Saparmyrat Niyazow, as the minister of health in 1997 and as the vice-president in 2001. He became acting president following Niyazow's death on 21 December 2006 and subsequently won the 2007 presidential election. He faced no meaningful opposition and won by an overwhelming margin with 89% of the vote.[16] In 2012, he was re-elected for a second term with 97% of the vote and he was re-elected again in 2017 with 97.7% of the vote.[17][18] He was among the candidates elected to the People's Council of Turkmenistan on 28 March 2021, as a member from Ahal Region.[19] He reportedly received 100% of votes from the electors.[20] On 14 April 2021, he was unanimously elected chairman of the People's Council, the upper chamber of the Turkmen parliament.[21][22]
Like his predecessor, Berdimuhamedow headed an authoritarian regime and is the subject of a cult of personality. Rights groups have described Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow as one of the most repressive countries in the world,[23] accusing Berdimuhamedow, his relatives, and his associates of possessing and exercising unlimited power over all aspects of public life.[24][25]
Berdimuhamedow stepped down as president on 19 March 2022, being succeeded by his son,
neither free nor fair,[26] making Turkmenistan the first Central Asian country to be ruled by a dynastic system. The People's Council was subsequently re-formed as the country's top leadership body in January 2023, with Serdar then reappointing his father as its chairman and granting him the title "National Leader of the Turkmen People".[1]
Saparmyrat Nyýazow, he became head of the dentistry center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry.[35]
Political rise
Deputy Prime Minister, despite the lack of a Prime Ministerial post in Turkmenistan), in this case responsible for health, science, education, and sports.[36][37] In April 2004, Nyýazow suspended Berdimuhamedow's salary for three months because healthcare workers were not being paid.[35]
The Health Ministry was responsible for carrying out Nyýazow's order to close all hospitals outside of the national and provincial capitals in 2005.[38]
President of Turkmenistan (2006–2022)
Following Nyýazow's death in December 2006, the State Security Council of Turkmenistan appointed Berdimuhamedow acting president.[39] The Council stated in its announcement that Öwezgeldi Ataýew, who, as the Chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan was to have become the acting president, was not appointed "in view of the fact that the prosecutor-general had instituted criminal proceedings against him".[40]
Article 60 of the Turkmen Constitution stipulated that the acting president "may not stand for election to the Presidency",[41] which would have barred Berdimuhamedow from running in the 2007 presidential elections. However, on 24 December 2006, the People's Council voted to remove this provision, making him eligible for the election as one of the six chosen candidates, all members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan.[42] Berdimuhamedow was supported by the political elite,[43] and the official results showed him as winning 89% of the vote.[16][44] Berdimuhamedow's appointment as interim president and subsequent run for president, however, violated the constitution.[45]
In his first presidential trip abroad, Berdimuhamedow visited Saudi Arabia in mid-April 2007. There he performed the Umrah pilgrimage and met with King Abdullah.[46] He then visited Russia and President Vladimir Putin at the end of the same month.
After taking office, Berdimuhamedow reversed several of Nyýazow's more eccentric policies. Internet cafés offering free and uncensored web access opened in Ashgabat,[47] compulsory education was extended from nine to ten years and classes in sports and foreign languages were re-introduced into the curriculum, and the government announced plans to open several specialised schools for the arts.[48] He called for reform of education, health care and pension systems, and government officials of non-Turkmen ethnic origin who had been sacked by Nyýazow were allowed to return to work.[49] He also restored the pensions of 100,000 elderly people whose pensions Nyýazow had slashed in the face of an unspecified budget crisis.[50] Later on, he reopened the Turkmen Academy of Sciences, which had been closed by Nyýazow.[51]
In 2015, work on TAPI began under his government.[52][53]
In February 2017, he was reelected to a third term as President of Turkmenistan (seven-year term) with nearly 98% of the votes in his favour and with an eligible voter turnout of 97%.[54][55] In October 2017, he offered a top Turkmen-bred variety of the Central Asian shepherd dog to Vladimir Putin.[56]
In 2020, Berdimuhamedow presided over the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan. He was among eight world leaders to have received the Ig Nobel Prize in Medical Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can".[59] On 10 November of that same year, he unveiled a golden statue of his favourite dog breed, the Central Asian shepherd.[60]
Informal meeting of the CIS heads of state in May 2012
Berdimuhamedow replaced the Interior Minister Mammetkhan Chakiyev with his deputy Ovezdurdy Khojaniyazov on 1 July 2021. Khojaniyazov has little public profile to speak of, but one of his most recent positions, as of May at least, was as deputy head of the Awaza tourist recreation zone.[61] The previous Interior Minister, Iskender Mulikov, was arrested, sentenced to a lengthy prison term on corruption charges, and shown on state television handcuffed in a prison robe with his head shaved.[62]
In February 2022, it was reported from Reuters that Berdimuhamedow was planning to resign after an early presidential election on 12 March,[65] fuelling speculation that he would be preparing for his son Serdar to succeed him as the next President.[66] Berdimuhamedow did not contest the election, which was subsequently won by Serdar,[67] establishing Turkmenistan as the first Central Asian country to transfer power dynastically from father to son.[68] Serdar was inaugurated as the next President on 19 March.[69]
Post-presidency and National Leader
The
Ahal Province and won a seat on 28 March 2021. He was subsequently unanimously elected chairperson of the People's Council despite that being a violation of the constitution.[70][20][21][22][71]
On 21 January 2023, Berdimuhamedow's son, as president, reappointed Berdimuhamedow to the chairmanship of the reorganised People's Council (viz.).[72] Via a separate "constitutional law" signed into effect 21 January 2023, President Serdar Berdimuhamedow also appointed his father "national leader" (Turkmen: Milli Lider) of Turkmenistan. This appointment accords the elder Berdimuhamedow the right to speak out on any matter of public interest, as well as immunity from prosecution (which immunity extends also to members of his family), personal protection by national security agencies, and financial support from the government.[73] New laws were quickly promulgated that named the new People's Council the "supreme organ of state authority" in Turkmenistan, making its chairman a supreme leader outranking the president.[14][15][72][74][75][76]
Berdimuhamedow visited
Valentina Matvienko.[77] He subsequently made additional trips abroad and met with visiting foreign delegations. His first foreign visit as National Leader was to the United Arab Emirates in February 2023.[78]
Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei receives Berdimuhamedow in his house, 2015Vladimir Putin and Berdimuhamedow in 2017
Upon taking office, Berdimuhamedow eased travel restrictions and reopened libraries in rural areas. He also took steps to curb Nyýazow's extensive personality cult. He called for an end to the elaborate pageants of music and dancing that formerly greeted the president on his arrival anywhere, and said that the Turkmen "sacred oath", part of which states that the speaker's tongue should shrivel if he ever speaks ill of Turkmenistan or its president, should not be recited multiple times a day but reserved for "special occasions".[79] He also gave up his right to rename any landmarks, institutions, or cities,[80] restored the traditional names of the months of the year and days of the week (Nyýazow had renamed them after himself and his mother, among other things),[81] and announced plans to move the gold rotating statue of Nyýazow from Ashgabat's central square.[82]
Despite these changes, Berdimuhamedow's regime remained rigidly authoritarian; indeed, in 2007, he ruled out any move toward Western-style democracy.
Press Freedom Index for most of Berdimuhamedow's tenure, as it did under Nyýazow. In 2017, RWB ranked Turkmenistan 178th out of 180 countries surveyed, ahead of Eritrea and North Korea. RSF noted that internet access is heavily censored in Turkmenistan, and that satellite dishes have been removed by government officials.[86]
In 2008, he dismissed Akmyrat Rejepow, the longtime chief of the presidential security detail and one of the main proponents of Nyýazow's personality cult.[87] In 2011, he sang a song on a video posted to YouTube.[88]
In May 2013, he fell off his horse during a race. The fall was censored on TV but leaked online,[89] and mocked on an episode of HBO's Last Week Tonight with John Oliver in 2019.[90] Journalists leaving the country following the accident reported that their electronic devices were searched for traces of footage of the incident.[91]
In July 2013, Jennifer Lopez publicly apologised for singing Happy birthday! to Berdimuhamedow during a sponsored concert, stating she was not aware of the human rights issues in Turkmenistan prior to the show.[92] In August 2013, Berdimuhamedow suspended his Democratic Party of Turkmenistan membership for the duration of his presidency, ostensibly to remain "above partisan politics" and "promote a multiparty system."[93]
Berdimuhamedow with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev at the 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement in Baku, 2019
In 2015, a golden statue of Berdimuhamedow riding a horse atop a white-marble cliff was erected in Ashgabat.[94][95]
The Turkmenistan Parliament abolished term limits for the presidency in September 2016, which allowed Berdimuhamedow to run for a third term.[96]
In January 2018, Berdimuhamedow ordered the impounding of black cars in the capital because he considered the colour white to be "lucky". Police seized dark-coloured vehicles in Ashgabat and their owners were told they must pay to have them repainted silver or white. The capital, known as the 'City of White Marble', holds the world record for the highest concentration of white-marble buildings. Berdimuhamedow is a known lover of the colour white, living in a white palace and travelling in white limousines.[97] It was later reported that the ban extended to vehicles of all colours except white.[98]
By decree of Berdimuhamedow in January 2019, the government will gradually end state funding of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan; it will be phased out in three years.[100]
Violation of individual rights
In 2010 the Obozrevatel magazine named Berdimuhamedow the fifth-worst dictator in the world out of 23 highlighted. In the Press Freedom Index (Reporters Without Borders), Turkmenistan ranks 176 out of 178.[101]
Turkmenistan has more political prisoners than any of the other former countries of the former Soviet Union.[102]
Corruption
Presidents of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan at the reception ceremony at the airport named after Islam Karimov, 2021
The country's economy is under total state control. Numerous attempts to attract foreign investors into the country often end in lawsuits in international courts.[citation needed] In 2018, the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (arbitration, part of the World Bank group of organisations) received claims against Turkmenistan from Sece Inşaat (Turkey) and investment company Unionmatex Industrieanlagen GmbH (Germany).[citation needed]
In 2019, the Belarusian construction company Belgorkhimprom also filed a similar claim with the court, to which Turkmenistan should pay about $200 million.[103][104]
Investors talk about discrimination by the Turkmen authorities, politicised bureaucracy, and a high level of corruption.[105]
In the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, Turkmenistan ranked 161 among 180 countries in 2018. This is the lowest rating among countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.[106][107]
In 2019, Turkmenistan ranked 164th among 180 countries in the ranking of economic freedom.[108][unreliable source?]
Cult of personality
Berdimuhamedow and Putin in 2022
He uses the honorific title Arkadag, translating to "protector" in the Turkmen language.[109]
On 1 September 2009, Secondary School No. 27 was renamed after Berdimuhamed Annayev and was opened with his son at the opening ceremony.[114] In October 2012, the Main Drama Theater of Turkmenistan staged a play based on Berdimuhamedow's book about his grandfather called "Good Name Imperishable".[115] Military Unit 1001 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is named in honour of Berdimuhamedow's father,[116] Malikguly Berdimuhamedow. In addition, in the town of Yzgant, the Palace of Culture is named after Berdimuhamedow's father, and a bust of him stands in front of it.[117]
On 20 December 2022, the National Council passed a decree naming the new capital of Ahal Province "Arkadag" in honour of Berdimuhamedow.[118] Additionally, three buildings were named in honour of Berdimuhamedow or members of his family: a health and rehabilitation center in his honour, the horse breeding academy after his great-uncle, and a pedagogical school after his grandfather.[119]
The 21 January 2023 presidential decree appointing Berdimuhamedow chair of the People's Council contains the following paragraph as justification for his appointment as National Leader:
"Considering the tremendous merits in establishing a solid foundation for a democratic and secular state with rule of law, all-around development and strengthening the international prestige of independent neutral Turkmenistan, strengthening the unity of society, harmony and cohesion of the people during long years of state and social work, recognition as a prominent statesman and politician, who has received great honor, great respect, and esteem of the Turkmen people, high organizational skills in wise management demonstrating an outstanding example of competence, decisiveness, and leadership, successfully implementing the humane policy of "The state is for the man!" in the era of the Renaissance of the new era of the powerful state..."[72]
Portraits of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow are displayed in businesses and government offices, and during his presidency were affixed to the front bulkhead of airliners of the national airline.[76] In February 2023, a new magazine, Arkadagly Ýaşlar ("Youth with Arkadag") began publication.[120] On 30 September 2023 the Assembly of Turkmenistan passed a law creating the Arkadag medal, a state award to be granted to citizens and non-citizens who have made "a weighty contribution to development of social, public, humanitarian, charitable, volunteer activity and in the organisation of medical services, rehabilitation as well as financial and material aid, consultation and the technical aid to children and the youth, who are need of assistance."[121]
According to a cable from the U.S. embassy in Ashgabat, Berdimuhamedow is married and has three daughters and one son. One of his sons-in-law, Yhlasgeldi Amanov, headed the Turkmen State Agency for Management and Use of Hydrocarbon Resources in London, was later assigned to the Turkmenistan Embassies in Berlin and London, and as of 23 November 2019 was Turkmenistan's consul general in Dubai.[147] The other son-in-law is also a diplomat, with a prior posting in Paris, but later assigned to Brussels.[30]
According to the same leaked cables, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow has a mistress, Marina, a Russian nurse, whom he supposedly met earlier in his dentist career. They have a daughter together. Berdimuhamedow's wife has been living in London since 2007.[30] His son, Serdar Berdimuhamedow, is the current president of Turkmenistan. Serdar served in the Armed Forces and the Assembly of Turkmenistan, and held a series of high government posts, leading to appointment as a deputy chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers before his election to the presidency.[148][149][150][151] At least three of Berdimuhamedow's grandchildren have studied in Switzerland: Kerimguly, Ogulbäbek, and Aýgül.[152] According to a biography of Berdimuhamedow's father, Malikguly, published in 2012, Berdimuhamedow has five sisters: Durdynabat (born 1960), Gulnabat (born 1962), Mähri (born 1964), Guljamal (born 1969), and Oguljamal (born 1974).[29]
On 18 April 2021, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow's father, Mälikguly Berdimuhamedow, reportedly died at the age of 89.[153][154] Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow's mother, Ogulabat Berdimuhamedowa (née Kürräýewa), died in April 2023 at the age of 86.[29][155][156]
Hobbies
During spare time he writes books that are popular according to Turkmen propaganda.[157][158][159][160] Aside from writing books, he is known for writing songs, DJing and engaging in health activities, also according to Turkmen propaganda.[161][162]
In 2019, Berdimuhamedow was awarded the highest award of the
International Cycling Union (UCI) for his country’s commitment to the sport.[163]
Health
On 20 July 2019, YouTube channel of a Turkmen opposition media outlet announced that Berdimuhamedow had reportedly died while on holiday at the age of 61. He was said to have been on leave since 15 July. These reports were published by multiple regional media outlets on the next day.[164][165] The Turkmen Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan, Shadurdy Mereov, and the Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied these claims on 21 July. According to Chronicles of Turkmenistan, Berdimuhamedow went to Germany because his mother was receiving medical treatment there, and her condition was critical.[166]
^The role of the People's Council changed from upper legislative chamber to the country's top governing body on 21 January 2023. Berdimuhamedow was granted the title "National Leader of the Turkmen People" concurrent with this change.[1]
^Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov, Berdymukhammedov; Although Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow is the only Turkmen form, and Turkmen, written with Latin alphabet, is the only official language of Turkmenistan, Western sources generally use the Russian form "Гурбангулы" or "Курбанкулы Мяликгулыевич Бердымухам(м)едов", using various transcriptions.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
^The English version of the website of the presidency uses the spelling Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov.[12]
^ abPannier, Bruce (27 January 2023), PANNIER: A very Turkmen coup, bne IntelliNews, archived from the original on 3 February 2023, retrieved 27 January 2023
^Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov wins poll with 98% of voteArchived 5 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Aljazeera.com, 13 February 2017 "Turkmenistan's ruling leader Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov bagged a fresh seven-year term with nearly 98 percent of a weakly contested vote, electoral officials following a preliminary count said. The election commission claimed at a news conference on Monday, in the capital Ashgabat, a turnout of more than 97 percent for the poll,"
^"Turkmen President Re-elected with 98 Percent of Vote". Voice of America. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019. The president of Turkmenistan won re-election with nearly 98 percent of the votes, the country's election commission reported. President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov was elected to a third term which will last for seven years. He was first elected president in 2006. The election results were announced Sunday night by the Central Asian nation's election commission. The commission said 97 percent of eligible voters turned out to vote.
^Умерла мать Гурбангулы Бердымухамедова [Mother of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow died] (in Russian), Turkmen.News, 8 April 2023, archived from the original on 14 May 2023, retrieved 14 May 2023
Turkmenistan
Turkmen Ground Forces
Turkmenistan's president announces end of free gas, electricity, water, and salt
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