Fritz Duquesne
Fritz Joubert Duquesne | |
---|---|
Birth name | Frederick Joubert Duquesne |
Nickname(s) | The man who killed Kitchener;[1] The Black Panther;[2]The Duke[3] Aliases (c. 30 known):[4] Captain Claude Stoughton;[5] Frederick Fredericks;[6] Boris Zakrevsky (assumed the identity of the real-life Russian Duke);[7] Major Frederick Craven;[8] George Fordham;[9] Piet Niacud;[9] Colonel Beza |
Born | 21 September 1877 East London, Cape Colony |
Died | 24 May 1956 New York City, U.S. | (aged 78)
Allegiance | South African Republic German Empire Nazi Germany |
Service/ | primarily Espionage |
Years of service | 1899–1901 (Boer) 1901 (British) c. 1913-1942 (German) |
Rank | Captain (Boer Army; South Africa)[10] Lieutenant (Britain; infiltrator) [11] Colonel (Germany)[12] |
Commands held | Duquesne Spy Ring[13] |
Battles/wars | Second Boer War: — Siege of Ladysmith — Battle of Colenso — Battle of Bergendal — Plot to sabotage Cape Town[2] World War I — Espionage in United States[14][15] — Sinking of 22 British merchant ships in South America,[16] including: the Tennyson,[14] the Salvador,[14] and the Pembrokeshire[14] — Sinking of HMS Hampshire (disputed)[17][18] — Assassination of Lord Kitchener (disputed)[17][18] World War II — Espionage in United States[13] |
Awards | Iron Cross, 1916 (disputed)[17][18] |
Other work | commando; war correspondent; journalist; con man |
Frederick "Fritz" Joubert Duquesne (
Duquesne fought on the side of the Boers in the
During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was captured and imprisoned three times by the British and once by the Portuguese, and each time he escaped. On one occasion he infiltrated the British Army, became a British officer and led an attempt to sabotage Cape Town and to assassinate the commander of the British forces, Lord Kitchener. His team was given up by an informant and all were captured and sentenced to death. He later became known as "the man who killed Kitchener" since he claimed to have guided a German U-boat to sink HMS Hampshire on which Lord Kitchener was en route to Russia in 1916, although forensics of the ship do not support this claim.
After a failed attempt to escape prison in Cape Town, Duquesne was sent to prison in Bermuda, but he escaped to the US and became an American citizen. In World War I, he became a spy and ring leader for Imperial Germany, sabotaging and destroying British merchant ships in South America with concealed bombs. After he was caught by federal agents in New York in 1917, Duquesne feigned paralysis for two years and cut the bars of his cell to make his escape, thereby avoiding deportation to the UK where he faced execution for the deaths of British sailors.
In 1932, Duquesne was again captured in New York by federal agents and charged with both homicide and for being an escaped prisoner, only this time he was set free after British authorities declined to pursue the wartime crimes. The last time Duquesne was captured and imprisoned was in 1941, when he and thirty-two other members of the Duquesne Spy Ring working for Nazi Germany were caught by William G. Sebold, a double agent with the FBI who half-pretended to be spying for the Germans. Duquesne was later convicted in the largest espionage conviction in American history.
Between wars, Duquesne served as an adviser on big-game hunting to
Early life
Frederick Joubert Duquesne was born to a
As a youth, Duquesne became a hunter like his father.
At age 12, Duquesne killed a
When he was aged 13, Duquesne was sent to school in England.
Second Anglo-Boer War
He was one of the craftiest men I ever met. He had something of a genius of the Apache for avoiding a combat except in his terms; yet he would be the last man I should choose to meet in a dark room for a finish fight armed only with knives. Next to
Theron, I believe Duquesne the greatest scout the Boers produced.
—Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO, Chief of Scouts, British Army[26]
After the British invaded South Africa in 1899, Duquesne returned home to join the Boer
During the British invasion of Pretoria, some of the gold from the
Duquesne joined the Boer forces again for the Battle of Bergendal, but his unit had to fall back to Portuguese East Africa. Many were captured by the Portuguese and sent to an internment camp in Caldas da Rainha near Lisbon.[16] For Duquesne, this would become the watershed event, as Ronnie states, "life would never be the same for him ... In a few months, he would be launched on a forty-year career as a professional spy and counterfeit hero – a man who would constantly reinvent himself to suit the needs of the moment."[34]
At Caldas da Rainha, Duquesne charmed the daughter of one of the guards; she helped him escape to Paris, and to Aldershot in Britain. He infiltrated the British Army, then was posted to South Africa in 1901 as an officer. During this period, he marched through his hometown of Nylstroom, discovering that his parents' farm had been destroyed under Lord Kitchener's scorched earth policy.[16] Duquesne also discovered that his sister had been raped and murdered by British troops, and his mother was interned in the Nylstroom concentration camp operated as part of Kitchener's policy.[16] Ronnie writes: "the fate of his country and of his family would breed in him an all-consuming hatred of England" and "would turn him into what (a biographer of Duquesne) Clement Wood called: a walking living breathing searing killing destroying torch of hate".[34]
As a British officer, Duquesne returned to Cape Town with secret plans to
Duquesne was imprisoned in Cape Town in the Castle of Good Hope, a fortification built by the Dutch in 1666. The walls of the castle were extremely thick, yet night after night, Duquesne dug away the cement around the stones with an iron spoon. He nearly escaped one night, but a large stone slipped and pinned him in his tunnel. The next morning, a guard found him unconscious but uninjured.[36]
Duquesne was one of many Boer prisoners sent to the
In the United States
After entering the country in
During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was under orders to assassinate
The bill fell just short of passing, and the New Foods organization was disbanded.To my friendly enemy, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the greatest scout of the world, whose eyes were that of an Empire. I once craved the honor of killing him, but failing that, I extend my heartiest admiration. |
--Letter signed: Fritz Joubert Duquesne, 1933, One warrior to another.[51] |
During this time, Duquesne became former President Roosevelt's personal shooting instructor and accompanied him on a hunting expedition. He published several newspaper articles on Roosevelt's hunting trip to Africa,
First World War
After meeting a
After bombing Tennyson, MI5 (British intelligence) operating in Brazil arrested an accomplice named Bauer who identified Duquesne as both the perpetrator of the crime and the ringleader.[55] Bauer further revealed that Duquesne was operating under his own name and two aliases, George Fordam and Piet Niacud.[55] Niacud is the pronunciation of Duquesne reversed. British intelligence confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the war".[56] His cover now blown, Duquesne moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and several weeks later placed an article in a newspaper reporting his own death in Bolivia at the hands of Amazonian natives.[57][58]
Duquesne evaded British intelligence in South America and returned to New York around May 1916.[59] Using the aliases George Fordam and Frederick Fredericks, he had taken out insurance policies for the cargo he shipped and he now filed claims for the "films" and "mineral samples" lost with the ships he sank off the coast of Brazil, including Tennyson.[60] The insurance companies were reluctant to pay and began their own investigations, which would go on for another year.
In his book The Man Who Killed Kitchener, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne left for Europe in June 1916 under orders from German intelligence.[17] Duquesne posed as the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky and joined Lord Kitchener on HMS Hampshire in Scotland.[61] Once on board, Duquesne signaled the German U-boat that sank the cruiser, thus killing Lord Kitchener.[61] Duquesne made his own escape using a life raft before the ship was torpedoed and he was rescued by the U-boat.[61] Duquesne was awarded the Iron Cross for this act, and he appears in several pictures in German uniform wearing an Iron Cross in addition to other medals.[61] Captain Louis Botha, son of the former prime minister of South Africa General Louis Botha, further writes that "Duquesne was a great friend of the Botha family" and that Duquesne "rose from the status of a Private in the German Army to the rank of Colonel and received the Iron Cross during the great war."[62] The authenticity of several of these claims has been challenged by modern biographers, and the German records that would confirm or deny at least parts of these accounts are now missing and presumed destroyed during the war.[4] According to the official story, Hampshire was lost in a force 9 gale after striking a mine laid by the U-75, a German U-boat.
The next confirmed appearance of Duquesne is in
As a covert spy, it was necessary for Duquesne to manipulate people, assuming new identities and cover stories. It is known that he was handsome, charismatic, intelligent, fluent in several languages and as
With the advent of
Duquesne was arrested in New York on 17 November 1917 on charges of
1919 to 1939
After his arrest in New York, and while awaiting extradition to Britain on murder charges, Duquesne pretended to be paralyzed.[73] He was sent to the prison ward at Bellevue Hospital.[73] On 25 May 1919, after nearly two years of feigning paralysis and just days before his extradition, he disguised himself as a woman and escaped by cutting the bars of his cell and climbing over the barrier walls to freedom.[74] Police Commissioner Richard E. Enright sent out the following bulletin:
This man is partly paralysed in the right leg and always carries a cane. May apply for treatment at a hospital or private physician. He also has a skin disease which is a form of eczema. If located, arrest, hold and wire, Detective Division, Police Headquarters, New York City, and an officer will be sent for him with necessary papers.
The London Daily Mail published the following on 27 May 1919:
Col. Fritz du Quesne, a fugitive from justice, is wanted by His Majesty's government for trial on the following charges: Murder on the high seas; the sinking and burning of British ships; the burning of military stores, warehouses, coaling stations, conspiracy, and the falsification of Admiralty documents.
Duquesne fled to Mexico and Europe, but in 1926 he moved back to New York and assumed a new identity as Frank de Trafford Craven.
On 23 May 1932, police arrested Duquesne in the Quigley Building in New York.[76] He was brutally interrogated by police and charged with murder on the high seas.[77] Duquesne claimed it was a case of mistaken identity and that his name really was Major Craven. Wood had recently published The Man Who Killed Kitchener, so the police asked Wood to identify the man in custody. Wood insisted that the man was not Duquesne but rather Major Craven, whom he had known for five years.[76] Police did not believe Wood and Agent Thomas J. Tunney was brought in to positively identify Craven as Duquesne, the same man he had arrested in 1917.[76] Duquesne was charged with homicide and as an escaped prisoner.[76] He was defended by Arthur Garfield Hays.[78] After Britain declined to pursue his war crimes, noting that the statute of limitations had expired, the judge threw out the only remaining charge of escape from prison and released Duquesne.[4]
After his release, Duquesne remained associated with the Quigley family, and he talked for hours about the methods he used to blow up ships.
In the spring of 1934, Duquesne became an intelligence officer for the
Second World War – Duquesne Spy Ring
Once the FBI discovered through Sebold that Duquesne was again in New York operating as a German spy,
The FBI leased three adjacent rooms in
Arrest and conviction
On 28 June 1941, following a two-year investigation, the FBI arrested Duquesne and thirty-two German spies on charges of relaying secret information on US weaponry and shipping movements to Germany.
The 64-year-old Duquesne did not escape this time. He was sentenced to eighteen years in prison, with a two-year concurrent sentence and $2,000 fine for violation of the
Death
Duquesne died at City Hospital on Welfare Island (now Roosevelt Island), in New York City on 24 May 1956, at the age of 78.[72]
Film accounts
- Life of Fritz Duquesne, 1920, by Flint Saturday night publishing company.[95]
- Unseen Enemy, released in 1942, is a feature film based on Duquesne and his life as a German secret agent living in the U.S. in the 1930s. Arthur D. Howden, an acquaintance and fencing opponent of Duquesne, wrote the original script in 1939, two years before Duquesne's arrest and conviction by the FBI.[96]
- Academy Award for the best original motion picture story in 1945. Based on the FBI Duquesne Spy Ring case with major changes story and characters. Duquesne was the inspiration for the part of Col. Hammershon, played by Leo G. Carroll.[97]
- Duquesne Case: Secret. (public domain) J Edgar Hoover narrates this 1941 documentary in which the members of the Duquesne Spy Ring are secretly filmed talking with Harry Sawyer (FBI Agent William Sebold) while exchanging money and blueprints. Duquesne looks around the room before removing military diagrams hidden in his sock. Hoover narrates: "Colonel Duquesne", "the most cautious of them all."[98]
- The Duquesne Case, Deutsche Welle Newsreel, c. 1950. (German; also translated into English, albeit poorly, and posted to YouTube).[citation needed]
- The Man Who Would Kill Kitchener, by François Verster, a 26-minute documentary film on the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne that won six Stone awards in 1999 and is actively being extended to 52 minutes for international audiences.[99]
- In the television episode Myth Hunters: Legend of Kruger's Millions (Season 2, Episode 9, 2014), Duquesne is played by the actor Charlie Richards.[100][101]
- In June 2014, RatPac Entertainment and Class 5 Films acquired the non-fiction article American Hippopotamus, by Jon Mooallem, about the meat shortage in the U.S. in 1910 and the attempts made by Duquesne, Burnham, and Congressman Robert Broussard to import hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous and to convince Americans to eat them. The movie will highlight the Burnham – Duquesne rivalry. Edward Norton, William Migliore and Brett Ratner will produce this feature film.[102]
- In the 2021 film The King's Man, the character of Maximillian Morton (Matthew Goode) also known as the Shepherd is based on Frederick Duquesne himself.
Works
Duquesne authored the following works:
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (1909). "Trapping Big Game in the Heart of Africa; The Cost of a Trapping Expedition Where Buyers Meet the Caravan Morphone Makes Trapping Less Cruel Conquering the King of Beasts Fight with a Mother Rhinoceros". Hampton's Magazine. 23 (2): 249.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (1909). "Hunting With Roosevelt in East Africa; The Colonel Becomes "Bwana Tumbo" Colonel Roosevelt's First Lion a Hair-Raising Leopard Hunt". Hampton's Magazine. 23 (5): 580.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (1909). "Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt in East Africa; Illustrations from Photographs Close Call for a Brave Hunter Treed by a Rhino Birthday Party Narrow Escape from Crocodiles". Hampton's Magazine. 22 (2): 143–153.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (1909). "Writer's and their Work; Illustrations from Photographs". Hampton's Magazine. 22 (2): 285.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (1909). "Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt in East Africa; Second Article Illustrations from Photographs The Mysterious Death of Van Reenan the Giraffe—Awkward and Harmless". Hampton's Magazine. 22 (3): 318.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (15 June 1909). "Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt; Elephant Ivory and How It Is Obtained". Los Angeles Times: 13.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (20 June 1909). "Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt; The Ugly Rhinoceros and Smaller Game". Los Angeles Times: III 14.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (8 July 1909). "The capture of leopards and smaller game". The Bee. p. 8.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (10 July 1909). "Getting a Gorilla". Forest and Stream: 45.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (August 1909). "Hunting African Big Game; the rifle and cartridges chosen by Roosevelt for use on the dark continent". Field and Stream: 323–328.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (8 August 1909). "Hunting Big Game in East Africa; Fire Hunting With the Congo Cannibals Preparing for the Hunt Jungle Animals Flee in Panic Slaughter of the Herd Hunters Also Meet Death Revelry Follows the Hunt Leopard Carries off Goat". San Francisco Chronicle: 4.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (March 1910). "Will Roosevelt Return Alive?". The Travel Magazine. XV (6): 271–274. OCLC 1779338.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (31 August 1910). "Immigrants That Would Be Welcomed". San Francisco Chronicle: 6.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (17 December 1910). "The Lure of Peril: Major Burnham, American Fights for British in South Africa". The Marion Daily Mirror. p. 7.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (24 December 1910). "The Lure of Peril: Major Burnham, American Fights for British in South Africa (part two)". The Evening Standard. p. 9.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (14 January 1911). "The Lure of Peril: A West Point Hero with the Boers". The Evening Standard. p. 9.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (14 January 1911). "The Lure of Peril: Raided by Congo Cannibals or Stopping a Cannibal Raid". The Marion Daily Mirror. p. 2.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (21 January 1911). "The Lure of Peril: The Making of the Social Lion". The Marion Daily Mirror: 2.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (28 January 1911). "The Lure of Peril: Repulsing the Nicaraguan Army Single Handed". The Marion Daily Mirror. p. 2.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (28 January 1911). "The Lure of Peril: Creelman's Courage on the Firing Line". The Evening Standard. p. 9.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (4 February 1911). "The Lure of Peril: Dix Morgan the Fighting Engineer". The Evening Standard. p. 9.
- Duquesne, Captain Fritz (March 1911). "Tracking the Man-Killer". Everybody's Magazine. xxiv (3): 291–303.
- "Why Vote for Roosevelt?", a pamphlet by: "A Democrat Capt. Fritz Duquesne", 1912. LC call number: JK2388 1912 .D8
- "The Bullmoosers", sheet music by: "Captain Fritz Duquesne"[103]
- Craven, Frederick (18 March 1920). "Refused Half a Million Since France Needed Fighters". The Boston Globe: E7.
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ Many details of Duquesne's life are captured in his biography by Clement Wood, The Man Who Killed Kitchener (1932).[1] However, Duquesne was known to embellish his genuine successes, and Wood is frequently criticized because he neither tells the reader where Duquesne likely stretched the truth nor does he provide any citations to support his statements.[4][19] Since most of the incidents in Wood's biography can be authenticated from other sources, the only incidents included here are those that have also been authenticated elsewhere. A note has been added wherever conflicting information from authoritative sources has been found.
Source notes
- ^ a b Wood 1932.
- ^ a b Burnham 1944, p. 11.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 154,156,188,205.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Evans 2014.
- ^ Tunney 1919, p. 217.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 138.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 141.
- ^ Quigley 1999, pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Tunney 1919, pp. 236–38.
- ^ a b Ronnie 1995, p. 18.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 20.
- ^ a b c Duffy 2014, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d e FBI 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Current History 1920, p. 405.
- ^ West 1932, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reprobate 2013.
- ^ a b c d Wood 1932, p. 312-323.
- ^ a b c Ronnie 1995, pp. 349–350.
- ^ a b Mooallem 2013.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 5.
- ^ Wood 1932, p. 41.
- ^ a b c d e f Ronnie 1995, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Ronnie 1995, p. 6.
- ^ a b Ronnie 1995, p. 6-8.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 13.
- ^ West 1932, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e Burnham 1944, pp. 19–20.
- ^ news24 2012.
- ^ a b Burnham 1944, pp. 11–23.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 22.
- ^ Munnion 2001.
- ^ MythHunters 2013.
- ^ a b c Ronnie 1995, p. 15.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 37.
- ^ a b Burnham 1944, p. 11-23.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 41.
- ^ Benbow 1994, p. 18.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 54.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, pp. 54, 63.
- ^ Benbow 1994, p. 40.
- ^ Benbow 1994, p. 38.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Lott 1977, pp. 67–70.
- ^ bostondailyglobe 1910, p. SM5.
- ^ washpostmar 1910, p. 6.
- ^ nytapr1 1910, p. SM5.
- ^ nytapr2 1910, p. 10.
- ^ Eplett 2014.
- ^ Miller 2014.
- ^ Burnham 1944, p. 23.
- ^ a b Ronnie 1995, pp. 129–132.
- ^ Adams 2009, p. 90.
- ^ eveningpost 1918, p. 10.
- ^ a b Ronnie 1995, p. 133.
- ^ a b MI5 2014.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 134.
- ^ nyt 1916.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 137.
- ^ Tunney 1919, p. 239-240.
- ^ a b c d Wood 1932, pp. 312–323.
- ^ aberdeenpressandjournal 1932, p. 7.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 143.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Tunney 1919, pp. 240–241.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 144.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 205.
- ^ a b c d Mooallem 2013, Chapter 11. Frauds.
- ^ Tunney 1919.
- ^ a b nyt 1917.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 168.
- ^ a b c d AngloBoerWar 2007.
- ^ a b eveningtelegraphandpost 1919, p. 2.
- ^ nyt 1919.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, pp. 180–181.
- ^ a b c d nyt 1932.
- ^ Quigley 1999, p. 30.
- ^ Ronnie 1995, p. 188.
- ^ Quigley 1999, p. 32.
- ^ a b Quigley 1999, p. 31.
- ^ Quigley 1999, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Entropic 2008.
- ^ Lee 1951, p. 132.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 155,220.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 154.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 156.
- ^ a b c Duffy 2014, p. 199.
- ^ Duffy 2014, pp. 215–216.
- ^ a b Duffy 2014, p. 216.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 2.
- ^ Time 1956.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 224.
- ^ Duffy 2014, p. 271.
- ^ a b Duffy 2014, p. 272.
- ^ Copyright 1920, p. 1681.
- ^ AFI 2014.
- ^ Gevinson 1997, p. 470.
- ^ FBI 1942.
- ^ Steps 2014.
- ^ OC 2014.
- ^ OV 2014.
- ^ Fleming 2014.
- ^ Crew 2001, p. 30,499.
References
Author
- Adams, Jefferson (2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. OCLC 316327237.
- ISBN 0-9697893-0-0.
- OCLC 2785490.
- Crew, Danny O (2001). Presidential Sheet Music: An Illustrated Catalogue of Published Music Associated with the American Presidency and Those who Sought the Office. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. OCLC 45313670.
- Duffy, Peter (2014). Double Agent. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4516-6795-0.
- Eplett, Layla (27 March 2014). "The Hunger Game Meat: How Hippos Nearly Invaded American Cuisine". ISSN 0036-8733.
- Evans, Leslie (1 April 2014). "Fritz Joubert Duquesne: Boer Avenger, German Spy, Munchausen Fantasist". Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- Fleming, Mike. "RatPac, Edward Norton's Class 5 Options 'American Hippopotamus'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- Gevinson, Alan (1997). Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. OCLC 36783858.
- Lee, Henry (1951). "Biggest Spy Ring". Coronet. 31 (2).
- ISSN 0556-9605.
- Miller, Greg (20 December 2013). "The Crazy, Ingenious Plan to Bring Hippopotamus Ranching to America". ISSN 1059-1028.
- Mooallem, John (2013). American Hippopotamus. New York: The Atavist. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- Munnion, Christopher (2001). "Town under siege as missing 'Kruger gold' is found on farm". The Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- OCLC 59450374.
- Ronnie, Art (1995). Counterfeit hero : Fritz Duquesne, adventurer and spy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 605599179.
- Sayers, Michael; Kahn, Albert Eugene (1942). Sabotage! The Secret War Against America. Annapolis, Md.: Harper & brothers. OCLC 690978.
- Tunney, Thomas J; Hollister, Paul M (1919). Throttled! The detection of the German and anarchist bomb plotters. Boston: Boston, Small, Maynard & company. OCLC 557531131.
- West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout. illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell. New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America.
- Wood, Clement (1932). The man who killed Kitchener; the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne, 1879–. New York: Faro, Inc. OCLC 1071583.
Other references
- "A New Food Supply". The Washington Post. 25 March 1910. ISSN 0190-8286.
- "A Sixty-Eight Year Old Code". Entropic Memes. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
- "AngloBoer.com – Lord Horatio Kitchener, War Criminal". AngloBoerWar.com. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- "Captain Duquesne is Slain in Bolivia; Hostile Indians Descend on His Expedition and Kill Soldier of Fortune. Career Full of Romance Boer Scout at 17, He Swam to Liberty from Bermuda – Trailed Roosevelt Up the Amazon". ISSN 0362-4331.
- "Daring Spy's Dastardly Outrages on Allied Shipping. Arrested in New York; then escaped". The Evening Telegraph and Post. XCVI (95). Dundee, Scotland. 22 September 1919. OCLC 778263229.
- "Duquesne' is Jailed On Wartime Charge; Man Seized for Ship Murders as German Spy Held to Await British Action. Insists Name is Craven Faces Police at Line-Up Stolidly Refusing Answers – Author Vouches for Him". The New York Times. 25 May 1932. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- "Duquesne Case: Secret". FBI. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- "Exploits of a Master Spy". Current History. XI. New York. 1920.
- "FBI— The Duquesne Spy Ring". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- "Fritz Duquesne – the spy who never came in from the cold". Reprobate Media. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - "Records of the Security Service; 1915 – 1918; KV 2/1953". London, UK: The National Archives. April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- "In search of Kruger's millions". South Africa. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- "'Kitchener' Man Makes Bid for Liberty" (24150). Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen Press and Journal. 27 May 1932. )
- "Lake Cow Bacon". The New York Times. 12 April 1910. ISSN 0362-4331.
- "Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions, Part 1". 17 (2). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1920.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - "May Import African Animals to Solve Meat Problem". The New York Times. 17 April 1910. ISSN 0362-4331.
- "Meat for the Multitude: Proposition to Introduce Hippopotamus to the Swamp Lands of the South as a Meat Supply Animal – While Wild and Dangerous, the Hippo Becomes So Tractable Under Domestication that it will Eat from the Hand – Hyacinth which is strangling navigation in the Southern Inland Water is food for the Hippo". The Boston Globe. 24 April 1910. ISSN 0743-1791.
- "Myth Hunters: The Legend of Kruger's Millions". The History Channel. 2013. Archived from the originalon 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- "Obituary. Fritz Joubert Duquesne". ISSN 0040-781X.
- "'Paralytic' Flees from Prison Ward; Captain Fritz Duquesne, Who Feigned Helplessness, Escapes from Bellevue". ISSN 0362-4331.
- "STEPS for the Future". STEPS Southern Africa. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- "The Legend of Kruger's Millions". Online Video Guide. OVGuide. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- "Under $50,000 Bail As Nation's Enemy; 'Captain Duquesne' Indicted Following Alleged Insurance Fraud Bomb Explosions. Approved in German Note Said to Have Posed as British Army Captain at Recent Twilight Club Dinner". ISSN 0362-4331.
- "Unseen Enemy". American Film Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- "Whatever happened to ... ?" (PDF). OC Magazine. The Old Canfordian Society: 10. April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- "Without a Trace: German Bombs in Cargo. A remarkable plot story. A mysterious enemy agent". Evening Post. XCVI (95). Wellington, New Zealand. 18 October 1918. OCLC 30135380.
External links
- FBI files on Frederick "Fritz" Duquesne
- Media related to Fritz Joubert Duquesne at Wikimedia Commons