Fusiform gyrus
Fusiform gyrus | |
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![]() Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Fusiform gyrus shown in orange) | |
![]() Medial surface of right cerebral hemisphere. (Fusiform gyrus visible near bottom) | |
Details | |
Identifiers | |
Latin | gyrus fusiformis |
NeuroNames | 139 |
NeuroLex ID | birnlex_1641 |
TA98 | A14.1.09.227 |
TA2 | 5500 |
FMA | 61908 |
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The fusiform gyrus, also known as the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus,
Anatomy
Anatomically, the fusiform gyrus is the largest macro-anatomical structure within the
The term fusiform gyrus (lit. "spindle-shaped convolution") refers to the fact that the shape of the gyrus is wider at its centre than at its ends. This term is based on the description of the gyrus by Emil Huschke in 1854.[6] (see also section on history). The fusiform gyrus is situated at the basal surface of the temporal and occipital lobes and is delineated by theThe fusiform gyrus can be further delineated into a lateral and medial portion, as it is separated in its middle by the relatively shallow mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS).[7][8][9] Thus, the lateral fusiform gyrus is delineated by the OTS laterally and the MFS medially. Likewise, the medial fusiform gyrus is delineated by the MFS laterally and the CoS medially.
Importantly, the mid-fusiform sulcus serves as a macroanatomical landmark for the fusiform face area (FFA), a functional subregion of the fusiform gyrus assumed to play a key role in processing faces.[5][10]
History
The fusiform gyrus has a contentious history that has recently been clarified. The term was first used in 1854 by Emil Huschke from Jena, Germany, who called the fusiform gyrus a "Spindelwulst" (lit. spindle bulge). He chose this term because of the similarity that the respective cerebral gyrus bears to the shape of a spindle, or fusil, due to its wider central section.[6] At first, researchers located the fusiform gyrus in other mammals as well, without taking into account the variations in gross organizations of other species' brains. Today, the fusiform gyrus is considered to be specific to
The first accurate definition of the mid-fusiform sulcus was coined by
Function
The exact functionality of the fusiform gyrus is still disputed, but there is relative consensus on its involvement in the following pathways:
Processing of color information
In 2003, V. S. Ramachandran collaborated with scientists from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in order to identify the potential role of the fusiform gyrus within the color processing pathway in the brain. Examining the relationship within the pathway specifically in cases of synesthesia, Ramachandran found that synesthetes on average have a higher density of fibers surrounding the angular gyrus. The angular gyrus is involved in higher processing of colors.[11] The fibers relay shape information from the fusiform gyrus to the angular gyrus in order to produce the association of colors and shapes in grapheme-color synesthesia.[11] Cross-activation between the angular and fusiform gyri has been observed in the average brain, implying that the fusiform gyrus regularly communicates with the visual pathway.[12]
Face and body recognition
Portions of the fusiform gyrus are critical for face and body recognition.
Word recognition
It is believed that portions of the left hemisphere fusiform gyrus are used in word recognition.
Within-category identification
Further research by
Related neural transmitter system
In a 2015 study, dopamine was proposed to play a key role in face recognition task and was considered to be related to neural activity in fusiform gyrus. By studying the correlation between the binding potential (BP) of dopamine D1 receptor by PET and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) in fMRI scan during a face recognition task, higher availability of D1 receptor was shown to be associated with higher BOLD level. This study showed that this association with D1 BP is only significant for FFG, not other brain regions. The researchers also showed the possibility that higher availability of dopamine D1 receptor may underlie better performance in face recognition task.[14] Dopamine is known to be related to the reward system. The dopaminergic system shows an active response to stimuli that predict possible rewards. As a social demand, a face recognition task could be a cognition process that involves dopamine, which can elicit a reinforcement feedback.[14][15]
A 2007 study investigated how dopamine may regulate FFG activity during a face recognition task. It indicated that BOLD activity can be modulated by dopamine's influence on postsynaptic D1 receptors. The regulation is achieved in a way that dopamine first influence post-synaptic potential, and then further cause BOLD activity increase in the local area. This link between post-synaptic BOLD activity increase and dopamine release can be explained by blockage of dopamine reuptake.[16]
Associated neurological phenomena
The fusiform gyrus has been speculated to be associated with various neurological phenomena.
Prosopagnosia
Some researchers think that the fusiform gyrus may be related to the disorder known as prosopagnosia, or face blindness. Research has also shown that the fusiform face area, the area within the fusiform gyrus, is heavily involved in face perception but only to any generic within-category identification that is shown to be one of the functions of the fusiform gyrus.[17] Abnormalities of the fusiform gyrus have also been linked to Williams syndrome.[18] Fusiform gyrus has also been involved in the perception of emotions in facial stimuli.[19] However, individuals with autism show little to no activation in the fusiform gyrus in response to seeing a human face.[20]
Synaesthesia
Recent research has seen activation of the fusiform gyrus during subjective
Dyslexia
For those with dyslexia, it has been seen that the fusiform gyrus is underactivated and has reduced gray matter density.[23]
Face hallucinations
Increased neurophysiological activity in the fusiform face area may produce hallucinations of faces, whether realistic or cartoonesque, as seen in
Additional images
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Fusiform gyrus
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Fusiform gyrus animation
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Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection
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Fusiform gyrus in a ventral view (from below, diagrammatic), labeled at left
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Fusiform gyrus seen in a ventral view
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Fusiform gyrus, in the right cerebral hemisphere.
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3D view of the fusiform gyrus. Yellow: temporal section, red: occipito-temporal section, green: occipital section
References
- ISBN 978-1-4511-7327-7.
- ^ a b "Gray's Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 41st edition". 26 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ Nature Neuroscience, vol7, 2004
- ^ "Gyrus". The free dictionary. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
- ^ PMID 24962370.
- ^ PMID 26119921.
- PMID 24021838.
- ^ PMID 21957240.
- PMID 20457261.
- S2CID 17376865.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-393-34062-4.
- PMID 16269367.
- ^ Trafton, A. "How does our brain know what is a face and what's not?" MIT News
- ^ PMID 26538642.
- S2CID 11965742.
- S2CID 2614688.
- S2CID 23333049.
- ^ A. L. Reiss, et al. Preliminary Evidence Of Abnormal White Matter Related To The Fusiform Gyrus In Williams Syndrome: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Study.Genes, Brain & Behavior 11.1, 62–68(2012)
- S2CID 6209163.
- ^ Carter, Rita. The Human Brain Book. p. 241.
- ^ Imaging of connectivity in the synaesthetic brain
- ^ Pujol, J. (2009-04-30). "Study data from J. Pujol and colleagues update understanding of life sciences". Science Letter.
- ISBN 978-0-521-54984-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4419-1222-0
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Atlas image: n1a2p13 at the University of Michigan Health System – "Cerebral Hemisphere, Inferior View"
- Location at mattababy.org
- 3 clues to understanding your brain, a Vilayanur Ramachandran
- What hallucination reveals about our minds, a TED talk by Oliver Sacks
- NIF Search – Fusiform Gyrus[permanent dead link] via the Neuroscience Information Framework