Likeability trap
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The likeability trap is a
Although the tactic is most well-studied in the context of politics, some writers such as
Political campaigns
The likeability trap was long regarded as an effective campaign tactic because of an assumed mismatch between societal norms regarding
Mechanisms
The mechanisms of democratic bias against women are the subject of active research. A 2010 study examining pre- and post-election approval ratings of candidates in US state elections found that likeability was the single most important factor determining the success or failure of women candidates. In contrast, male candidates exhibited no such dependence, indicating that US voters were more willing to vote for a male candidate who they viewed as being qualified, but that they did not personally like.[2]
Countertactics
Some
United States
Because the United States has never had a woman as president, the ability to conduct
Then-presidential candidate Barack Obama himself was noted for employing the tactic against Clinton during the 2008 Democratic primaries when he responded to Clinton "You're likable enough, Hillary."[5] Obama's comments at the time were widely criticized, and Clinton defeated him in the New Hampshire primary a few days later. Although later observers assume Obama to have employed the tactic effectively, pundits at the time generally viewed the episode as unfavorable to Obama.[6] Some writers such as Ann Friedman and Rebecca Traister attribute the lack of women in senior government roles to differing societal views towards traits like ambition and assertiveness in men as opposed to women.[7]
Entertainment business
In the context of the entertainment industry, female musicians such as Taylor Swift have been cited as subjects of the likeability trap.[8][9][10] Swift's detractors have accused her of being "calculated" and manipulating her image—a narrative bolstered after the 2016 dispute with American rapper Kanye West.[11][12] Cultural critics have highlighted that Swift's life and career have been subject to intense misogyny and slut-shaming,[13][14] and she is an easy target of "fragile male egos".[15] In a 2019 Vogue interview, Swift stated that Clinton was being called a "manipulative" liar by Trumpists on the internet—the same type of negative comments Swift had received in 2016, and wondered whether she would be a liability to Clinton if she had openly endorsed Clinton for the 2016 US presidential election: "Look, snakes of a feather flock together. Look, the two lying women. The two nasty women"; Swift added that as "millions of people were telling [her] to disappear", she decided to step away from spotlight for a year.[16] "Snake" was a word used by detractors to ridicule Swift, who embraced the term and made it the main visual motif of her 2017 album, Reputation.[17][18][16]
See also
- Public image of Hillary Clinton
- Elizabeth Warren
- Margaret Thatcher
- Giorgia Meloni
- Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
- Cultural impact of Taylor Swift
References
- ^ Schneider, Clare Marie; Tagle, Andee. "What 'likeability' really means in the workplace". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Turning Point: the changing landscape for women candidates" (PDF). Barbara Lee Foundation. Barbara Lee Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ C. Williams, Joan. "How Women Can Escape the Likability Trap". nytimes. New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Pitch Perfect: Winning Strategies for Women Candidates" (PDF). WWW.BARBARALEEFOUNDATION.ORG Page 3 The Barbara Lee Family Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Newton-Small, Jay. "Is Hillary Clinton 'Likable Enough'?". Time. Time. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Not So Likable". Top 10 Obama Backlash Moments. TIME. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Friedman, Ann. "The Hillary Clinton Catch-22". The Cut. The Cut. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Taylor Swift and the Trap of Needing To Be Liked". Harper's BAZAAR. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ "Twitter, Taylor Swift, and The New Face of the Feminist Movement". Take The Lead. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ "Taylor Swift's documentary gives us a terrifying insight into the realities of being a woman in the spotlight". Glamour UK. 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ Grady, Constance (August 26, 2019). "How the Taylor Swift-Kanye West VMAs scandal became a perfect American morality tale". Vox. Archived from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ Grady, Constance (March 21, 2020). "Newly leaked footage shows Taylor Swift and Kanye West talking "Famous"". Vox. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ Wahi, Sukriti (March 3, 2021). "Every Time Taylor Swift Perfectly Shut Down A Sexist Interview Question". Elle. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
- The Cut. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
- ^ Chappet, Marie-Claire (January 25, 2022). "Why is Taylor Swift such an easy target for male disdain and disrespect?". Glamour. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ^ a b Aguirre, Abby (August 8, 2019). "Taylor Swift on Sexism, Scrutiny, and Standing Up for Herself". Vogue. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ Hoffman, Ashley (2018-05-09). "Taylor Swift Finally Addresses the Whole Snake Thing in Concert". Time. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ Gavilanes, Grace; Dodd, Sophie (September 2, 2022). "A Complete Timeline of Taylor Swift and Kanye West's Feud". People. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
