Eighteen Kingdoms
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The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms" (Chinese: 十八國), also translated as "Eighteen States", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty.[1] The establishment and abolishment of the Eighteen Kingdoms marked the beginning and end of a turbulent interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention.
The details of the feudal division are as follows:
Name | Name (Chinese) | Ruler | Areas covered (in present-day China) | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Western Chu |
西楚 | Xiang Yu | Jiangsu, northern Anhui, northern Zhejiang, eastern and southern Henan | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Hàn | 漢/汉 | Liu Bang | Sichuan, Chongqing, southern Shaanxi | |
Yong[a] | 雍 | Zhang Han (Qin general) | central Shaanxi, and eastern Gansu | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Sai[a] | 塞 | Sima Xin (Qin general) | northeastern Shaanxi | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Di[a] | 翟 | Dong Yi (Qin general) | northern Shaanxi | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Hengshan | 衡山 | Wu Rui (Qin official supported by Yue tribes) |
eastern Hubei, Jiangxi | Allies with Liu Bang |
Hán | 韓 | Han Cheng (Hán royalty) |
southwestern Henan | |
Zhao, briefly called Dai | 趙/代 | Zhao Xie (Zhao royalty) | northern Shanxi, northwestern Hebei | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Henan | 河南 | Shen Yang (Zhao official) | northwestern Henan | |
Changshan | 常山 | Zhang Er (Zhao vice chancellor) | central Hebei | Allies with Liu Bang |
Yin | 殷 | Sima Ang (Zhao general) | northern Henan, southern Hebei | Allies with Liu Bang |
Western Wei | 西魏 | Wei Bao (Wei royalty) | southern Shanxi | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Jiujiang | 九江 | Ying Bu (Chu general) | central and southern Anhui | Allies with Liu Bang (surrendered, originally a Chu general) |
Linjiang | 臨江 | Gong Ao (Chu general) | western Hubei, northern Hunan | |
Yan | 燕 | Zang Tu (Yan general) | northern Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin | Allies with Liu Bang |
Liaodong | 遼東 | Han Guang (Yan royalty) | southern Liaoning | Surrendered to Liu Bang |
Qi[b] | 齊 or 齐 | Tian Du (Qi general) | western and central Shandong | Defeated by Liu Bang |
Jiaodong[b] | 膠東 | Tian Fu (Qi royalty) | eastern Shandong | |
Jibei[b] | 濟北 | Tian An (Qi rebel leader) | northern Shandong |
The Eighteen Kingdoms were short-lived. Almost immediately rebellion broke out in Qi, after which Tian Rong conquered Jiaodong and Jibei, reuniting the old Qi state[
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References
- ^ 林达礼,中华五千年大事记, 台南大孚书局, 1982, p. 56