessel somewhere he could not get the crew into trouble, so that they would be returned to Wanklyn intact. Only a German hospital ship came across his path during the single June 1941 patrol, and he was forced to let it go.[47]
Upholder and Unbeaten were ordered by Simpson to sail again on 24 June. A convoy of four liners was sailing from Naples to Tripoli. Wanklyn took a position eight miles to the west in error. Hydrophones picked up the convoys propeller noises and occasional depth charges but saw nothing. The boat was recalled and arrived in Malta on 27 June, making this her shortest patrol. It was the first patrol in many that Wanklyn could not fly the Jolly Roger to denote a kill. During these patrols, Upholder hosted war correspondent and future actor Commander Anthony Kimmins.[48] Kimmins contributed an article to The Listener magazine, which was broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 20 February 1942.[49]
Summer 1941
Wanklyn was ordered to depart again on 30 June 1941 to patrol the southern
On 19 July Upholder left harbour once more, to take part in Operation Substance, which was a supply operation to deliver a much-needed convoy to the island. Wanklyn was moved to guard the south island of Marettimo. Two days later Wanklyn moved to San Vito Lo Capo, on the western tip of Sicily. There, he could cover enemy movements from Palermo. On 24 July he spotted and engaged a transport with a single destroyer escort. He dived and fired three torpedoes at 5,000 yards, one of which struck and his victim, the 5,000-ton Dandolo sank. The destroyer dropped 17 depth charges over two hours and attempted a hydrophone hunt, but Wanklyn dived to 150 feet and retired to the north-west. His score now stood at 67,000 tons of enemy shipping sunk.[53]
On 28 July, while in thick fog north of Marettimo, Wanklyn's spotters saw two cruisers supported by destroyers. The escorts were zig-zagging on either side while the cruiser maintained a steady course. It was identified as the
As the summer progressed, British submariners had noticed how vulnerable Italian coastal
Wanklyn moved Upholder back to the Marettimo area. On the afternoon of 22 August lookouts sighted three tankers under escort from three destroyers and a flying boat. Wanklyn targeted the lead ship as the aircraft moved off to the disengaged side of the convoy and the destroyer nearest to him was moving to cover the rear of the convoy. The tanker carried three large drums on its deck and was painted in mauve and khaki dazzle camouflage. Wanklyn ordered a full salvo. Two torpedoes struck the target, the Lussin, which sank with heavy loss of life. Wanklyn noted that the destroyers dropped 43 depth charges in eight minutes, followed by a further 18. The tactics of the Italians were improving. At one point, Upholder was trapped in between two destroyers. Wanklyn believed they were saved because the Italians began their attack at excessive speeds causing them to overshoot by 200 yards. On 24 August Wanklyn attacked a convoy of ships which included six destroyers two cruisers and a Conte di Cavour-class battleship. At three miles he could not catch the smaller ships but fired his last two torpedoes at a cruiser. The officers heard one explosion and claimed a cruiser damaged. The escort launched 32 depth charges, some of which came close to Upholder.[58]
The following day Wanklyn dropped a raiding party inland near Palermo. The party failed to find a target and returned after a few skirmishes with Italian patrols. On the way in, Upholder scraped the sea bed and Wanklyn moved the submarine a mile out. While there he was spotted and experienced fire from the shore. The party returned without loss, having failed in their mission to find a target, and the submarine quickly departed. The risk of being attacked by Italian motor torpedo boats was very high. Urge had better success, when she landed a party that blew up a supply bridge near Taormina. Another unsuccessful patrol followed—their 13th—and they returned on 1 September 1941. During the sortie he engaged the three huge liner-transports Neptunia, Oceania and Marco Polo. He fired all of his torpedoes and all missed and once again Upholder was subjected to counter-attacks. Just 17 days later, Wanklyn would engage two of these vessels again.[59]
Neptunia, Oceania, Duisburg convoy
The day following their return—2 September 1941—several of the crew received awards. Wanklyn received the
At night as the liners were illuminated by the moon, Wanklyn attacked with four torpedoes. The submarine could only manage 10.5 knots and a swell was rocking her from side to side, making aiming difficult. It was too dark to begin a submerged attack against a fast-moving convoy. Wanklyn deduced that the attack must be made at long range, outside the escorts' protective screen. Wanklyn saw that on occasion the targets overlapped, and as they did so he fired at the bow of one and stern of the other. Bringing back the aiming point to the centre of the overlapping mass, he fired two more torpedoes. Two torpedoes struck. The first destroyed the propellers of the Oceania and she stopped dead in the water. The other struck and tore a large hole in Neptunia. The escorts stopped to pick up survivors. Wanklyn retired to a safe distance and reloaded. Closing to finish the crippled Oceania, Wanklyn was forced to crash-dive because of an Italian destroyer. Too close to fire, he continued under the liner and emerged on the other side. There he fired a single torpedo which blew the ship apart and it sank. Unbeaten had arrived and was about to fire but saw the second strike disintegrate the ship, which was carrying several thousand German soldiers. Neptunia limped off with a destroyer at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) but her bulkheads collapsed due to the damage and she came to a stop with a single destroyer in attendance. Two more torpedoes from Upholder sank her. Wanklyn had accounted for nearly 40,000 tons in the same attack. The gyro-compass had been put out of action during the action.[61][62][63]
Upholder experienced a barren run over the next few weeks. Her next patrol, between 23 September and 2 October, was north of Marittimo and stretching to Cape St Vito. Two weeks later, in mid-October 1941, the boat operated with Urge in the Kerkenah Bank off Tunisia. On the night of 8 November 1941, lookouts spotted a U-boat in the moonlight off Melito di Porto Salvo. Wanklyn determined it was Italian, possibly a Perla, Sirena or Argonauta-class submarine. A full salvo sank the vessel. No survivors were recovered, and only a large oil slick was visible on the surface. Upholder picked up the noise of the enemy vessel breaking apart as it sank.[64]
Just 36 hours later, Wanklyn witnessed the
Last patrols
On 25 November 1941 Upholder left for her eighteenth patrol. Wanklyn positioned the submarine south east of the Messina straits. At 07:30 on the 27 November they sighted a large tanker with destroyers for escort. Wanklyn fired a full salvo at 2,800 yards but underestimated the enemy's speed. This convoy was later intercepted, and the tanker sunk, by Force K. On 29 November Upholder sailed into the midst of an Italian naval squadron on a night exercise. The enemy fleet consisted of three cruisers and five destroyers. With the closest vessel only 3,000 yards away Wanklyn continued to calculate the bearing and speed of the enemy, until eventually he ordered the boat to dive. He could not see anything through the periscope in the winter night. By using dead-reckoning, he fired off a salvo at the last ship using his asdic. The target disappeared on a reciprocal bearing and then reappeared right over the top of Upholder. Wanklyn docked at Malta on the morning of 21 December 1941.[69]
In Wankln's absence, the BBC had broadcast news of the Victoria Cross award on 11 December. Wanklyn's wife and son, Ian, were presented with the award at the home of her parents in Meigle. Her husband's achievements and records came as shock since all his letters were censored for security reasons. Many newspapers used his picture and interview with the Times of Malta, made earlier in the year, to draw on his account of the sea war. Wanklyn's reserved nature permitted him only to say that he was "exhilarated" by the news. When asked what was most needed in submarine warfare for success, he replied, "That's a nasty one, so I will use a long word: Imperturbability". Wanklyn only became expansive in describing the crew's debt to their cook, an able seaman, who was essential for the crew's welfare. The award was the seventh to be bestowed upon a member of the navy, but the first to the submarine service.[70][71]
On 31 December Wanlyn put to sea again. He fired three torpedoes at a merchant ship off Cape Gallo but all missed and one exploded upon hitting the shore. West of Palermo on 4 January 1942, Upholder engaged the Italian merchant Sirio. The first two torpedoes failed, and one fell to the sea bed and exploded under Upholder causing no serious damage. Closing to 1,000 yards, Wanklyn ordered two more firings. One torpedo struck amidships. The heavily damaged vessel stopped to lower some lifeboats, but then continued on. Wanklyn surfaced to destroy her with the deck gun but was forced under again when the ship returned fire with deck armament. Sirio soon picked up speed and escaped. The following night off Messina, Wanklyn attacked an enemy submarine with his last torpedo. His victim, the Ammiraglio Saint, was lost. The men standing on the conning tower survived: Lieutenant Como, Petty Officer and Telegraphist Valentino Chico and Torpedoman Ernst Fiore. They were willing to identify their boat to their captors and described their vessel as a 1,500 ton submarine. Wanklyn made for port. On the journey the submarine was attacked by Junkers Ju 88s which landed bombs 200 yards off the vessel's starboard quarter. Once docked, Wanklyn was ordered on a months leave. Commander Pat Norman took command of her for a patrol during which he sank the armed trawler Aosta on 8 February.[72][73][74][75]
On 21 February 1942 Wanklyn took command again. Simpson ordered her to participate in operations of the Libyan coast. On the morning of 23 February, Upholder took up her position off
On 14 March 1942, Wanlyn departed on his 27th patrol in the Gulf of Taranto. On the night of the 18 March he sighted a submarine on the surface and determined her to be hostile. He engaged with a full spread of torpedoes, and the submarine blew apart and sank. The submarine, later identified as the Tricheco, was lost with all hands. There was no counterattack, but motor torpedo boats shadowed her movements for hours which ran down her battery and oxygen. The following day Wanklyn moved to St Cataldo Point hoping to find a softer target for his deck gun. The lookouts sighted four vessels, a trawler and three fishing smacks. Wanklyn ordered the submarine to surface 100 yards from the trawler, Maria. His officers gestured to the crew to abandon ship and Upholder fired seven shells into the vessel which sank. The smacks fled close to shore. The action had lasted 14 minutes and Wanklyn decided it was too dangerous to give chase. On 23 March Upholder, Proteus and P36 loitered off Taranto in the hope of engaging Italian warships. One convoy was sighted and Wanklyn fired on a light cruiser but missed. All three returned to Malta without success.[77][78]
Death
Wanklyn is believed to have been killed along with his crew when Upholder was lost on her 25th patrol, becoming overdue on 14 April 1942. The most likely explanation is that she fell victim to depth charges dropped by the Italian torpedo boat Pegaso north east of Tripoli on 14 April 1942, although no debris was seen on the surface. The attack was 100 miles away from Wanklyn's patrol area; it is thought that he may have changed position to find more targets. It is also possible that the submarine was sunk by a mine on 11 April 1942 near Tripoli, when a submarine was reported as approaching a minefield. More recent research carried out by Italian naval specialist Francesco Mattesini points to a German aerial patrol supporting the same convoy, composed of two Dornier Do 17s and two Messerschmitt Bf 110s, which attacked an underwater contact with bombs two hours before the Pegaso incident. The author also asserts that the seaplane crew was unsure if the target they pinpointed to Pegaso was a submarine or a school of dolphins. Mattesini, however, admits the possibility that Pegaso could have finished off the submarine previously damaged by the German aircraft. Wanklyn was the Allies' most successful submariner in terms of tonnage sunk.
Ships sunk
See also
- List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
- Media related to David Wanklyn at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
References
- Notes
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 140.
- ^ Hart 2008, p. 161.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 14–18.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 20.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 20.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 22–23.
- ^ "No. 33887". The London Gazette. 29 November 1932.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 26–27, 29.
- ^ "No. 33980". The London Gazette. 22 September 1933.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 31–35, 38.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 39–41
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 43.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 52–59.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 65.
- ^ Hart 2008, pp. 21, 23, 26.
- ^ Hart 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Wingate 1991, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Wingate 1991, pp. 40–41.
- ^ "No. 35116". The London Gazette. 25 March 1941.
- ^ Wingate 1991, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 46.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 50.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 53.
- ^ Wingate 1991, pp. 453–454.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 93.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 92–95.
- ^ Gray 1988, p. 202.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Hart 2008, pp. 75–77.
- ^ Wingate 1991, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Walters 2004, p. 49.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 99–102.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 103–104, 106.
- ^ Walters 2004, p. 52.
- ^ Turner 2008, p. 82.
- ^ Gray 1988, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 106.
- ^ "No. 35382". The London Gazette (invalid
|supp=
(help)). 16 December 1941. - ^ Allaway 2004, p. 109.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 112.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Walters 2004, p. 48.
- ^ Gray 1988, p. 205.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 116–118.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 85.
- ^ Allaway 2004, p. 119.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 92.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Walters 2004, p. 64.
- ^ Gray 1988, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 129–131.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Thomas 1999, p. 90.
- ^ Wingate 2003, p. 120.
- ^ Walters 2004, p. 67.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 134–136.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Gray 1988, p. 198.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 143–145.
- ^ Walter 2004, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Wingate 1991, p. 136.
- ^ Gray 1988, p. 211.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Allaway 2004, pp. 155–158.
- ^ Gray 1988, p. 211.
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 34
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 134
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 134
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 134
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 134
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 136
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 136
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 140
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 140
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 142
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 142
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 142
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 147
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 150
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 150
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 153
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 154
- ^ Rohwer 1997, p. 154
- Bibliography
- Allaway, Jim. (1991) Hero of the Upholder: The Story of Lieutenant Commander M.D. Wanklyn VC, DSO**. Airlife, London. ISBN 978-1853102189
- Clayton, Tim. (2012) Sea Wolves: The Extraordinary Story of Britain's World War II Submarines. Abacus, London. ISBN 978-0-349-12289-2
- Gray, Edwyn. (1988) Captains Of War: They Fought Beneath the Sea. Leo Cooper, London. ISBN 0-85052-246-3
- Hart, Sydney. (2008) Submarine Upholder. Amberley, Gloucester. ISBN 978-1-84868-116-3
- ISBN 978-1-85367274-3
- Thomas, David. (1999). Malta Convoys 1940–42: The Struggle at Sea. Leo Cooper, South Yorkshire. ISBN 0-85052-6639
- Turner, John Frayn. (2008) Periscope Patrol: The Saga of the Malta Force Submarines. Pen and Sword, Barnsley. ISBN 978-1-84415-724-2
- Walters, Derek. (2004) The History of the British U Class Submarine. Pen and Sword Maritime, South Yorkshire. ISBN 978-1-84415-131-8
- Wingate, John. (1991) The Fighting Tenth. Leo Cooper, Penzance. ISBN 1-904381-16-2