Dunstanburgh Castle
Dunstanburgh Castle | |
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Second World War |
Dunstanburgh Castle is a 14th-century fortification on the coast of
Dunstanburgh's defences were expanded in the 1380s by
The castle's ownership changed during the 19th and 20th centuries; by the 1920s its owner Sir
Dunstanburgh Castle was built in the centre of a designed medieval landscape, surrounded by three artificial lakes called
History
Prehistory – 13th century
The site of Dunstanburgh Castle in north-east
The origins and the earliest appearance of the name "Dunstanburgh" are uncertain.[4] Versions of the name, "Dunstanesburghe" and "Donstanburgh" were in use by the time of the castle's construction, however, and Dunstanburgh may stem from a combination of the name of the local village of Dunstan, and the Old English word "burh", meaning fortress.[6]
Early 14th century
Construction
Dunstanburgh Castle was constructed by
It is uncertain exactly why Thomas decided to build Dunstanburgh.
In the years following Gaveston's death, however, civil conflict in England rarely seemed far away, and it is currently believed that Thomas probably intended to create a secure retreat, a safe distance away from Edward's forces in the south.[11] He also probably hoped to erect a prominent status symbol, illustrating his wealth and authority, and challenging that of the King.[12] He may perhaps also have hoped to create a planned town alongside the castle, possibly intending to relocate the population of Embleton there.[13]
Building work on the castle had commenced by May 1313, with labourers beginning to excavate the
The resulting castle was huge, protected on one side by the sea cliffs, with a stone curtain wall, a massive gatehouse, and six towers around the outside. A harbour was built on the south side of the fortress, enabling access from the sea. Northumbria was a lawless region in this period, suffering from the activities of thieves and schavaldours, a type of border brigand, many of whom were members of Edward II's household, and the harbour may have represented a safer way to reach the castle than land routes.[20]
Loss
Thomas of Lancaster made little use of his new castle; the only time he might have visited it was in 1319 when he was on his way north to join Edward's military campaign against Scotland.
The castle passed into royal control, and Edward considered it a useful fortress for protection against the threat from Scotland.
Maduit and the castle's garrison took part in the Battle of Old Byland in North Yorkshire in 1322, and the garrison was subsequently increased to 130 men, predominantly light horsemen, and formed a key part of the northern defences against the Scots.[24] By 1326, the castle was given back to Thomas's brother, Henry of Lancaster, with Lilburn returning as its constable, and continued to be of use in defence against the Scottish invasions over the next few decades.[25]
Late 14th century
Dunstanburgh Castle was acquired by
Dunstanburgh Castle was not a primary strategic target for Scottish attack, as it was positioned away from the main routes through the region, but it was kept well garrisoned during the Scottish wars.[27] The surrounding manor of Embleton had nonetheless suffered from Scottish raids and Gaunt had concerns over the condition of the castle's defences, ordering the building of additional fortifications around the gatehouse.[28] Part of the surrounding lands around the castle may have been brought into agricultural production at this time, either to feed a growing garrison or to protect the crops against Scottish attacks.[29]
In 1381 the Peasants' Revolt broke out in England, during which Gaunt was targeted by the rebels as an especially hated member of the administration.[30] He found himself stranded in the north of England in the early part of the revolt but considered Dunstanburgh insufficiently secure to function as a safe haven, and was forced to turn to Alnwick Castle instead, which refused to let him in, fearing that his presence would invite a rebel attack.[26]
The experience encouraged Gaunt to further expand Dunstanburgh's defences over the next two years.[31] A wide range of work was carried out under the direction of the constable, Thomas of Ilderton, and the mason Henry of Holme, including blocking up the entrance in the gatehouse to turn it into a keep.[32] In 1384 a Scottish army attacked the castle but they lacked siege equipment and were unable to take the defences.[27] Gaunt lost interest in the property after he gave up his role as the Lieutenant of the Marches.[33] Dunstanburgh Castle remained part of the Duchy of Lancaster, but the Duchy was annexed to the Crown when Gaunt's son, Henry IV, took the throne of England in 1399.[34]
15th – 16th centuries
The Scottish threat persisted, and in 1402 Dunstanburgh Castle's constable, probably accompanied by its garrison, took part in the Battle of Homildon Hill in north Northumberland.[35] Henry VI inherited the throne in 1422 and during the next few decades, numerous repairs were undertaken to the property's buildings and outer defences, which had fallen into disrepair.[36] The Wars of the Roses, a dynastic conflict between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, broke out in the middle of the 15th century.[13] The castle was initially held by the Lancastrians, and the castle's constable, Sir Ralph Babthorpe, died at the Battle of St Albans in 1455, fighting for the Lancastrian Henry VI.[37]
The castle formed part of a sequence of fortifications protecting the eastern route into Scotland, and in 1461 King
Another Yorkist army was dispatched north in November under the joint command of the earls of Warwick and Worcester, and Sir Ralph Grey.[39] They besieged the castle, which surrendered that Christmas.[39] Percy was left in charge of Dunstanburgh as part of Edward IV's attempts at reconciliation, but the next year he once again switched sides, returning the castle to the Lancastrians.[40] Percy died at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor in 1464, and the Earl of Warwick reoccupied the castle that June following a short siege.[40]
The castle was probably damaged during the wars, but, other than minor repairs in 1470, nothing was spent on repairs and it fell into disrepair.[41] It was used as a base for piracy in 1470, and by the 1520s its roof was robbed for the lead for use at the castle at Wark-upon-Tweed, and further lead and timber were taken for the moot hall in Embleton.[41] By 1538 it was described in a royal report to Henry VIII as "a very ruinous house and of small strength", and it was observed that only the gatehouse was still habitable.[39] Some repairs were carried out to the walls by Sir William Ellerker, the King's receiver, but a 1543 survey showed it to still be in poor condition.[1]
In 1550 the
17th – 19th centuries
In 1603, the
The Grey dynasty maintained their ownership of the castle, which passed into Lady
Mary's descendants, the Earls of Tankerville, owned the property until the heavily indebted Charles Bennet, the 6th earl, sold it for £155,000 in 1869 to the trustees of the estate of the late Samuel Eyres.[52][nb 2] There had been some attempts at restoration in the early 19th century, and the passageway through the gatehouse was modified and reopened in 1885.[54] The historian Cadwallader Bates undertook fieldwork at the castle in the 1880s, publishing a comprehensive work in 1891, and a professional architectural plan of the ruins was produced in 1893.[55] Nonetheless, a representative of the estate expressed his concern to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne about the condition of the castle in 1898, noting the poor repair of much of the stonework and the importance of the ongoing preservation work that the estate was undertaking.[56]
Dunstanburgh's ruins became a popular subject for artists from the end of the 18th century onwards.
A similarly wild view was painted by Thomas Allom showing a ship in a heavy sea offshore, the wreck of which is taken up by Letitia Elizabeth Landon in her poetical illustration to an engraving of that work Dunstanburgh Castle.[60] published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.
20th and 21st centuries
A golf course was constructed alongside the castle in 1900, and the estate was later sold to Sir
Shortly after the outbreak of the
The castle itself was occupied by a unit of the
A 20-foot (6.1 m) wide ditch was dug at the north end of the moat to prevent
In 1961, Arthur's son, Sir Ivan Sutherland, passed the estate to the
In the 21st century, the castle remains owned by the National Trust and is managed by English Heritage.
Architecture and landscape
Landscape
Dunstanburgh Castle occupies a 68-acre (28-hectare) site within a larger 610-acre (250-hectare) body of National Trust land along the coast.[79] The castle is situated on a prominent headland, part of the Great Whin Sill geological formation.[80] On the south side of the castle there is a gentle slope across low-lying, boggy ground, but along the northern side, the Gull Crag cliffs form a natural barrier up to 30-metre (98 ft) high.[81] The cliffs are punctuated by various defiles, formed from weaknesses in the black basalt rock, including the famous Rumble Churn.[80]
The landscape around the castle was carefully designed in the 14th century as a deer park or planned borough, and would have looked similar to those at the contemporary castles of Framlingham, Kenilworth, Leeds and Whittington; in particular, Kenilworth may have been a specific model for Dunstanburgh.[82] The area around the castle was dominated by three shallow artificial lakes, called meres, and accessed by three gates on the north, west and south sides.[83][nb 3] The meres were fed from a freshwater spring 2,000 feet (610 m) inland, linked to the meres by an underground stone channel.[85] The meres were originally bounded by a sod-cast boundary bank and ditch; today this is heavily eroded, and up to 3-foot-3-inch (0.99 m) high.[83] The main route by land into the castle would have been from the village of Embleton, through the West Gate.[86]
The North Mere is 5.6 acres (2.3 hectares) in area, and is blocked off on its northern end by a sod-cast bank, adjacent to the site of the North Gate.[87] The southern half takes the form of a 331-foot (101 m) long moat, which was recorded as being 18 feet (5.5 m) deep in the medieval period, terminating in the West Gate.[88] The northern part of this mere occasionally floods in the 21st century, creating a temporary lake, and the moated section usually still contains some standing water.[89] The West Mere, covering 2.25 acres (0.91 hectares), stretches away from the location of West Gate and is blocked at the far end by a small, stone dam.[90] Three rectangular fishponds were built alongside the West Mere, the smallest, probably a stew pond for raising young fish, being fed with water from the lake.[91] A protective earthen bank, probably originally reinforced by a timber palisade, ran for approximately 490 feet (150 m) along either side of the West Gate, where a gatehouse was probably built.[92] At the far end of the lake complex was the South Mere, 2.25 acres (0.91 hectares) in size, with the South Gate positioned in its eastern corner.[83]
A harbour was built south-east of the castle, which would originally have been used to receive first building materials, then later senior members of the castle household or important guests.[93] All that remains of the harbour is its 246-foot (75 m) quay, built from basalt boulders, and it may not have been in frequent use during the medieval period, since it could only have been safely used during periods of good weather.[94] West of the castle is a later shieling, the earthwork remains of a longhouse.[95] South of this is a rectangular earthwork, with walls over 3 feet 3 inches (0.99 m) high, which may have been a siege fortification from 1462.[96] If this is such siege work, it would be a unique survival in England from this period.[95]
Architecture
Dunstanburgh Castle's buildings are located around the outside of the fortification's outer bailey, enclosed by a stone curtain wall, which enclose 9.96 acres (4.03 ha), making it the largest castle in Northumberland.[97] Possibly from the very start of the castle, and certainly by the 1380s, the castle buildings formed three distinct complexes supporting the Earl's household, the castle's constable and the administration of the Embleton barony respectively.[98] The inside of the bailey still shows the marks of former strip farming, which can be seen in winter.[93]
The southern and western parts of the walls were originally faced with a local ashlar sandstone with a core of basalt rubble; the sandstone was mostly quarried at Howick.[99] The sandstone has since been stripped from the western parts of the wall, and the sandstone along the eastern end of the walls gives way to small limestone blocks, originally only laid 11 feet (3.4 m) high with a 4-foot-11-inch (1.50 m) parapet, but later raised in height with additional basalt boulders, probably during the Wars of the Roses.[100] It is uncertain if the curtain wall originally extended above the cliffs along the northern edge of the castle.[101][nb 4]
Moving anticlockwise around the curtain wall from the north-west, the rectangular Lilburn Tower looks out across Embleton beach.[103] The tower was named after an early castle constable, John de Lilburn, but may have been built under Thomas of Lancaster; it was intended as a high-status residence, 59 feet (18 m) high, 30 feet (9.1 m) square with 6-foot (1.8 m) thick walls, with a guardroom for soldiers on the ground floor.[104] The rectangular towers at Dunstanburgh reflects the local tradition in Northumberland, and are similar to those at nearby Alnwick.[105] Further along the wall there are the remains of a small tower, called Huggam's House by local tradition.[106] Earthworks around the inside of the curtain wall suggest that there may once have been a complex of buildings stretching between Lilburn Tower and Huggam's House.[106]
On the southwest corner of the walls are the castle gatehouses. The most prominent of these is the Great Gatehouse, a massive three-storey fortification, comprising two drum-shaped towers of ashlar stone; originally 79 feet (24 m) high.[107] This was heavily influenced by the Edwardian gatehouses in North Wales, such as that at Harlech, but contains unique features, such as the frontal towers, and is considered by historians Alastair Oswald and Jeremy Ashbee to be "one of the most imposing structures in any English castle".[108] In the 1380s this gatehouse was further strengthened with a 31-foot (9.4 m) long barbican, of which only the rubble foundations now survive, around 2 feet 4 inches (0.71 m) high.[109]
The passageway through the gatehouse was protected by a
Immediately to the west of the Great Gatehouse is John of Gaunt's Gatehouse, originally either two or three storeys tall, but now only surviving at the foundation level.
Further along, the south side of the walls is the Constable's Tower, a square tower containing comfortable accommodation for the castle's constable, including stone window seats.[119] On the inside of the walls are the foundations of a hall and chamber, built before 1351, part of a larger complex of buildings used by the constable and his household, approximately 60-foot (18 m) square.[120] To the west of the Constable's Tower is a small turret that projects from the upper wall – an unusual feature, similar to that at Pickering Castle – and a mural garderobe; and to the east a small oblong turret with a single chamber, 10.75 by 7.5 feet (3.28 by 2.29 m).[121]
In the south-east corner of the walls, the Egyncleugh Tower – whose name means "eagle's ravine" in the Northumbrian dialect – overlooks Queen Margaret's Cove below.[122][nb 5] A three-storey, square building, 25-foot (7.6 m) across, Egyncleugh Tower was designed to house a castle official, and included a small gateway and drawbridge into the castle, either for the use of the castle constable, or possibly for the local people.[124]
There is a postern gate in the eastern wall, added in the 1450s, and a further gateway in the north-eastern corner, which gave access to Castle Point and Gull Crag below.[125] Along the inside of the curtain walls are the foundations of a yard, 200 by 100 feet (61 by 30 m), and a large rectangular building, usually identified as a grange or a barn.[126] This would have probably supported the administration of the Embleton estates, and have included the auditor's chamber and other facilities.[98]
Interpretation
Early analysis of Dunstanburgh Castle focused on its qualities as a military, and a defensive site, but more recent work has emphasised the symbolic aspects of its design and the surrounding landscape.[127] Although the castle was intended as a secure bolt-hole for Thomas of Lancaster should events go awry in the south of England, it was, however "clearly not an inconspicuous hiding place", as the English Heritage research team have pointed out: it was a spectacular construction, located in the centre of a huge, carefully designed medieval landscape.[128] The meres surrounding the castle would have reflected the castle walls and towers, turning the outcrop into a virtual island and producing what the historians Oswald and Ashbee have called "an awe-inspiring and beautiful sight".[129]
The different elements of the castle were also positioned for a particular effect. Unusually, the huge Great Gatehouse faced southeast, away from the main road, hiding its extraordinary architectural features.[130] This may have been because Thomas intended to establish a new settlement in front of it, but the gatehouse was also probably intended to be viewed from the harbour, where the most senior visitors were expected to arrive.[131] The Lilburn Tower was positioned to be clearly – and provocatively – visible to Edward II's castle at Bamburgh, 9 miles (14 km) away along the coast, and would have been elegantly framed by the entranceway to the Great Gatehouse for any visitors.[132] It was also positioned on a set of natural basalt pillars, which – although inconvenient to build upon – would have enhanced its dramatic appearance and reflection in the meres.[133]
The design of the castle may also have alluded to
Folklore
Dunstanburgh Castle has been closely associated with the legend of Sir Guy the Seeker since at least the early 19th century.
It is unclear when the story first emerged, but similar stories, possibly inspired by medieval Arthurian legends, exist at the nearby locations of
Several other oral traditions about the castle survive.[140] One of these involves a child prisoner within the castle, who escaped, throwing the key to her dungeon into a nearby field, sometimes argued to be an outcrop of land north-west of the castle, which from then onwards was infertile.[140] Another centres on a man called Gallon who was left in charge of the castle by Margaret of Anjou and entrusted with a set of valuables; captured by the Yorkists, he escaped and later returned to reclaim six Venetian glasses.[140] The historian Katrina Porteous has noted that in the 14th century there are records of receivers and bailiffs at the castle called Galoun, potentially linked to the origins of the Gallon of this story.[140]
There are local stories of tunnels stretching from Dunstanburgh Castle to Craster Tower, Embleton, and nearby Proctor Steads, as well as a tunnel running from the castle well to the west of the castle.[140] These stories may be linked to the presence of the drainage system around the castle.[141]
See also
Notes
- Richard le Scrope, whose lands brought in around £600 a year.[18]
- ^ £155,000 in 1869 would be worth between £13 million and £244 million in 2013 terms, depending on the financial measure used.[53]
- ^ Earlier scholarship had suggested that the meres were originally saltwater inlets, linked by the moat of the north mere, and connected to the sea at either end. The 2003 investigations at the site comprehensively disproved this theory, showing the meres to have always been freshwater lakes.[84]
- ^ There are historical references in 1543 to a former wall running along the north side of the castle, but it was already being described as having been eroded by the sea many years before, and the assertion that it originally existed may not be authoritative. It is also uncertain whether this statement referred to a defensive curtain wall, of which no trace remains, or a simpler wall to protect livestock. Some erosion of the cliffs has occurred since the castle was first built, but little has occurred since 1861 and it is far from certain that sufficient erosion would have taken place to have destroyed any original walls.[102]
- ^ The Egyncleugh Tower was also called the Margaret Tower for a period, after Queen Margaret's Cove below.[123]
References
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- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 5
- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 25
- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 25; "Prehistory", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ a b Oswald et al. 2006, p. 17
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 25; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 17; "Prehistory", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 27, 29
- ^ Prestwich 2003, pp. 75–76
- ^ a b Oswald et al. 2006, p. 92
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 17; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 27; "Research on Dunstanburgh Castle", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ Prestwich 2003, pp. 76–79; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 25; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 93; "Constructing the Castle at Dunstanburgh", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 25; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 93; "Constructing the Castle at Dunstanburgh", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ a b c d Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 33
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 17–18
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 16
- ^ a b c Oswald et al. 2006, p. 18
- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 27
- ^ Given-Wilson 1996, p. 157
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 18; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 33
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- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 29
- ^ Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 6 for merchant bit
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 30; Cornell 2006, p. 108
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- ^ a b c Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 30
- ^ a b Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 8
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- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 87, 89; "Into the 20th century", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
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- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 4–5
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, pp. 4, 7
- ^ a b Oswald et al. 2006, p. 4
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 17; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 4
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 42; Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 93, 95
- ^ a b c Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 44
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 65, 73
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 65
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 34
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 43
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 22; Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 43; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 70
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 22, 40
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 43; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 22; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 70
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, pp. 43–44; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 71
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 22; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 64
- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 12
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 12; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 80
- ^ a b Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 48
- ^ Middleton & Hardie 2009, pp. 48–49
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 61; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 96
- ^ a b Oswald et al. 2006, p. 96
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 5, 15–16, 19; Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 13
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 5, 15–16, 19; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 60
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 17
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 60
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 18
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 18; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 17; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 55
- ^ "Significance of Dunstanburgh Castle", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014; "Research on Dunstanburgh Castle", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ a b Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 19
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 5, 7, 10; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 16; Goodall 2011, p. 249
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 5, 7; "Significance of Dunstanburgh Castle", English Heritage, retrieved 23 August 2014
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 5; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 14; Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 40–41
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 6
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 6–8; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 15
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 8–10
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 5, 9–10
- ^ Goodall 2011, p. 342
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 19–20
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 20; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 14; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 51
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 20; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 16
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 20–21; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 16
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 14
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 14; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 20
- ^ Blair & Honeyman 1955, pp. 20–21; Goodall 2011, pp. 249, 453
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 15
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 54
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 15; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 20; Oswald et al. 2006, p. 55
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 15, 17
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 16–17; Blair & Honeyman 1955, p. 18
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 92–93
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 93; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 22–23
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 23; Middleton & Hardie 2009, p. 20
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 96; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 13, 22
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, p. 96; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 13
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 55–56
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 57–58
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 93–94
- ^ Oswald & Ashbee 2011, p. 28
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 93–94; Oswald & Ashbee 2011, pp. 23, 28
- ^ a b c d e f Oswald et al. 2006, p. 21
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 24–25
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 21–22
- ^ a b c d e Oswald et al. 2006, p. 27
- ^ Oswald et al. 2006, pp. 27–28
Bibliography
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