Hanson Formation
Hanson Formation | |
---|---|
Ma Hanson Spur | |
Named by | David Elliot |
The Hanson Formation (also known as the Shafer Peak Formation) is a
History
The Victoria Group (also called Beacon Supergroup) from the Central Transantarctic Mountains was defined by Ferrar in 1907, when he described the "Beacon Sandstone" of the sedimentary rocks in the valleys of the Victoria Land.[8] Following this initial work, the term "Beacon System" was introduced for a series of similar sandstones and associated deposits that were recovered locally.[9] Later the "Beacon Sandstone Group" was assigned to those units in Victoria Land, with Harrington in 1965 proposing the name for different units that appear in the Beacon rocks of south Victoria Land, the beds below the Maya erosion surface, the Taylor Group and the Gondwana sequence, including the Victoria Group.[10] This work left out several older units, such as the Permian coal measures and glacial deposits.[10] It was not until 1963 that there was an establishment of the Gondwana sequence: the term Falla Formation was chosen to delimit a 2300 ft (700 m) series of lower quartz sandstone, a middle mica-carbon sandstone and an upper sandstone-shale unit.[11] The formation lying above the Falla Formation and below the Prebble Formation was then termed the Upper Falla Formation, with considerable uncertainty about its age (it was calculated from the presence of Glossopteris-bearing beds (Early Permian) and the assumed possibility that the rocks were older than Dicroidium-bearing beds, thought to be Late Triassic, in the Dominion Range).[12] Later works tried to set it between the Late Triassic (Carnian) and the Lower-Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian).[13] The local Jurassic sandstones were included in the Victoria Group, with the Beacon unit defined as a supergroup in 1972, comprising beds overlying the pre-
Extensive fieldwork later demonstrated the need for revisions to the post-Permian stratigraphy.[16] It was found that only 282 m of the upper 500 m of the Falla Formation as delimited in 1963 correspond to the sandstone/shale sequence, with the other 200 m comprising a volcaniclastic sequence.[16] New units were then described from this location: the Fremouw Formation and Prebble Formation, the latter term being introduced for a laharic unit, not seen in 1963, that occurs between the Falla Formation and the Kirkpatrick Basalt.[16][17] A complete record was recovered at Mount Falla, revealing the sequence of events in the Transantarctic Mountains spanning the interval between the Upper Triassic Dicroidium-bearing beds and the Middle Jurassic tholeiitic lavas.[16] The upper part of the Falla Formation contains recognizable primary pyroclastic deposits, exemplified by resistant, laterally continuous silicic tuff beds, that led this to be considered a different formation, especially as it shows erosion associated with tectonic activity that preceded or accompanied the silicic volcanism and marked the onset of the development of a volcano-tectonic rift system.[2]
The Shafer Peak Formation was named from genetically identical deposits from north Victoria Land (exposed on Mt. Carson) in 2007 and correlated with the Hanson Formation, defined as tuffaceous deposits with silicic glass shards along with quartz and feldspar.[18] Later works, however, have equated it to a continuation of the Hanson Formation, as part of the upper member.[6]
The name "Hanson Formation" was proposed for the volcaniclastic sequence that was described in Barrett's 1969 Falla Formation essay.
Paleoenvironment
The Hanson Formation accumulated in a rift environment located between c. 60 and 70S, fringing the
The Shafer Peak section flora is the typical reported in warm climates. Compared with the underlying Triassic layers, warm and overall humid, possibly more strongly seasonal, specially notorious by the abundance of Cheirolepidiaceae pollen, a key thermophilic element. Yet the dominance of this pollen doesn't indicate proper dry conditions, as for example mudcrack and other indicators of strong dry seasons are mostly absent, while common presence of the invertebrate ichnogenus Planolites indicates the local fluvial, alluvial or lacustrine waters where likely continuous all year, as well the presence of abundant Otozamites trends to suggest high humidity.[20] Overall points to frost-free setting with strong seasonality in day-length given the high latitude, perhaps similar to warm-temperate, frost-free forest and open woodland as in North Island of New Zealand. Despite the proper conditions, peat accumulation was rare, mostly due to the influence of local volcanism, with common wildfire activity as show charred coalified plant remains.[20] At Mount Carson associations of sphenophyte rhizomes and aerial stems, as well isoetalean leaves suggest the presence of overbank deposits that were developed in ephemeral pools that lasted enough to be colonized by semiaquatic plants.[20]
Tectonically, based on the changes seen in the sandstone composition and the appearance of volcanic strata indicates the end of the so-called foreland depositional section in the Transantarctic Mountains, while appearance of arkoses with angular detritus and common
.
Fungi
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
|
Middle Section |
|
|
Paleofauna
The first dinosaur to be discovered from the Hanson Formation was the predator
Synapsida
Taxon | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate | Mt. Kirkpatrick |
An isolated upper postcanine tooth, FMNH PR1824 |
A cynodont, incertae sedis within Tritylodontidae. It is believed to be related to the Asian genus Bienotheroides.[26] One of the largest member of the family.[26] |
Pterosauria
Taxon | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate | Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Humerus |
A pterosaur. Nearly the same size as YPM Dimorphodon. Its morphotype is common for basal pterosaurs, such as those in Preondactylus or Arcticodactylus .
|
Ornithischia
Taxon | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Dorsal vertebrae, femur and possible caudal vertebrae |
A possible Ornithischian, described as a "four or five-foot ornithischian or bird-hipped dinosaur, is on its way back to the United States in about 5,000 pounds of rock."[31] |
Sauropodomorpha
Taxon | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glacialisaurus hammeri |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
FMNH PR1823, a partial right astragalus, medial and lateraldistal tarsals, and partial right metatarsus preserved in articulation with each other. A Distal left femur, FMNH PR1822, was referred |
A Sauropodomorph, member of the family Massospondylidae. Related to Lufengosaurus of China. Was recently compared with Lamplughsaura.[35] |
||
Indeterminate |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Several vertebrae and Pelvic material |
Was first exhibit at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, where was compared to Leonerasaurus.[36][35] |
||
Gen et sp. nov. |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
FMNH PR 3051, nearly complete juvenile skeleton including partial skull |
Possible member of Massospondylidae within Sauropodomorpha. Represents the only current Sauropodomorph with craneal material from the continent. Was originally compared to Leonerasaurus, yet latter was found to be related with Ignavusaurus and Sarahsaurus.[36][35] |
||
Indeterminate |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Three metre-wide pelvis, Ilium, isolated Vertebrae and Limb elements |
A possible stem sauropod of some short (Pulanesaura-grade?, Lessemsauridae?). The presence of Glacialisaurus in the Hanson Formation with advanced true sauropods shows that both basal and derived members of this lineage existed side by side in the early Jurassic.[33][38][34] |
Theropoda
Taxon | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Maxilla fragment with 3 teeth |
Described as "halticosaurid teeth" |
||
Cryolophosaurus ellioti |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
Incertae sedis within Neotheropoda, probably related to the Averostra. Initially described as a possible basal tetanuran; subsequent studies have pointed out relationships with Dilophosaurus from North America. It is the best characterized dinosaur found in the formation, and was probably the largest predator on the ecosystem.[25] |
|||
Indeterminate |
Mt. Kirkpatrick |
6 isolated teeth |
Described as "dromeosaurid? teeth", it is probably either a Tachiraptor-grade averostra, a Coelophysis-like form, or possibly even a basal tetanuran |
Arthropoda
At southwest
Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
|
Middle Hanson Formation |
Complete specimen |
Indeterminate Cockroach material |
||
Coleoptera[44]
|
Indeterminate (various) |
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Isolated elytron |
Indeterminate beetle remains |
|
Conchostraca[44]
|
Indeterminate (various) |
|
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Isolated valves |
Numerous conchostracan remains, found associated with lagoonar deposits and major indicators of water bodies locally along Scoyenia burrows |
|
Diplichnites isp. |
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Trace fossils |
Trace fossils in lacustrine environment, probably made by arthropods (arachnids or myriapods) |
||
|
|
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Isolated valves |
A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae. |
||
|
|
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Isolated valves |
A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae. |
||
Ostracoda[44]
|
Indeterminate (various) |
|
Middle Hanson Formation |
Isolated valves |
Numerous ostracodan remains, found associated with lagoonar deposits and indicators of water bodies locally along Scoyenia burrows and conchostracans |
|
|
|
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Isolated valves |
A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Limnadiidae. |
||
Planolites isp. |
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Burrows |
Burrow fossils in lacustrine environment, probably made by arthropods. Common Planolites burrows on bedding planes document high water tables locally, as well humid atmospheric conditions |
||
Scoyenia isp. |
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Burrows |
Burrow fossils in lacustrine environment, probably made by arthropods |
Flora
Fossilized wood is also present in the Hanson Formation, near the stratigraphic level of the tritylodont locality. It has affinities with the Araucariaceae and similar kinds of conifers.[46] In the north Victoria Land region, plant remains occur at the base of the lacustrine beds directly underlying the initial pillow lavas at the top of the sedimentary profile. Some of the layers of Shafer Peak include remains of an in situ stand gymnosperm trees:
- At Mount Carson, at least four large tree trunks were found on an exposed bedding plane. The wood is coalified and only partially silicified, with the largest stem reaching a diameter of nearly 50 cm.[44]
- In Suture Bench, silicified tree trunks are found buried in situ along lava flows. Some specimens have several holes or tunnels less than 1 cm wide that may represent arthropod borings.[44]
Palynology
Likely that (at least parts of) the palynomorph contents of these samples may derive from accessory clasts of underlying host strata that were incorporated and reworked during hydrovolcanic activity[47]
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the families Umkomasiaceae and Voltziaceae
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with Pleuromeiales. The Plueromeiales were tall lycophytes (2 to 6 m) common in the Triassic. These spores probably reflect a relict genus.
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Araucariaceae. By the Pliensbachian, Cheirolepidiaceae reduce their abundance, with coeval proliferation of the Araucariaceae-type pollen | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Osmundaceae. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Calamitaceae. Horsetails, herbaceous flora characteristic of humid environments and tolerant of flooding. | |
|
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Most samples yield well-preserved pollen and spore assemblages strongly dominated (82% and 85%, respectively, for the two species) by Classopollis grains.[7] |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. The dominance of Corollina species is the defining feature of the Corollina torosa abundance zone. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Adiantaceae .
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Cibotiaceae .
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Sphagnaceae. Sphagnum-type swamp mosses. Aquatic in temperate freshwater swamps. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Selaginellaceae .
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Schizaeaceae, Dicksoniaceae or Matoniaceae. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Selaginellaceae .
| |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with Bryophyta. Younger index taxa (e.g., N. vallatus) are mostly absent and the proportion of Classopollis is still very high.[7] | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Cupressaceae. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the families . | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Occasional bryophyte and lycophyte spores are found along with consistent occurrences of Podosporites variabilis.[7] | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae. Hornwort spores. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Uncertain peridophyte affinities | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae. Absent in some samples.[7] | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Uncertain peridophyte affinities | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the family Osmundaceae. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Sphagnaceae. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Affinities with the Sphagnaceae. | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Uncertain peridophyte affinities | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Uncertain peridophyte affinities | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Spores |
Uncertain peridophyte affinities | |
|
|
Lower Hanson Formation |
Pollen |
Affinities with the family Caytoniaceae .
|
Macroflora
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Cuticles |
A member of the Pinales of the family Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae. |
||
Cladophlebis oblonga |
Carapace Nunantak (reworked) Shafer Peak |
Middle Hanson Formation |
Leaves and stems |
A Polypodiopsidan of the family Osmundaceae . Reworked from the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation; represents fern leaves common in humid environments.
|
||
Clathropteris meniscoides |
Shafer Peak Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Leaf segments |
A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. It was the first record of the genus and species from the Antarctica. Specimens from Shafer Peak occur in a tuffitic mass-flow deposit and are associated with abundant charred wood indicating wildfires.[51] |
||
Coniopteris murrayana
Coniopteris hymenophylloides |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Pinna fragments |
A Polypodiopsidan of the family Polypodiales. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern genus. Recent research has reinterpreted it a stem group of the Polypodiales (Closely related with the extant genera Dennstaedtia, Lindsaea, and Odontosoria).[52] |
||
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Trapeziform fragment of a scale leaf |
A cycadophyte of the family Bennettitales . The Specimen was found pecimen associated with Otozamites spp.
|
||
Dicroidium sp. |
Shafer Peak |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
One cuticle fragment on slide |
A Pteridosperm/Seed Fern of the family Corystospermaceae. Dicroidium plants only gradually began to disappear and lingered on in Jurassic floras as minor relictual elements in more modern vegetation communities dominated by conifers, Bennettitales, and various ferns.[1] |
||
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Fragments of rhizomes, unbranched aerial shoots, isolated leaf sheaths and nodal diaphragms |
A sphenophyte of the family Equisetaceae . Sphenophytes are common elements of Jurassic floras of southern Gondwana.
|
||
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Cuticles |
A member of the family Cupressaceae. Related to specimens found in the Middle Jurassic of Hope Bay, Graham Land. Probably belong to the Conifer Austrohamia from the Lower Jurassic of Argentina and China. |
||
Isoetites abundans |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Stems |
A lycophyte of the family Isoetaceae . Specimens resemble Australian ones of similar age.
|
||
Marchantites mawsonii |
Carapace Nunantak (reworked) |
Middle Hanson Formation |
Thalli |
A liverwort of the family Marchantiales . Reworked from the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, this liverwort is related to modern humid-environment genera.
|
||
cf. Matonidium goeppertii |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Pinna portions |
A Polypodiopsidan of the family Matoniaceae. |
||
Nothodacrium warrenii |
Carapace Nunantak (reworked) |
Middle Hanson Formation |
Leaves |
A member of the family Voltziales. A genus with Resemblance with the extant Dacrydium that was referred to Podocarpaceae, yet a more recent work foun it to be just a convergently evolved relative of Telemachus.[53] |
||
Otozamites linearis
Otozamites sanctae-crucis |
SW Gair Mesa
Mount Carson Shafer Peak |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Pinnately compound leaves |
A cycadophyte of the family Bennettitales .
|
||
Indeterminate |
Carapace Nunantak (reworked) Mount Carson |
Middle Hanson Formation |
Leaves
Cuticles |
A member of the Pinales of the family Araucariaceae. Reworked from the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation, representative of the presence of arboreal to arbustive flora. |
||
Polyphacelus stormensis |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Leaf segments |
A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. Closely related to Clathropteris meniscoides. |
||
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Cone scales |
|||
Indeterminate |
Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Fragment of an up to 2 mm long coiledpteridophyll crozier |
A Fern of Uncertain relationships. Spiropteris represents fossils of Coiled fern leaves |
||
Indeterminate | Mount Carson |
Lower and Middle Hanson Formation |
Fragment of a large, pinnately compound leaf |
A cycadophyte of the family Bennettitales .
|
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica
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