Feminism in culture
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Feminism has affected culture in many ways, and has famously been theorized in relation to culture by Angela McRobbie, Laura Mulvey and others. Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean have argued that "one of [feminism's] most important innovations has been to seriously examine the ways women receive popular culture, given that so much pop culture is made by and for men."[1] This is reflected in a variety of forms, including literature, music, film and other screen cultures.
Women's writing
Women's writing came to exist as a separate category of scholarly interest relatively recently. In the West, second-wave feminism prompted a general reevaluation of women's historical contributions, and various academic sub-disciplines, such as
Science fiction
In the 1960s, the genre of science fiction combined its sensationalism with political and technological critiques of society to produce
Women's films
 |
The term "women's cinema" usually refers to the work of women
In a film from popular culture although not in women's film, an early reference to the "feminist movement" is heard from Katharine Hepburn in the 1942 movie Woman of the Year.
Another film, She Is Beautiful When She's Angry, released in 2014, details the women's liberation movement in the United States with real accounts from women involved.
Women's music
Riot grrrl movement
The riot grrrl movement sprang out of Olympia, Washington, and Washington, D.C., in the early 1990s. It sought to give women the power to control their voices and artistic expressions.[11] Riot grrrls took a growling double or triple r, placing it in the word girl as a way to take back the derogatory use of the term.[11]
The riot grrrls' links to social and political issues are where the beginnings of third-wave feminism can be seen. The music and zine writings are strong examples of "cultural politics in action, with strong women giving voice to important social issues though an empowered, a female oriented community, many people link the emergence of the third-wave feminism to this time".[11] The movement encouraged and made "adolescent girls' standpoints central", allowing them to express themselves fully.[14]
Pornography
The
Anti-pornography movement
Some feminists, such as
Beginning in the late 1970s, anti-pornography radical feminists formed organizations such as Women Against Pornography and Feminists Fighting Pornography that provided educational events, including slide-shows, speeches, and guided tours of the sex industry in Times Square, New York City, in order to raise awareness of the content of pornography and the sexual subculture in pornography shops and live sex shows.[22] Andrea Dworkin and Robin Morgan began articulating a vehemently anti-porn stance based in radical feminism beginning in 1974 and anti-porn feminist groups, such as Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media in San Francisco, became highly active in various U.S. cities during the late 1970s.[21]
Sex-positive movement
Sex-positive feminism is a movement that was formed in order to address issues of women's sexual pleasure, freedom of expression, sex work, and inclusive gender identities. Ellen Willis' 1981 essay, "Lust Horizons: Is the Women's Movement Pro-Sex?" is the origin of the term, "pro-sex feminism"; the more commonly used variant, "sex positive feminism" arose soon after.[23]
Although some sex-positive feminists, such as Betty Dodson, were active in the early 1970s, much of sex-positive feminism largely began in the late 1970s and 1980s as a response to the increasing emphasis in radical feminism on anti-pornography activism.
Sex-positive feminists are also strongly opposed to radical feminist calls for legislation against pornography, a strategy they decried as censorship, and something that could, they argued, be used by social conservatives to censor the sexual expression of women, gay people, and other sexual minorities. The initial period of intense debate and acrimony between sex-positive and anti-pornography feminists during the early 1980s is often referred to as the feminist sex wars. Other sex-positive feminists became involved not in opposition to other feminists but in direct response to what they saw as patriarchal control of sexuality.[citation needed]
Sex work and sex industry
Feminist views on sex work and prostitution vary. Feminist supporters of
See also
References
- ^ Laurie, Timothy; Kean, Jessica (2015). "Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens". The Sydney Morning Herald. February 19
- ^ ISBN 0-300-04854-8.
- ^ Gilbert, Sandra M., Paperbacks: From Our Mothers' Libraries: Women Who Created the Novel, in New York Times, May 4, 1986.
- ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
- ^ Helford, Elyce Rae, in Westfahl, Gary, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy (Greenwood Press, 2005), 290.
- ^ Sturgis, Susanna, Octavia E. Butler: June 22, 1947 — February 24, 2006, in The Women's Review of Books, 23(3): 19 May 2006.
- ^ ISBN 0-89608-427-2), p. 242).
- ^ Peraino, Judith, Girls with Guitars and Other Strange Stories, in Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 54, no. 3 (2001), p. 693.
- ^ a b Mosbacher, Dee, Radical Harmonies, Woman Vision (2002 (OCLC 53071762)). See also [1] Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Reddington, Helen. The Lost Women of Rock Music: Female Musicians of the Punk Era. Vol. 2nd ed, Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2012.
- ^ ISBN 1-58005-114-6.
- S2CID 144109102.
- S2CID 37919089.
- ISBN 0-415-30885-2.
- ISBN 0-415-91036-6.
- ISBN 0-87722-630-X.
- ISBN 0-231-11204-1.
- ISBN 0-08-037457-3.
- ISBN 0-04-440593-6.
- ISBN 0-312-13626-9.
- ^ ISBN 0-452-26793-5.
- ISBN 0-385-31486-8.
- Village Voice. No. 17 June 1981.
