Great Horde

Great Horde
*Uluğ Orda*
Great Horde Uluğ Orda
15th century–1502
	Territories of the Great Horde
Status	Khanate
Capital	Sarai
Common languages	Kipchak languages
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Hereditary monarchy
Khan
• 1459-1465	Mahmud bin Küchük
• 1481-1502	Sheikh Ahmed (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	Mid 15th century
• Great Stand on the Ugra River	1480
• Sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate	June 1502
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Golden Horde
Crimean Khanate
Astrakhan Khanate
Today part of	Kazakhstan; Russia

The Great Horde (Uluğ Orda)

Tatar yoke

" over Russia.

Decline of the Golden Horde

The

Qonqirat.^[5] The Great Horde was originally simply referred to as the Orda, or Horde, but it became increasingly important for the disparate hordes in the region to be distinguished from each other, which led to the first mention of the "Great Horde" in sources in the 1430s. The name "Great Horde" might have been used to directly link the now greatly reduced administrative center of the Horde to the original greatness of the Golden Horde.^[6]

^: 13–14

Joint rule of Küchük Muhammad and Sayid Ahmad I

Starting from the 1430s, both

Kiev. However, a force led by Andrzej Odrowąż marched upon Kiev and captured him, leading him to die in prison. Further raids include a Tatar raid on Podolia in 1457 (ending in victory for the Tatars) and one in 1459 on Muscovy (ending in a victory for the Muscovites)^[7]

^: 303–5

Descendants of Küchük Muhammad

Nogays at the mouth of the Donets River.^[10]

The Crimean Khanate, which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502. The Great Horde finally dissipated.^[11] After seeking refuge in Lithuania, Sheikh Ahmed, the last khan of the Horde, died in prison in Kaunas some time after 1504. According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.^[12]

Khans of the Great Horde

Küchük Muhammad (1435-1459)^[13]^: 556
Mahmud bin Küchük (1459-1465)^[13]^: 556
Ahmed Khan bin Küchük (1465-1481)^[13]^: 556
Murtaza Khan as co-ruler with Sheikh Ahmed (1481-1498)^[13]^: 556
Murtaza Khan (1498-1499)^[13]^: 556
Sheikh Ahmed (1499-1502)^[13]^: 556

Family Tree

Great Horde

Golden Horde/White Horde (Before Islamization)
Golden Horde/White Horde/Great Horde (After Islamization)
Astrakhan Khanate

Jochi
r. 1225–1227

Tuqa-Timur

Kay-Timur

Abay

Numqan

Qutluq-Timur

Uljay-Timur
r. 1368–1368

Timur-Qutluq
r. 1395–1399

Timur
r. 1410–1411

Küchük Muhammad
r. 1428–1459

Mahmud
r. 1459–1465
r. 1465–1476

Ahmad
r. 1459–1481

Shaykh-Ahmad
r. 1481–1502
r. 1527–1529

Sayyid-Ahmad III
r. 1481–1502

Murtaza
r. 1480–1482
r. 1482–1495

Other uses

The

Desht-i Kipchak, and called themselves khans of "the Great Horde, the Great State and the Throne of the Crimea".^[14]^[15]

References

^ Halperin 1987, p. 59.
^ Cahiers du monde russe. Vol. 65. Centre d'études sur la Russie, l'Europe orientale et le domaine turc de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 2004. p. 62.
^ Kimberly Kagan (2010). The Imperial Moment. p. 114.
^ Bruce Alan Masters (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 159.
^ Schamiloglu, U. (1993). Preliminary remarks on the role of disease in the history of the Golden Horde. Central Asian Survey, 12(4), 447–457. doi:10.1080/02634939308400830
^ ^a ^b ^c Vásáry, István. The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s–1500s): A Fight for Primacy. In: Das frühneuzeitliche Krimkhanat (16.-18. Jahrhundert) zwischen Orient und Okzident. Edited by Meinolf Arens - Denise Klein. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden 2012, pp. 13-26.
^ ^a ^b Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888). History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century. Burt Franklin.
^ Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University Press.
ISBN 9780028656939
. khan Ahmad invaded Russia, trying to restore his sovereignty over the Russian land... withdrawal of Ahmad from the banks of Ugra River in November 1480 symbolized the overthrow of the yoke.

^ Vernadsky 1953, p. 332.

^ Khodarkovsky 2002, p. 89.

^ Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 66.

^
ISBN 9781838608675
.

ISBN 978-5-906952-38-7

ISBN 5-89221-075-8

Sources

Khodarkovsky, Michael (2002). Russia's Steppe Frontier.

ISBN 978-90-04-19190-7
.

Vernadsky, George (1953), The Mongols and Russia, Yale University Press

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Horde&oldid=1208479274"

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198759-1] Halperin 1987, p. 59.

[2] Cahiers du monde russe. Vol. 65. Centre d'études sur la Russie, l'Europe orientale et le domaine turc de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 2004. p. 62.

[https://books.google.se/books?id=Ai1_5IHQ9vsC&pg=PA243&dq=great+horde+tatar&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO4Mv57pfQAhVCDCwKHf3_DFg4FBDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=great%20horde%20tatar&f=false-3] Kimberly Kagan (2010). The Imperial Moment. p. 114.

[https://books.google.se/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA159&dq=great+horde+tatar-mongol&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio8YiR9ZfQAhVDiiwKHUsGD00Q6AEIYjAJ#v=onepage&q=great%20horde%20tatar-mongol&f=false-4] Bruce Alan Masters (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 159.

[5] Schamiloglu, U. (1993). Preliminary remarks on the role of disease in the history of the Golden Horde. Central Asian Survey, 12(4), 447–457. doi:10.1080/02634939308400830

[vasary-6] Vásáry, István. The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s–1500s): A Fight for Primacy. In: Das frühneuzeitliche Krimkhanat (16.-18. Jahrhundert) zwischen Orient und Okzident. Edited by Meinolf Arens - Denise Klein. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden 2012, pp. 13-26.

[Howorth1888-7] Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888). History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century. Burt Franklin.

[8] Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University Press.

[9] ISBN 9780028656939
. khan Ahmad invaded Russia, trying to restore his sovereignty over the Russian land... withdrawal of Ahmad from the banks of Ugra River in November 1480 symbolized the overthrow of the yoke.

[FOOTNOTEVernadsky1953332-10] Vernadsky 1953, p. 332.

[FOOTNOTEKhodarkovsky200289-11] Khodarkovsky 2002, p. 89.

[FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk201166-12] Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 66.

[Baumer-13] 
ISBN 9781838608675
.

[14] ISBN 978-5-906952-38-7

[15] ISBN 5-89221-075-8

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