Eucalyptus wandoo
Wandoo | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Myrtales |
Family: | Myrtaceae |
Genus: | Eucalyptus |
Species: | E. wandoo
|
Binomial name | |
Eucalyptus wandoo | |
Approximate native range of E. wandoo[1][3] | |
Synonyms[4] | |
Eucalyptus redunca var. elata |
Eucalyptus wandoo, commonly known as wandoo, dooto, warrnt or wornt[5] and sometimes as white gum,[6][7] is a small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia.[8] It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of nine to seventeen, white flowers and conical to cylindrical fruit. It is one of a number of similar Eucalyptus species known as wandoo.
E. wandoo was first described in 1934 by the Australian
The range of the tree extends from
E. wandoo was listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as of 2019[update] as a result of its severely fragmented population.
Description
Eucalyptus wandoo is a tree that typically grows to a height of 3 to 25 m (9.8 to 82.0 ft)
Young plants and
The
The fruit is a woody
The species has a
Taxonomy
Eucalyptus wandoo was first described in 1934 by the Australian
In 1991, Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper described two subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census and Plants of the World Online:[4][22]
- Eucalyptus wandoo subsp. pulverea[23] has powdery bark, glaucous branchlets and larger juvenile leaves than the autonym.[14][22]
- Eucalyptus wandoo subsp. wandoo[24] has bark that is not powdery, yellow new bark, branchlets that are not glaucous and narrower juvenile leaves than those of subspecies pulverea.[14][22]
Plants of the World Online, but not the Australian Plant Census, lists Eucalyptus redunca var. elata, formally described in 1867 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis, as a synonym of E. wandoo.[4][25]
E. wandoo is a part of the Symphyomyrtus
The tree is most closely related to Eucalyptus capillosa (inland wandoo) and Eucalyptus nigrifunda. The bark of E. capillosa is usually more colourful than that of E. wandoo and E. nigrifunda often retains more rough basal bark than E. wandoo.[14] Wandoo is also closely related to Eucalyptus salmonophloia (salmon gum).[26] Although Eucalyptus accedens is known as powderbark wandoo it belongs to a taxonomic series.[14]
E. accedens is easily confused with E. wandoo, and the two are often found growing in the same soil types. Wandoo is usually a larger tree and E. accedens often has an orange tinge to the bark. When rubbed with the hand the bark of E. accedens rubs off as a white powder.[27]
Distribution and habitat
Wandoo occurs in the south west of
It is able to grow in slightly saline soils and can tolerate salinity levels of 50–100 mS/m.[29] It is regarded as a moderately salt tolerant species when compared to other species of Eucalyptus that are endemic to Western Australia.[26]: 76 : 78
E. wandoo has been introduced into parts of Africa. It is cultivated in southern Africa[30] as well as in Tunisia and Algeria.[31]
The tree is also grown in the United States in the states of Arizona and California.[32]
Conservation status
Both subspecies of E. wandoo are classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia's Department of Parks and Wildlife.[33][34] Decline of the habitat and crown decline of wandoo has been studied.[8][28][35][36] It is estimated that there has been a decline in the
E. wandoo is endemic to south western parts of Western Australia where it was once widespread. Only about 5% of the tree's habitat now remains with the rest having been cleared for agriculture.[26]: 107E. wandoo was listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as of 2019[update]. The population was described as stable but severely fragmented and it is currently spread across an area of over 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) compared to a pre-clearing area of over 92,000 km2 (36,000 sq mi).[1]
Ecology
The woodlands formed by wandoo are composed of open stands of widely spaced trees over sparse understoreys of shrubs, grasses and herbs. The range of plants which flower through the year provide a constant source of
Wandoo is vital for native wildlife with various animal species using tree hollows and shed branches as habitat. The flowers are a good source of nectar for birds and insects. The bark and foliage of the tree is home to an abundance of spiders and insects, including native cockroaches, thrips, beetles and flies. These organisms are important for pollination, seed dispersal and recycling nutrients as well as attracting insectivorous birds.[8] E. wandoo acts as a : 82 Hollows in live or dead trees with a diameter at breast height of over 300 mm (12 in) are known nesting areas for black cockatoos, including Carnaby's black cockatoo. The birds use these sites, when situated in woodlands or forests, as a breeding habitat.[39] Carnaby's black cockatoos are also known to use the flowers and seeds as a food source and the trees as a roosting site.[40] Hollow logs of these trees found on the ground are used as habitat by echidnas through the Wheatbelt region.[41]Destructors
E. wandoo is affected by the beetle
Reproduction
Large masses of white or cream-coloured flowers are produced by the tree between December and May, but individual trees usually flower at different times and the male stamens mature before the female stigmas. Flowering occurs between March and June for wandoo found to the north of the Avon Valley; these are known as the winter wandoo.[13] The spring wandoo found to the south of Wandering flower in spring and early summer or from September to January while the summer wandoo, also found to the south of Wandering, flower from January to February.[11] Pollination by animals is required by the flowers to set the woody fruit capsules. The seeds commonly have a limited dispersal throughout the ecosystem. E. wandoo trees found in saline areas and amongst smaller populations are inclined to produce a smaller number of fruits and seeds.[13]
Pollinators
Wandoo is pollinated by both birds and insects and has a mixed mating system. Trees that are part of smaller populations are found to have noticeably higher pollination levels than trees that are part of larger populations. Up to 65% of pollen that is transferred to plants in fragmented populations is sourced from other populations that are located over 1 km (0.62 mi) apart.[13]
Disease
The tree is susceptible to root rot caused by the Armillaria luteobubalina fungus and is known to have a high mortality rate.[44] Wandoo is among several eucalypts that are resistant to the Phytophthora cinnamomi fungi commonly known as dieback.[45]
Uses
The indigenous
The wandoo also has outer parts of the roots that are juicy and sweet and were scratched off and consumed. When the flowers are soaked for a while in water it will produce a sweet drink.
When dried, E. wandoo is among Australia's hardest timber when measured by the
Wandoo is also famous for the
See also
References
- ^ . Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo". Australian Plant Census. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely". Atlas of Living Australia. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely". Kew Science – Plants of the World Online. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ The Cumberland Argus. No. 5001. New South Wales, Australia. 2 March 1960. p. 9. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ National Register of Big Trees. Archived(PDF) from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wandoo Recovery Group (July 2006). "Wandoo Crown Decline" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ken Fern. "Eucalyptus wandoo". Useful Temperate Plants. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Rob Manning (1 May 2022). "Pollen Analysis of Eucalypts in Western Australia" (PDF). A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Species Information" (PDF). Forest Products Commission. Government of Western Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Eucalyptus wandoo". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- . Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ISBN 9780750689359.
- ^ Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus wandoo". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Australian National Herbarium. Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo". TreeGenes. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo". APNI. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Specimen detail Eucalyptus wandoo". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Brooker, M. Ian H.; Hopper, Stephen (1991). "A taxonomic revision of Eucalyptus wandoo, E. redunce and allied species (Eucalyptus series Levispermae Maiden - Myrtaceae) in Western Australia". Nuytsia. 8 (1): 37–41. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo subsp. pulverea". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo subsp. wandoo". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Bentham, George (1867). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 3. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 253. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d Dalmaris, Eleftheria; University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology (2012), Eucalyptus wandoo : tolerance to drought and salinity in relation to provenance and evolutionary history in southwestern Australia, archived from the original on 23 October 2016, retrieved 23 October 2016
- ISBN 978-1-925078-79-4
- ^ a b Gaynor, Andrea; Western Australia. Dept. of Environment and Conservation; Wandoo Recovery Group (W.A.); Gaynor, Andrea (2008), Wandoo in health and decline : a history, Dept. of Environment and Conservation, archived from the original on 1 May 2012, retrieved 23 October 2016
- ^ "Salinity tolerance of plants for agriculture and revegetation in Western Australia". Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Species naturalised in southern Africa". biodiversity explorer. Iziko South African Museum. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ PMID 34384412.
- ^ "Eucalyptus wandoo". Australian Native Plants. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ Mercer, Jack; Wandoo Recovery Group (W.A.); Western Australia. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management; World Wildlife Fund Australia; Mercer, Jack; Western Australia. Dept. of Environment and Conservation; World Wildlife Fund, Australia (2008), Second survey of Eucalyptus wandoo decline : final report, Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, retrieved 23 October 2016
- ^ Hooper, Ryan (2009), The role of stress and factors contributing to the decline of Eucalyptus wandoo (Blakely) in southwestern Australia, retrieved 23 October 2016
- ^ a b "Wandoo - An important eucalypt". Heartland Journeys. Gondwana Link. 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ Philip K. Groom; Byron B. Lamont (2015). "Plant Life of Southwestern Australia - Adaptations for Survival" (PDF). De Gruyter Open Ltd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ Kylie Del Fante (12 August 2022). "Habitat Tree and TEC Assessment" (PDF). Del Botanics Environmental Consulting. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ Christine Groom (15 April 2011). "Plants Used by Carnaby's Black Cockatoo" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ M. A. Abensperg-Traun (1 June 1998). "Food preference of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae), in the wheatbelt of Western Australia". Australian Mammalogy (11 ed.). Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ Allan Wills; Ryan Hooper. "Decline and recovery of wandoo crowns involving the beetle Cisseis fascigera (Buprestidae)" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "Wandoo Crown Decline and Lerp". Peel-Harvey Catchment Council. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- doi:10.1071/BT95083.
- ^ Groves, E; Hardy, G; McComb, J. "Western Australian natives resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi" (PDF). Murdoch University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ ISBN 0-643-05423-5.
- ^ a b c White, Peter; Manning, Liz; Department of Environment and Conservation (2008). "Wondering about Wandoo". Landscope. Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "White Gum". The Daily Telegraph. No. 10839. New South Wales, Australia. 18 February 1914. p. 15. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b "Wandoo". www.roleybushcare.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ Nguyen, Minh; Leicester, Robert; Cookson, Laurie. "Timber Durability Classification". Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ISBN 0-646-29394-X.
Further reading
- Hussey, B. M. J; Western Australia. Department of Conservation and Land Management (1999), How to manage your wandoo woodlands, Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, ISBN 978-0-7309-6897-9