Hubei
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Hubei
湖北 | |
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Province of Hubei | |
Name transcription(s) | |
• Chinese | 湖北省 (Húběi Shěng) |
• Abbreviation | HB / 鄂 (pinyin: È) |
Simplified Chinese ) |
Hubei | ||
---|---|---|
BUC | Hù-báe̤k |
Hubei[a] is an inland province of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake.[7] The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China.
Hubei's name is officially abbreviated to ", in the west of the province.
Hubei is the 7th-largest provincial economy of China, the second largest in the Central China region, the third largest in the South Central China region and the third largest among inland provinces. As of 2021[update], Hubei's nominal GDP was US$787 billion (CNY 5 trillion) and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$13,000, making it the richest landlocked province, the richest province in the Central China region, and 2nd richest province in South Central China region after Guangdong.[8]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
The Hubei region was home to sophisticated
During the Warring States period (475–221 BC) Chu became the major adversary of the upstart State of Qin to the northwest (in present-day Guanzhong, Shaanxi province), which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land: first its dominance over the Sichuan Basin, then (in 278 BC) its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei.[12][13] In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime, which had fled eastwards during Qin's wars of uniting China.[14]
Qin founded the
The incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century (
The
The
In 1911 the
During the
As the fears of a nuclear war increased during the time of Sino-Soviet border conflicts in the late 1960s, the Xianning prefecture of Hubei was chosen as the site of Project 131, an underground military-command headquarters.[20]
The province—and Wuhan in particular—suffered severely from the
The Xianning Nuclear Power Plant is planned in Dafanzhen, Tongshan County, Xianning, to host at least four 1,250-megawatt (MW) AP1000 pressurized-water reactors. Work on the site began in 2010; plans envisaged that the first reactor would start construction in 2011 and go online in 2015. However, construction of the first phase had yet to start as of 2018[update].[citation needed]
On 1 December 2019, the first case of COVID-19 in the COVID-19 pandemic was identified in the city of Wuhan. In January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was officially identified, leading local and federal governments to implement massive quarantine zones across Hubei province, especially in the capital Wuhan (the epicenter of the outbreak). Authorities partially or fully locked down 15 cities, directly affecting 57 million people. Following severe outbreaks in numerous other countries, including in different areas of the world, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. However, after more than eight weeks, the lockdown on most cities in the province was lifted.[citation needed]
Geography
The
The two major rivers of Hubei are the
Among the notable tributaries of the Yangtze within the province are the
]Thousands of lakes dot the landscape of Hubei's Jianghan Plain, giving Hubei the name of "Province of Lakes"; the largest of these lakes are Liangzi Lake and Hong Lake. The numerous hydrodams have created a number of large reservoirs, the largest of which is the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River, on the border between Hubei and Henan.[citation needed]
Hubei has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa under the Köppen climate classification), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold, with average temperatures of 1 to 6 °C (34 to 43 °F) in January, while summers are hot and humid, with average temperatures of 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F) in July; punishing temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or above are widely associated with Wuhan, the provincial capital. The mountainous districts of western Hubei, in particular Shennongjia, with their cooler summers, attract numerous visitors from Wuhan and other lowland cities.[citation needed]
Besides the capital
Administrative divisions
Hubei is divided into thirteen
Administrative divisions of Hubei | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code[23] | Division | Area in km2[24] | Population 2010[25] | Seat | Divisions[26] | ||||||
Districts
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities* | ||||||||
420000 | Hubei Province | 185,900.00 | 57,237,740 | Wuhan city | 39 | 35 | 2 | 27 | |||
420100 | Wuhan city | 8,549.09 | 9,785,392 | Jiang'an District |
13 | ||||||
420200 | Huangshi city | 4,582.85 | 2,429,318 | Xialu District |
4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
420300 | Shiyan city | 23,674.41 | 3,340,843 | Maojian District |
3 | 4 | 1 | ||||
420500 | Yichang city | 21,227.00 | 4,059,686 | Xiling District |
5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |||
420600 | Xiangyang city | 19,724.41 | 5,500,307 | Xiangcheng District |
3 | 3 | 3 | ||||
420700 | Ezhou city | 1,593.54 | 1,048,672 | Echeng District |
3 | ||||||
420800 | Jingmen city | 12,192.57 | 2,873,687 | Dongbao District |
2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
420900 | Xiaogan city | 8,922.72 | 4,814,542 | Xiaonan District |
1 | 3 | 3 | ||||
421000 | Jingzhou city | 14,068.68 | 5,691,707 | Shashi District |
2 | 2 | 4 | ||||
421100 | Huanggang city | 17,446.63 | 6,162,072 | Huangzhou District |
1 | 7 | 2 | ||||
421200 | Xianning city | 9,749.84 | 2,462,583 | Xian'an District |
1 | 4 | 1 | ||||
421300 | Suizhou city | 9,614.94 | 2,162,222 | Zengdu District |
1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
422800 | Enshi Autonomous Prefecture | 24,061.25 | 3,290,294 | Enshi city | 6 | 2 | |||||
429004 | Xiantao city** | 2,538.00 | 1,175,085 | Shazui Subdistrict | 1 | ||||||
429005 | Qianjiang city** | 2,004.00 | 946,277 | Yuanlin Subdistrict | 1 | ||||||
429006 | Tianmen city** | 2,622.00 | 1,418,913 | Jingling Subdistrict | 1 | ||||||
429021 | Shennongjia Forestry District ** | 3,253.00 | 76,140 | Songbai town | 1 | ||||||
Sub-provincial cities * - including Forestry district |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | ||
Hubei Province | 湖北省 | Húběi Shěng | ||
Wuhan city | 武汉市 | Wǔhàn Shì | ||
Huangshi city | 黄石市 | Huángshí Shì | ||
Shiyan city | 十堰市 | Shíyàn Shì | ||
Yichang city | 宜昌市 | Yíchāng Shì | ||
Xiangyang city | 襄阳市 | Xiāngyáng Shì | ||
Ezhou city | 鄂州市 | Èzhōu Shì | ||
Jingmen city | 荆门市 | Jīngmén Shì | ||
Xiaogan city | 孝感市 | Xiàogǎn Shì | ||
Jingzhou city | 荆州市 | Jīngzhōu Shì | ||
Huanggang city | 黄冈市 | Huánggāng Shì | ||
Xianning city | 咸宁市 | Xiánníng Shì | ||
Suizhou city | 随州市 | Suízhōu Shì | ||
Enshi Autonomous Prefecture | 恩施自治州 | Ēnshī Zhōu | ||
Xiantao city | 仙桃市 | Xiāntáo Shì | ||
Qianjiang city | 潜江市 | Qiánjiāng Shì | ||
Tianmen city | 天门市 | Tiānmén Shì | ||
Shennongjia Forestry District | 神农架林区 | Shénnóngjià Línqū |
The thirteen
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | City | Urban area[27] | District area[27] | City proper[27] | Census date |
1 | Wuhan | 7,541,527 | 9,785,388 | 9,785,388 | 2010-11-01 |
2 | Xiangyang[b] | 1,433,057 | 2,199,690 | 5,500,307 | 2010-11-01 |
3 | Yichang | 1,049,363 | 1,411,380 | 4,059,686 | 2010-11-01 |
4 | Jingzhou | 904,157 | 1,154,086 | 5,691,707 | 2010-11-01 |
5 | Shiyan[c] | 724,016 | 767,920 | 3,340,841 | 2010-11-01 |
(5) | Shiyan (new district)[c] | 173,085 | 558,355 | see Shiyan | 2010-11-01 |
6 | Huangshi | 691,963 | 691,963 | 2,429,318 | 2010-11-01 |
7 | Tianmen | 612,515 | 1,418,913 | 1,418,913 | 2010-11-01 |
8 | Ezhou | 607,739 | 1,048,668 | 1,048,668 | 2010-11-01 |
9 | Xiaogan | 582,403 | 908,266 | 4,814,542 | 2010-11-01 |
10 | Xiantao | 553,029 | 1,175,085 | 1,175,085 | 2010-11-01 |
11 | Hanchuan | 468,868 | 1,015,507 | see Xiaogan | 2010-11-01 |
12 | Daye | 449,998 | 909,724 | see Huangshi | 2010-11-01 |
13 | Zaoyang | 442,367 | 1,004,741 | see Xiangyang | 2010-11-01 |
14 | Zhongxiang | 439,019 | 1,022,514 | see Jingmen | 2010-11-01 |
15 | Qianjiang | 437,757 | 946,277 | 946,277 | 2010-11-01 |
16 | Jingmen | 426,119 | 632,954 | 2,873,687 | 2010-11-01 |
17 | Suizhou | 393,173 | 618,582 | 2,162,222 | 2010-11-01 |
18 | Xianning | 340,723 | 512,517 | 2,462,583 | 2010-11-01 |
19 | Enshi | 320,107 | 749,574 | part of Enshi Prefecture | 2010-11-01 |
20 | Macheng | 302,671 | 849,090 | see Huanggang | 2010-11-01 |
21 | Yingcheng | 302,026 | 593,812 | see Xiaogan | 2010-11-01 |
22 | Honghu | 278,685 | 819,446 | see Jingzhou | 2010-11-01 |
23 | Guangshui | 272,402 | 755,910 | see Suizhou | 2010-11-01 |
24 | Songzi | 271,514 | 765,911 | see Jingzhou | 2010-11-01 |
25 | Wuxue | 270,882 | 644,247 | see Huanggang | 2010-11-01 |
26 | Huanggang | 267,860 | 366,769 | 6,162,069 | 2010-11-01 |
(27) | Jingshan[d] | 266,341 | 636,776 | see Jingmen | 2010-11-01 |
28 | Anlu | 237,409 | 568,590 | see Xiaogan | 2010-11-01 |
29 | Zhijiang | 218,396 | 495,995 | see Yichang | 2010-11-01 |
30 | Shishou | 213,851 | 577,022 | see Jingzhou | 2010-11-01 |
31 | Laohekou | 212,645 | 471,482 | see Xiangyang | 2010-11-01 |
32 | Chibi | 202,542 | 478,410 | see Xianning | 2010-11-01 |
33 | Yicheng | 201,945 | 512,530 | see Xiangyang | 2010-11-01 |
34 | Lichuan | 195,749 | 654,094 | part of Enshi Prefecture | 2010-11-01 |
35 | Danjiangkou | 190,021 | 443,755 | see Shiyan | 2010-11-01 |
36 | Dangyang | 183,823 | 468,293 | see Yichang | 2010-11-01 |
37 | Yidu | 176,233 | 384,598 | see Yichang | 2010-11-01 |
Most populous cities in Hubei
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[28] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Wuhan Xiangyang |
1 | Wuhan | 9,180,000 | 11 | Qianjiang | 437,400 | Yichang Jingzhou | ||
2 | Xiangyang | 1,325,700 | 12 | Xianning | 413,200 | ||||
3 | Yichang | 931,300 | 13 | Xiantao | 405,000 | ||||
4 | Jingzhou | 870,500 | 14 | Hanchuan | 345,900 | ||||
5 | Huangshi | 859,900 | 15 | Huanggang | 338,000 | ||||
6 | Shiyan | 734,400 | 16 | Zaoyang | 320,000 | ||||
7 | Xiaogan | 573,800 | 17 | Guangshui | 319,300 | ||||
8 | Jingmen | 571,700 | 18 | Daye | 303,900 | ||||
9 | Suizhou | 502,500 | 19 | Tianmen | 299,200 | ||||
10 | Ezhou | 459,700 | 20 | Wuxue | 293,000 |
Government and politics
Secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party Hubei Committee:
- Li Xiannian (李先念): 1949–1954
- Wang Renzhong (王任重): 1954–1966
- Zhang Tixue (张体学): 1966–1967
- Zeng Siyu (曾思玉): 1970–1973
- Zhao Xinchu (赵辛初): 1973–1978
- Chen Pixian (陈丕显): 1978–1982
- Guan Guangfu (关广富): 1983–1994
- Jia Zhijie (贾志杰): 1994–2001
- Jiang Zhuping (蒋祝平): 2001
- Yu Zhengsheng (俞正声): 2001–2007
- Luo Qingquan (罗清泉): 2007–2011
- Li Hongzhong (李鸿忠): 2011–2016
- Jiang Chaoliang (蒋超良): 2016–2020
- Ying Yong (应勇): 2020–2022[29]
- Wang Menghui (王蒙徽): 2022–present
Governors of Hubei:
- Li Xiannian (李先念): 1949–1954
- Liu Zihou (刘子厚): 1954–1956
- Zhang Tixue (张体学): 1956–1967
- Zeng Siyu (曾思玉): 1968–1973
- Zhao Xinchu (赵辛初): 1973–1978
- Chen Pixian (陈丕显): 1978–1980
- Han Ningfu (韩宁夫): 1980–1982
- Huang Zhizhen (黄知真): 1982–1986
- Guo Zhenqian (郭振乾): 1986–1990
- Guo Shuyan (郭树言): 1990–1993
- Jia Zhijie (贾志杰): 1993–1995
- Jiang Zhuping (蒋祝平): 1995–2001
- Zhang Guoguang (张国光): 2001–2002
- Luo Qingquan (罗清泉): 2002–2007
- Li Hongzhong (李鸿忠): 2007–2010
- Wang Guosheng (王国生): 2010–2016
- Wang Xiaodong (王晓东): 2016–2021
- Wang Zhonglin (王忠林): 2021–present
Economy
Hubei is often called the "Land of Fish and Rice" (鱼米之乡). Important agricultural products in Hubei include
Once completed, the
Hubei is the 7th-largest provincial economy of China, the second largest in the Central China region after Henan, the third largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong and Henan and the third largest among inland provinces after Henan and Sichuan. As of 2021[update], Hubei's nominal GDP was US$787 billion (CNY 5 trillion). Its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$13,000, making it the richest landlocked province, the richest province in the Central China region, and 2nd richest province in South Central China region after Guangdong.[8]
Economic and Technological Development Zones
- Hubei Jingzhou Chengnan Economic Development Zone was established in 1992 under the approval of Hubei Government. Three major industries include textile, petroleum and chemical processing, with a combined output accounts for 90% of its total output. The zone also enjoys a well-developed transportation network—only 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the airport and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the railway station.[31]
- Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics, telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production centre for optical-electronic products with key players like Changfei Fiber-optical Cables (the largest fiber-optical cable maker in China), Fenghuo Telecommunications and Wuhan Research Institute of Post and Telecommunications (the largest research institute in optical telecommunications in China). Wuhan ELHTZ represents the development centre for China's laser industry with key players such as HUST Technologies and Chutian Laser being based in the zone.[32]
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.[33] Its size is about 10-25 square km and it plans to expand to 25-50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone include automobile production/assembly, biotechnology/pharmaceuticals, chemicals production and processing, food/beverage processing, heavy industry, and telecommunications equipment.
- Wuhan Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic & Technology Development Zone, planned to cover land of 2.7 km2 (1.0 sq mi). The first 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) area has been launched.[34]
- Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is in Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.[35] The planned area is 0.67 km2 (0.26 sq mi) with total floor area of 600,000 square meters. The zone is 8.5 km (5.28 mi) from the 316 National Highway and is 46.7 km (29.02 mi) from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.
- Xiangyang New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912[36] | 29,590,000 | — |
1928[37] | 26,699,000 | −9.8% |
1936-37[38] | 25,516,000 | −4.4% |
1947[39] | 20,976,000 | −17.8% |
1952[40] | 21,470,000 | +2.4% |
1954[41] | 27,789,693 | +29.4% |
1964[42] | 33,709,344 | +21.3% |
1982[43] | 47,804,150 | +41.8% |
1990[44] | 53,969,210 | +12.9% |
2000[45] | 59,508,870 | +10.3% |
2010[46] | 57,237,740 | −3.8% |
2020 | 57,752,557 | +0.9% |
Wuhan (Hankou) part of Hubei Province until 1927; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Hubei Province. |
Han Chinese form the dominant ethnic group in Hubei. A considerable Miao and Tujia population live in the southwestern part of the province, especially in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
On October 18, 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate 330,000 residents from the Hubei and
Religion
The predominant religions in Hubei are
Culture
People in Hubei speak Mandarin dialects; most of these dialects are classified as Southwestern Mandarin dialects, a group that also encompasses the Mandarin dialects of most of southwestern China.[citation needed]
Perhaps the most celebrated element of Hubei cuisine is the Wuchang bream, a freshwater bream that is commonly steamed.[citation needed]
Types of traditional Chinese opera popular in Hubei include Hanju (simplified Chinese: 汉剧; traditional Chinese: 漢劇; pinyin: Hàn Jù) and Chuju (楚剧; Chǔ Jù).
The Shennongjia area is the alleged home of the Yeren, a wild undiscovered hominid that lives in the forested hills.
The people of Hubei are given the uncomplimentary nickname "Nine-headed Birds" by other Chinese, from a mythological creature said to be very aggressive and hard to kill. "In the sky live nine-headed birds. On the earth live Hubei people." (天上九头鸟,地上湖北佬; Tiānshàng jiǔ tóu niǎo, dìshàng Húběi lǎo)
Wuhan is one of the major culture centers in China.
Hubei is thought to be the province that originated the card game of dou dizhu.
Education
As of 2022, Hubei hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth together with Hunan (130) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Guangdong (160), Henan (156), Shandong (153), and Sichuan (134).[49][50] The Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST), Wuhan University and many other institutions in Wuhan make it a hub of higher education and research in China. Wuhan is the city that has the largest college student population in the world (1.3 million) studying in its 89 universities.
Universities
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan University
- Central China Normal University (Huazhong Normal University)
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Hubei University of Technology
- Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
- China University of Geosciences
- Jianghan University
- Hubei University
- Hubei University of Economics
- Hubei University of Education
- China Three Gorges University (yichang)
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Yangtze University
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Hubei Institute of Fine Arts
- Wuhan Technology and Business University
- Wuhan Technical College of Communications
Transportation
Prior to the construction of China's national railway network, the
Historically, Hubei's overland transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across the
Rail
The
The first decade of the 21st century has seen a large amount of new railway construction in Hubei. The
Air
Hubei's main airport is
Tourism
The province's best-known natural attraction (shared with the adjacent Chongqing municipality) is the scenic area of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze. Located in the far west of the province, the gorges can be conveniently visited by one of the numerous tourist boats (or regular passenger boats) that travel up the Yangtze from Yichang through the Three Gorges and into the neighboring Chongqing municipality.
The
A particular important site of both natural and cultural significance is
Other historic attractions in Hubei include:
- The old Jingzhou City
- The Xianling Mausoleum, built by the Ming dynasty Jiajing Emperor for his parents at their fief near Zhongxiang[54]
- The Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan
- The civilization of northern China.
The province also has historical sites connected with China's more recent history, such as the Wuchang Uprising Memorial in Wuhan, Project 131 site (a Cultural-Revolution-era underground military command center) in Xianning, and the National Mining Park (国家矿山公园) in Huangshi.[55]
Sports
Professional sports teams in Hubei include:
- Wuhan Three Towns F.C. plays in Chinese Super League, the highest level football league in China.
Sister State/Twinning
Following a July 1979 State of Ohio Trade Mission to China, Hubei and Ohio formed a sister province-state relationship.[56]: 111–113 The pairing was based on the fact that both Hubei and Ohio are located in national heartlands, are large industrial areas and transportation hubs, and have significant agricultural sectors.[56]: 113
In 2005, Hubei province signed a twinning agreement with Telemark county of Norway, and a "Norway-Hubei Week" was held in 2007.
See also
- 1954 Yangtze River floods
- List of prisons in Hubei
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Hubei
- COVID-19 pandemic
Notes
- lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ This may include:
- Buddhists;
- Confucians;
- Deity worshippers;
- Taoists;
- Members of folk religious sects;
- Small minorities of Muslims;
- People not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religion.
References
Citations
- ^ "Hubei--Survey". Ministry Of Commerce - People's Republic Of China. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Hubei {...} an area of 185,900 square km.
- ^ 湖北 [Hubei] (in Chinese). The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
全省国土总面积18.59万平方公里
- ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ "National Data". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
- ^ "Hubei". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
- People's Daily Online.
- ^ a b "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ISBN 9781444335293.
- ISBN 978-0521727662.
- ^ Constance A. Cook and John S. Major, eds. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999); Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2006), 262–88.
- ^ 《韩非子·初见秦》:秦与荆人战,大破荆,袭郢,取洞庭、五渚、江南。荆王君臣亡走,东服于陈。
- ^ 《史记·卷七十三·白起王翦列传》:其明年,攻楚,拔郢,烧夷陵,遂东至竟陵。楚王亡去郢,东走徙陈。
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