First World War centenary
Date | 28 July 2014 – 11 November 2018 |
---|---|
Also known as | World War I centenary |
The First World War centenary was the four-year period marking the
Participating countries
Australia
In Australia, the occasion is known as the Anzac Centenary. Committees planning the event included the National Commission on the Commemoration of the Anzac Centenary and the Anzac Centenary Advisory Board. The government had budgeted $83.5M for a seven-year programme which included commemorative events in Australia and overseas; educational activities and resources; and refurbishments of galleries and war graves.
Belgium
The centenary of World War I was marked by a program of exhibition, lectures and academic research focusing on the theme of Belgian involvement in the conflict and the occupation. The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels hosted an exhibition titled "Expo 14–18: It's Our History" from 2014 to 2015.[7]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The city of Sarajevo, where the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand took place, organized a commemoration in the period 21–28 June 2014. The event was named "Sarajevo, heart of Europe".[8]
Filmmaker
Canada
The centenary of the First World War was commemorated on 3 August, the date of the German declaration of war on France. A wreath-laying ceremony was held at the National War Memorial, before continuing at the Canadian War Museum. During the ceremony, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the permanent extension of the Ceremonial Guard's sentry hours, from Vimy Ridge Day to Remembrance Day.[10]
Other tributes were also held in
Czech Republic
The Czech Radio ran several accounts on the social networks where they are remembering all the events from the World War I day-by-day. That was accompanied by a special website with an archive of radio programmes with stories from World War I.
The Czech Republic was part of Austria-Hungary.
Denmark
The cultural network "Golden Days" planned a commemoration in September 2014, "1914, the Gateway to Modern Europe".
Denmark remained neutral during
France
In France, the government carried out a policy of national remembrance.[13] An early start was made in 2011 with the opening of Le Musée de la Grande Guerre in Meaux on Armistice Day.[14][15] France set up an official board for the commemoration of the centenary under the name of Mission du Centenaire.[16]
A war memorial, entitled L'Anneau de la mémoire ("Ring of Memory"), was opened on 11 November 2014 in Ablain-Saint-Nazaire. It is the first major memorial to list casualties in alphabetical order without regards to nationality or rank.[17][18]
As part of the commemorations, the idea of a Paris Peace Forum was conceived by Justin Vaïsse and Pascal Lamy, and endorsed by President Emmanuel Macron. It is held annually in November since 2018, following the centenary of the 1918 Armistice.[19]
Ireland
The centenary of the First World War was marked in Ireland. A cross of sacrifice was erected in Glasnevin in Dublin, which also included a joint Irish-British commemoration ceremony.[20] A season of First World War programmes was also broadcast on RTÉ.[21]
Kenya
The Centenary commemorations were marked primarily in
- The German outpost on Salaita Hill where a big battle was fought on 12 February 1916, followed by a German retreat towards the Kenya-Tanzania border.[22]
- Latema and Rianta Hills where a major battle was fought between 12 and 16 March 1916, the final World War I battle in British colonial territory.[23]
- Mile 27 on the Voi-Maktau Railway[24]
- Fortifications at Maktau[25]
- Mashoti Fort[26]
- Mbuyuni[27]
Commemorations also took place at the Voi, Maktau and Taveta Commonwealth War Graves. The commemorations were held in conjunction with the National Museums of Kenya, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the Kenya Wildlife Service.[28]
New Zealand
New Zealand government agencies and other organisations worked together on commemorations to mark the centenary, which was entitled as WW100.[29] The commemorations were led by the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage, Maggie Barry. A WW100 Programme Office was established by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the New Zealand Defence Force and the Department of Internal Affairs.
New Zealand's centenary commemorations honoured those who fought, but also told the stories of the people who remained at home.[30] $17 million in lottery funding has been allocated by the Lottery Grants Board to commemorate the First World War Centenary.[31]
The New Zealand Government's key centenary projects included the development of the Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington, an education/interpretation centre at the National War Memorial, a series of new histories, and the Ngā Tapuwae New Zealand First World War Trails[32] in Gallipoli and along the Western Front.
A First World War Centenary Panel was established, chaired by Brian Roche of
were all involved.Several media commentators have criticized different aspects of the official Centenary commemorations. Professor Bryce Edwards noted on 24 April 2015: "As the nation moves into commemorating the Anzac Day centenary, there are growing signs of WWI overload and fatigue."[36]
Turkey
Official Anzac Day commemorations were held in Gallipoli, Turkey, over two days beginning on 25 April 2015 to mark the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing. The commemoration was attended by the following leaders:
- Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretary-General
- David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- Tony Abbott, Prime Minister of Australia
- John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Turkey
A service was held during the dawn of 25 April to remember fallen soldiers.[37][38]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Imperial War Museum (IWM) led a national programme of commemorative events and planned new galleries for the occasion (www.1914.org).[39] In May 2010 the museum launched its First World War Centenary Partnership Programme.[40] Partner organisations receive access to IWM collections objects and expertise, and to digital resources, branding and a collaborative extranet.[41] By November 2011, 330 national and international organisations had become partners.[40] The museum also opened a new permanent First World War gallery at its London branch on 19 July 2014,[42] as part of a £35 million redevelopment of the building.[40]
In November 2011, it was announced that Prime Minister
The
The
On 14 January 2014, the
The installation Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at the Tower of London, by Paul Cummins and Tom Piper, was especially popular — over five million people visited it before it closed in November 2014, with calls for it to be extended. Most of the ceramic poppies were sold to the public and special features from it have been preserved to go on tour and then be displayed in the Imperial War Museum. Artistic reception was mixed but the Queen praised the exhibit in her Christmas message and the artists were honoured in the new year.[48][49][50] A similar tribute, Beyond the Deepening Shadow, in which 10,000 flames were lit, again at the Tower of London, and designed by Piper, was installed to mark the centenary of the end of the war. It ran nightly, ending on Armistice Day (11 November) 2018.[51]
The
United States
The United States World War One Centennial Commission was established in 2013. The Commission planned, developed, and executed programs, projects, and activities to commemorate the centennial of World War One. A large part of its mandate was to encourage private organizations and State and local governments to organize and participate in activities that commemorate the centennial of World War I and to facilitate and coordinate activities throughout the U.S. The Commission also served as a "clearinghouse" for information about events and plans for commemoration.[53]
International organizations
European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) organised a concert in Sarajevo with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. It took place in a library that had recently been renovated following the destruction wrought by the Yugoslav conflict, and which is adjacent to the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which triggered the war.[54]
In 2018, the EBU oversaw a 'Concert for Peace' produced by two of its members, France Télévisions and Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), held at the Royal Opera of Versailles and again performed by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, for the purpose of commemorating the centenary of the end of the war.[55]
European Union
The European Union marked the occasion with a gathering of leaders of the 28 EU member states in Ypres, during which they stood together at the Menin Gate while the Last Post was played. A minute of silence was also held for the fallen.[56]
Europeana
Europeana had three digital projects to commemorate the First World War across Europe. A range of materials was freely available on the web.
- Europeana Collections 1914–1918, which made available 425,000 items from European libraries.
- Europeana 1914–1918, which digitized and made available stories and objects brought to collection days across Europe.
- EFG1418, the European Film Gateway collection of films and related documents from the war.
Red Cross
The
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Further reading
- D. Monger, S. Murray, Reflections on the Commemoration of the First World War – Perspectives from the Former British Empire, Routledge, 2020. ISBN 0-367-89873-X.
External links
- Centenary News
- Commemorative website from the French Ministry of Culture discussing archaeology of the first world war
- United States World War One Centennial Commission
- First World War Centenary Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine at the Imperial War Museum
- Anzac Centenary
- First World War Centenary Commemorations Events in Kenya Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine in Taita Taveta Battlefields
- Europeana Collections 1914–1918
- Andrei Zamoiski: Centenary (Belarus), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Gueorgui Peev: Centenary (Bulgaria), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Roberto Mazza: Centenary (Israel/Palestine), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Petra Svoljsak: Centenary (Slovenia), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- Nationalism and the First World War Centenary H-Nationalism