Fevzi Çakmak
5th Chief of General Staff of the Ottoman Empire | |
---|---|
In office 24 December 1918 – 14 May 1919 | |
Prime Minister | Ahmet Tevfik Pasha Damat Ferid Pasha |
Preceded by | Djevad Pasha |
Succeeded by | Djevad Pasha |
Personal details | |
Born | Dersim Rebellion | 12 January 1876
Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak (12 January
Graduating from the War College as a
He was appointed as National Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister by
Fevzi Çakmak remains, alongside Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as one of the only two field marshals of Turkey.
Biography
Family and schools
Mustafa Fevzi was born on 12 January 1876 in Cihangir (Istanbul, Ottoman Empire) His family is of Turkish origin.[4] Their ancestors came to Istanbul from Balıkesir , Çakmak.[5][6] to mother Hesna Hanım, daughter of Varnalı Hacı Bekir Efendi, who was the youngest son of Ömer Ağa, and father Ali Sırrı Efendi, who was the son of Çakmakoğlu Hüseyin Derviş Kaptan. Ali Sırrı Efendi had served for Tophane (Arsenal) as secretary. In 1879 Ali Sırrı Bey was appointed to Black Sea Artillery Regiment (Karadeniz Topçu Alayı) at Rumeli Kavağı, and the family moved there. Thus, Fevzi's name in the Army became "Kavaklı Fevzi Pasha".[7]
He studied at Sadık Hoca Mektebi in Rumeli Kavağı between 1882 and 1884. He continued to study at Tedrisiye-i Haybiye Mektebi in
On 28 January 1898, he entered the Imperial War Academy and on 16 March 1897, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.[10] On 25 December 1898, he graduated from Academy as a staff captain and was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff.[11]
Western Rumelia
On 11 April 1899, he became the staff officer of 18th Regular Division under the command of
According to some researchers, he was in contact with
On 19 August 1909, he was demoted to major, because of the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks.[11]
On 29 December 1908 he was appointed as governor and commander of Taşlıca (present day Pljevlja), and at the same time, the commander of the 35th Brigade .[11] On 15 January 1910, he was temporarily assigned to the headquarters of the Kosovo Provisional Corps, on 29 September,[11] he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and on 27 July,[10] became the chief of staff of the same corps.[11]
On 15 January 1911, he was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff. On 2 October 1911, when he was staying in İşkodra (present day:
Balkan Wars
On 29 September 1912, he was appointed to the chief of the 1st department (chief of operations) of the
On 16 November, during the
Fevzi wrote:
On the morning of June 6, 1329, Karadeniz, in late afternoon Gülcemal, left pier at Seman. I also got on board Gülcemal. We've bid farewell to five centuries of Turkish rule of Western Rumelia. When the sun went down, the coast of Albania was gradually ceasing to be visible in front of our eyes. The cession of the part of our homeland, where our ancestors irrigated with their blood for centuries and many old and new martyrs were buried, brought unacceptable heartbreak and nostalgia to our hearts. Today, Western Rumelia that is the victim of ignorance and politics, was fluttering in pathetic sorrows.[21]
On 2 August 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the Ankara Reserve Division, on 6 November, to the commander of the 2nd Infantry Division[15] and on 24 November, he was promoted to the rank of colonel.[10]
World War I
On 22 December 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the
On 6 December 1915, he served concurrently as the commander of the Anafartalar Group. In April 1916, he was appointed to the 3rd military district of Eastern Front and on 7 September 1916, to the commander of II Caucasian Corps, which consisted of the 5th, 11th and 37th Caucasian divisions. On 5 July 1917, he was appointed to the commander of the Second Army at Diyarbekir.[15]
On 9 October 1917, he was assigned to the command of the
On 15 February 1918, he wrote to Erich von Falkenhayn, serious problems with the inefficient lines of communication and the supply and recruiting zone proportionate with the strength and situation of the army. Moreover, he mentioned that here were combat skills proficiency problems caused by the inability of his under-strength army to withdraw front-line units for training in the rear area.[25]
On 28 July 1918, he was promoted to the rank of Ferik.[10] But in August 1918 he fell ill and went to Istanbul to get medical treatment.[15]
After World War I, on 24 December 1918, Fevzi Pasha was appointed to the Chief of the General Staff of the Ottoman Empire. In April 1919, he met with
War of Independence
After the resignation of Salih Pasha Cabinet, he went to Anatolia to participate in the national movement arriving at Ankara on 27 April 1920. On 3 May, he was elected the Minister of Defense (Milli Müdafaa Vekili) and Vice Prime Minister (Heyet-i Vekile Riyaseti Vekili) as a parliamentary deputy from Kozan.[28]
The Ottoman Military Court declared a death sentence for him, in absentia. This sentence was published in
He became one of the founders of the "Official"
On 9 November, in addition to his existing tasks, he was temporarily appointed Vice Minister of the Chief of the General Staff, because the Chief of the General Staff İsmet Bey was continuously at the front as the commander of Western Front. On 24 January 1921,
Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010) |
Fevzi Çakmak took control of the Army after the Turkish loss in
Battle of Sakarya
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010) |
Before the
The Army of Grand National Assembly defeated the Greek forces at the
On 12 July 1922, he resigned as the Prime Minister.[28]
Great Offensive
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010) |
Fevzi Çakmak and Mustafa Kemal planned and commandeered the Battle of Dumlupınar[citation needed]. On 31 August 1922, he was promoted to rank of Müşir (Mareşal) with the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal.[10]
They were and still are the only field marshals that the
Republican era
Musul offensive plan
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010) |
On 14 August 1923, he was elected a deputy from Istanbul.[28]
On 3 March 1924, he was appointed as the Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey.[28]
He quit politics by resigning from the parliament on 31 October 1924.[28]
Member of the Reform Council in the East
In September 1925, after the suppression of the Sheikh Said rebellion, he was a member of the Reform Council of the East (Turkish: Turkish: Şark İslahat Encümeni) which delivered the Report for Reform in the East (Turkish: Şark İslahat Raporu), which recommended the suppression of the Kurdish elite and establishment of Inspectorates-General that where governed by Martial Law[33] Following this report, three of such Inspectorates–General were established in the Kurdish areas.[34]
Views on Kurds
In 1930, he complained that the Kurds would still demand their right for self-determination like it was described in the Fourteen Points provided by US president Woodrow Wilson following the end of World War I, and demanded the exclusion of any member of Kurdish race from the administration in Erzincan.[35]
Candidate to be Atatürk's successor
His name was mentioned as a possible successor of Atatürk and as a Turkish war hero he was very respected amongst the Turkish political and civil society. But he denied his interest of becoming president mentioning Ismet Inönü as the official candidate.[36][37]
He retired on 12 January 1944.[28]
Death
He died on the morning of 10 April 1950 in his house in Teşvikiye.[38] His funeral service was held at the Beyazıt and he was laid to rest in Eyüp Cemetery, Istanbul, on 12 April 1950.[39] His family rejected an effort to exhume his body and effect a transfer to Turkish State Cemetery in Ankara.
He knew French, English, German, Russian,
Medals and decorations
- Imtiyaz Medalin Silver (23 January 1900)
- Order of Medjidie, 5th class (22 August 1900)
- Order of Osmanieh, 4th class (17 July 1906)
- Harp Madalyası(2 October 1915)
- Silver (18 November 1915)
- Iron Cross, 2nd class (Germany, 26 December 1915)
- Gold Liakat Medal (17 January 1916)
- War Medal (Germany, 21 October 1916)
- İmtiyaz Medalin Gold (11 November 1916)
- Military Merit Cross, 2nd class (Austria-Hungary, 3 April 1917)
- Order of the Osmanîwith Swords, 2nd class (23 September 1917)
- Order of the Osmanîwith Swords, 1st class (7 January 1918)
- Order of the Crown (Württemberg, 19 June 1918)
- Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (21 November 1923) & Citation
Works
- Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar, Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927.
- Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, Büyük Harpte Şark Cephesi Hareketleri, Gen.Kur. Basımevi, Ankara, 1936.
Family tree
Kamile (?–1915) | Limnili Hacı Derviş Hüseyin Kaptan (1782?–1897/98) | Üzile | Hoca Bekir Efendi (1815–1898) | Fitnat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan Vasfi (1858–1927) | Hacı Rasim (1870–1945) | Tevfik | Ali Sırrı (1855/6-1914) | Hesna | Ayşe Şahver | Ali Nuri (1866–1901) | Emine Eda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mehmed Nazif (1882 – 8 August 1915 †[22]) | Muhtar (1884 – 16 November 1912 †[17]) | Sami (1892–1909) | Nebahat (1894–1986) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MUSTAFA FEVZİ ÇAKMAK ("Mareşal") | Fatma Fitnat (1891–1969) | Münir | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M. Şefik Çakmak (1892–1966) | Nigar Çakmak (1909–1982) | A. Muazzez (1911–1939) | Burhan Toprak (1906–1967) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Noriko Nagafuji Çakmak Ja チャクマク・長藤紀子 (1949–) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Erika Leila (1972–) | Lisa Ayla (1978–) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
References
- ISBN 978-975-409-098-7, p. 2, TBMM Arşivi; VIII. Dönem İstanbul millet vekili Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın hâl tercümesi, sicil no. 293, defter no. 486, zarf no. 32. (in Turkish)
- ^ Nilüfer Hatemi, Günlükleri, II. Cilt, p. 907.
- ^ Fevzi Çakmak Archived 27 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Chief of the General Staff (in Turkish)
- ^ Millı̂ Kültür, p;7, Kültür Bakanlığı (1990)
- ^ "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın Büyük Dedesi'nin Mezarı ve Evi".
- ^ Millı̂ Kültür, p;7, Kültür Bakanlığı (1990)
- ^ a b Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 3.
- ^ Nilüfer Hatemi, Günlükleri, II. Cilt, p. 910.
- ^ Nusret Baycan, "Büyük Taarruz'da Komuta Kademelerinde Görev Alanlarla Üst Düzeydeki Karargâh Subayları", Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 26, Cilt: IX, Mart 1993, [1] (in Turkish)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 52. (in Turkish)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Genelkurmay, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, p. 53.
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 9.
- ^ Ayfer Özçelik, "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak", Millî Kültür, Sayı: 83, Nisan 1991, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1991, p. 56. (in Turkish)
- ^ Nilüfer Hatemi, "Marshal Fevzi Cakmak’s Family and Education: A Formation Process" in Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman Middle East and the Balkans: A Volume of the Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz, Baki Tezcan (ed.), International Journal of Turkish Studies, 13:1&2, (Fall 2007): p. 203.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Genelkurmay, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, p. 54.
- ^ ISBN 0-275-97888-5, p. 183.
- ^ a b Nilüfer Hatemi, Günlükleri, I. Cilt., p. 191.
- ^ Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913, p. 194.
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 14.
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 15.
- ^ Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar, Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927, p. 475, modern Turkish text: ... 6 Haziran 1329 sabahı Karadeniz, akşama doğru da Gülcemal, seman iskelesinden hareket ettiler. Ben de Gülcemal'de indim. Garbî Rumeli'nde beş asırlık Türk hâkimiyetine veda ettik. Güneş batarken Arnavutluk sahilleri tedricen gözümüzün önünden siliniyordu. Atalarımızın asırlarca müdded kanlarıyla suladığı ve eski yeni birçok şühedamızın gömüldüğü vatan parçasının terki kalplerimizde nâ kabul izale acılar, hasretler tevlîd ediyordu. Cehalet ve politika kurbanı olan Garbî Rumeli elyevm elîm hicrânlar içinde çırpınmakadır.
- ^ a b Kemal Arı, "Mülâzım-ı Evvel Mehmed Nazif Efendi'nin Conkbayırı'nda Şehit Düşüşü ve Buna İlişkin Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)'in Bir Mektubu" Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Belleten, LVIII/222 (Ağustos, 1994), pp. 451–459. (in Turkish)
- ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6, p. 115.
- ^ Erickson, Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study, p. 120.
- ^ Erickson, Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study, p. 143.
- ISBN 975-16-1372-8, p. 105. (in Turkish)
- ^ "Fotoğraflarla Büyük Taarruz". Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Afyon Kocatepe University (in Turkish) - ^ a b c d e f g h Genelkurmay, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, p. 55.
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 45.
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, p. 44.
- ^ Sadri Karakoyunlu, "Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nin Yankıları (Melhâme-i Kübrâ Büyük Kan Seli veya büyük Savaş Alanı)", Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 31, Cilt: XI, Mart 1995, [2] (in Turkish)
- ^ Zekeriya Türkmen, "Özdemir Bey’in Musul Harekatı ve İngilizlerin Karşı Tedbirleri (1921–1923)", Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 49, Cilt: XVII, Mart 2001, [3] (in Turkish)
- ISBN 978-0-19-539374-3.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2011-8.
- ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (19 January 2016). "Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html. Retrieved 31 January 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-0-19-879121-8.
- ISBN 975-08-0882-7, p. 717.(in Turkish)
- ^ "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmağı dün sabah kaybettik", Cumhuriyet, 26 ncı yıl Sayı: 9221, Tuesday 11 April 1950. (in Turkish)
- ^ "Mareşal Çakmağı Dün Toprağa Verdik", Cumhuriyet, 26 ncı yıl Sayı: 9223, Thursday 13 April 1950. (in Turkish)
- ^ Hayrullah Gök, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950, appendix: 25, İstanbul Milletvekili Seçilen Fevzi Paşa için tanzim edilen tutanak.
- ^ "Cakmak, Irby, Keaney, Miner, Obeyesekere, Peebles transfer to emeritus status", Princeton Weekly Bulletin, 22 May 2000, Princeton University.
- ^ Ahmet Çakmak named 2000 SEAS Distinguished Professor of the department of operations research and financial engineering
- ^ Ahmet Çakmak, Professor Emeritus, the department of operations research and financial engineering
Further reading
Books
- Süleyman Külçe, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: Askerî Hususî Hayatı, Yeni Asır Matbaası, İzmir, 1946. (in Turkish)
- Sinan Omur, Büyük Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın Askerî Dehâsı, Siyasî Hayatı, Sinan Matbaası, İstanbul, 1962. (in Turkish)
- Ziya Tütüncü, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: büyük milletin, büyük askeri, Milliyetçi Yayınlar, İstanbul, 1968. (in Turkish)
- Ali Gümüş, Kahraman Asker Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, Tercüman Aile ve Kültür Kitaplığı, İstanbul, 1986. (in Turkish)
- Veli Yılmaz, Fevzi Çakmak, Kastaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006. (in Turkish)
- Rahmi Akbaş, Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: 1876–1950, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2008. (in Turkish)
Articles
- Adnan Çakmak, "Fevzi Çakmak'ın Hatıraları", Hürriyet Gazetesi, 10 April – 20 May 1975 (41 volumes). (in Turkish)
External links
- General Staff official site (in Turkish)
- "Fevzi Çakmak." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- "Fevzi Çakmak Diaries, 1911–1950." Manuscripts Division. 2002. Princeton University Library.
- Mesut Çevikalp, "Mareşal'in gözyaşları", Aksiyon, Sayı: 800, 5 April 2010. (in Turkish)
- "Bir telefon bile etmedi. Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak’ın Amerika’daki öz torunu Ahmet Çakmak VATAN’a konuştu", Vatan, 16 April 2010. (in Turkish)
- Newspaper clippings about Fevzi Çakmak in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW