Henric Streitman
Henric Ștefan Streitman | |
---|---|
Romanian Senator | |
In office 1922–1927 | |
Constituency | Storojineț |
Chairman of the Central Jewish Office | |
In office February 7 – December 30, 1942 | |
Preceded by | none |
Succeeded by | Nandor Gingold |
Personal details | |
Born | 1873 People's Party (to 1932) National Agrarian Party (1932–1935) |
Spouse | Rachel Vermont |
Children | Max-Radu Streitman |
Profession | Journalist, essayist, publisher, civil servant, diplomat |
Signature | |
Henric Ștefan Streitman (first name also Henric Șt., Enric, Henri or Henry, last name also Streitmann, Streittman, Ștraitman; 1873 – circa March 30, 1950) was a Romanian journalist, translator and political figure, who traversed the political spectrum from socialism to the far-right. A physicist, social commentator and publisher, in his early years he was a promoter of natural selection ideas as well as a translator of Marxist and naturalist literature. Respected for both his polemical stances and his erudition, he was also rendered controversial by his inconsistencies and his alleged corruption. Often struggling financially, Streitman set up several short-lived periodicals, and involved himself in the cultural and political debates, from 1889 to the time of his death.
A
When Streitman returned to public life in the 1920s, it was primarily as an
Streitman turned to collaboration with the military-fascist dictatorship of Ion Antonescu during World War II, becoming president of the Central Jewish Office. Though reviled in Antonescian propaganda as a Jewish pillar of the old regime, he was trusted for his earlier connection with Goga, and also vetted by Nazi Germany. This assignment pitted him against non-collaborationists such as A. L. Zissu, who resented his appeals to compliance. His was a largely ceremonial office, with many of its functions supplanted by the executive leader, Nandor Gingold. Ultimately sidelined in December 1942, Streitman survived the war by a few years. Unlike Gingold, he was never brought before the Romanian People's Tribunals. Slowly forgotten by the time of his death in 1950, he was survived by a son, Max-Radu, who had acted as a lawyer for champions of left-wing causes, and was allowed a second career as a classical musician.
Biography
Early years
Streitman was a native of Piatra Neamț town, which is located in mountainous Western Moldavia.[1] He was born into the Judaic religion, and, like the majority of Romanian Jews living before 1920, was non-emancipated, and not yet eligible for Romanian citizenship;[2] later in life, he rejected being labeled with the tem "Israelite", which he regarded as a pretentious euphemism.[3] According to his own definitions, his father was "one of our town's leading men of culture".[4] When he was aged five, his family hosted Velvel Zbarjer, an itinerant singer, whose presence impressed Henric; shortly after this, Zbarjer was expelled from the Principality of Romania for having publicized a poem "critical of the country's injustices."[5] Young Streitman was privately tutored, in both German and French, by the Count Jurawski, a Polish refugee. As he recalled decades later, "the all-knowing, all-forgiving" Jurawski was also an amateur scientist who introduced his pupils, and Moldavians in general, to Lamarckism and Darwinism.[6]
Enrolled at high school, Streitman also followed politics, and was close to the budding socialist movement of students in the newly-formed
In July 1889, the illegal newspaper Sozialdemokrat claimed that Streitman, "a cowardly and totally characterless person", acted as a police informant "in order to save himself from possible expulsion". Allegedly as a result of his reports, the Kingdom of Württemberg prosecuted a Marxist organizer, Eduard Fuchs.[11] Throughout this interval as an expatriate, Streitman continued to send his articles to Școala Nouă, before it ultimately succumbed in May 1890.[12] In Germany, Streitman was university colleagues with several prominent Romanian intellectuals of various political hues: Barbu Brănișteanu, Gheorghe Gh. Longinescu, Simion Mehedinți, Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, etc.[13] He also traveled out of Central Europe, and heard lectures in philosophy at Rome University.[10][14] According to academic Marian Petcu, it remains unclear whether he ever specialized in any particular field.[14] Other records suggest that Streitman eventually obtained a Sc.D. in physical chemistry, and a license degree in Philosophy.[14][15]
Streitman's earliest contributions to cultural journalism also include a profile of poet
As a traditionalist reviewer, Ilarie Chendi spoke of the Streitmans' work as part of a "Jewish translation" phenomenon which had taken up cultural space in fin de siècle Romania; he also noted similar contributions by Saniel Grossman, Adolphe Stern, and I. Hussar. Chendi identified Nordau as a main reference for Jews active in Romanian literature, "a sort of protective father-figure for the Romanian Jews."[22] In their introductory study to Degeneration, the Streitmans highlighted the connections between Nordau and socialism, but also introduced footnotes claiming to correct the author for his disagreements with Marxism.[19] A year later, the literary duo returned with a version of August Bebel's Woman.[23]
Streitman's work was soon acknowledged in the literary profession, and discussed by Constantin Stamatin-Nazone in his 1894 essay Profilurĭ ("Profiles").[24] As argued by historian of journalism G. Brătescu, Streitman impressed and influenced the greats of Romanian journalism with his "subtle, malicious, ironic, doubting, often indulgent" writing style. Moreover, Brătescu writes, Streitman was an "erudite" and a competent reader of both secular and religious literature.[15] In 1902, he followed up with the booklet Oamenii zilei. Instantanee ("People of the Day. Snapshots"), signing it with the pen name Almaviva.[25]
Prezentul and Viitorul
Streitman's political stances became the subject of controversy when it came to his ignoring the territorial and cultural conflicts opposing Romania and
In May 1899, as the Conservative Party took control of the administration, it identified Streitman as a publicist for the rival National Liberal Party. He was reportedly harassed by General Ion Algiu, leader of the Romanian Police, who asked him to end such activities or be deported as a foreign national.[28] In February 1903, Streitman was ultimately naturalized Romanian by special vote of the Senate.[29][30] Covering this event, the community newspaper Egalitatea described him as fost evreŭ (a "former Jew").[29] According to a 1937 report in Új Kelet review, Streitman had embraced Romanian Orthodoxy—this was after the National Liberals' chairman, Dimitrie Sturdza, had "predicted a great career for him in case he converted." As a result, both Henric and Rachel "discreetly sunk their heads under holy water at some church in the suburbs".[31] Henic now took on the Christian name "Ștefan",[14] which he kept for the rest of his life.[20] He denounced his own baptism soon after, when his pious mother died, leaving him "overcome with remorse". He recited the kaddish in her memory at Malbim Synagogue, where he continued to pray regularly, always wrapped in a tallit.[31]
For a while, Streitman affiliated with the Romanian Society for Literature and Arts, an abortive
Streitman's coworkers and employees were Rudolf Uhrinowsky, ridiculed by Furnica for his unusual surname,[37] poet Victor Eftimiu, and (Eftimiu noted) Adrien Le Corbeau, already famous as a habitual plagiarist.[38] Joining them as literary contributors were three young poets, all of them representing the Romanian Symbolist movement: Mihail Cruceanu, Al. T. Stamatiad, and Eugeniu Sperantia.[39] Streitman also bonded with a Symbolist author and Christian socialist, Gala Galaction, and prayed together with him at an unnamed synagogue in December 1908. In his account of the visit, Galaction proposed a Romanian–Jewish alliance: "a nation who knows how to pray in that way Jews can pray is invincible, impregnable"; Galaction also referred to Streitman as a "highly intelligent and prestigious journalist".[40] Streitman remained a practicing Jew into the 1940s,[41] whereas his wife never reverted back to Judaism.[31]
According to Eftimiu, Prezentul was a struggling business, occupying an unheated room on Macca Arcade, with Streitman often missing out on payments for his staff.[42] In March 1910, Streitman's entire mobile property was confiscated by court order, and auctioned off to pay off his debt to an R. Goldemberg.[43] The two papers did not survive this, and Streitman returned to regular publishing work. He was soon appointed editor in chief of Viitorul, a newspaper put out by the National Liberals, with Ion G. Duca and Constantin Banu as managers,[10] while he was also a "very close" collaborator of Banu's own review, Flacăra.[44] Still a nominal left-winger, Streitman announced in December 1912 that he would be putting out a new magazine of his own, Realitatea ("Reality"), its mission being to "strip public life of all ideology, of all phraseology";[45] during those years, he was being approached by right-wing politicians, becoming friends with Duca, then also with Constantin Angelescu and Constantin Argetoianu.[15] According to one account, he chaperoned a "stunningly beautiful actress" whom Duca was secretly dating.[46]
In January 1913, Streitman became involved with Romania's first journalists' union, the General Association of the Press. Alongside Karnabatt,
One of Streitman's last journalistic ventures for 1913 was a series of interviews on the "
World War I and People's Party
Streitman's advocacy came to a halt during the debates and campaigns of World War I. In 1914, when Romania was still neutral territory, he published a monograph on the life and ideas of
Streitman and the Troyan group were released on December 23, 1917,[59] though some accounts suggest that he was also interned for a while at Tismana Monastery.[60] He was active in occupied Bucharest following Romania's armistice (May 1918), an editorial director of Virgil Arion's Renașterea newspaper, which promoted reconciliation with the Germans. According to Alexandru Macedonski of Literatorul (himself a Germanophile), Streitman's arrival at Renașterea was good news, Streitman being "one of the most brilliant Romanian journalists", "a man of great culture and a writer of great talent".[61] The newspaper riled up patriotic sensibilities with pro-German stances, such as when it asked that Romanian civilians who had publicly celebrated German defeats in France.[62] "Arhibald" suggests that Renașterea was secretly owned by the Germanophile leader, Petre P. Carp, with Jewish publisher Leon Alcaly as his front man.[63] As he notes, Streitman's tenure there pitted him against his own contributions in the earlier stages of war: Streitman now claimed that nobody had ever supported going to war against the Central Powers.[64] The same author includes Streitman and philosopher Iosif Brucăr among a largely Jewish, and more generically foreign, category of intellectuals "passing as Romanians at the German gazettes"; he claims to have found both men's signatures on a memorandum asking the German occupiers to provide them with price-controlled cheese, in return for propaganda services.[65]
After the
Streitman also reentered politics, now as a committed
Following the 1920 setback, Streitman focused his political ambitions on another one of Greater Romania's newer regions, campaigning for the Jewish vote in Bukovina during the race of 1922. As a PP candidate, he was involved in the provincial conflict opposing two advocates of Jewish rights: Mayer Ebner, of the People's Council Party, and Benno Straucher, of the Jewish National People's Party. While Straucher became a National Liberal ally, Streitman and Karl Klüger where signed by Ebner onto a People's Council Party list for the Senate: Streitman for Storojineț, Klüger for Cernăuți.[72] Streitman worked as a councilor for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[15][14] which probably interrupted his senatorial mandate. Records of the time describe him as "formerly a senator".[73]
1920s controversy
At that stage, Streitman was being courted by the radical
In June 1922, as a political chronicler for Contimporanul, Streitman decried the attempted communist takeover of the
In August 1925, Facla published a piece by Streitman which asked Romanians to create an openly antisemitic political party. His text was seen as provocative and tasteless by the National Liberal newspaper, Mișcarea.[84] Both Streitman and Klüger were reelected to Senate on the Averescu–Ebner platform during the race of May–June 1926, which returned the PP to government.[85] He took 270 votes, whereas the second-placed Stinodela Scala, a National Liberal, only took 9.[86] The PP's selection was hotly contested in Romania's radical-right circles. Universul newspaper ran a press campaign claiming to expose Goga as a hypocrite or an opportunist: Goga's "national fanaticism", Universul claimed, had been proven as a hoax by his political association with the "erstwhile Jewish" Streitman and the Hungarian Béla Barabás.[87] As a newspaper of the opposition Peasants' Party, Dreptatea similarly noted that PP candidate Ioan Lupaș was assuring his constituents that Averescu had "kept no company with the Hungarians, nor with the Jews", conveniently "forget[ting] Mr H. St. Streitman".[88]
Other nationalist venues accused Streitman of harboring anti-Romanian sentiments, and implied that his patron, Goga, was politically incompetent. A rumor circulated that, at the height of the preceding world war, Streitman had called the Romanians "a gang of thieves, consumed with alcoholism and syphilis".[89] The antisemitic attack on Streitman was taken up in Parliament by the opposition National-Christian Defense League (or LANC), through the voice of Transylvanian Valeriu Pop. Pop, who noted that the supposed quote could be traced back to Die Weltkampf paper (of the Militant League for German Culture), accused the PP of having betrayed the cause of "nationalist activity".[90] Streitman was publicly defended by another parliamentarian, Mișu Papp-Craiova, who called himself a man of "antisemitic principles". Papp-Craiova argued: "Streitman was the only Jew to have exhibited a dignified attitude during the war. [...] this particular Jew has never described himself as a Jew, but has always said he was a Romanian."[60]
Streitman was among the diplomats who worked at tightening Romania's links with the Polish Republic, in the context of the Polish–Romanian alliance. He was an official rapporteur at the Polish–Romanian Conference, held at Galați, and contributed an essay on the history behind that cooperation. It was taken up by Societatea de Mâine magazine, with an editorial note announcing that Streitman was working on three "literary volumes": Între da și nu ("Between Yes and No"), Ziua e scurtă ("The Day Is Short"), Elogiul ipocriziei ("In Praise of Hypocrisy").[91] Of his planned volumes, only Între da și nu came out, in late 1928, at Editura Cultura Națională,[23][92] earning attention as a "paradoxical and savory" work.[93] Streitman announced at the time that he was writing a "major book" of Biblical criticism, which focused on Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity.[92]
Averescu's premiership ended abruptly in June 1927. Streitman still served in the Foreign Ministry after the National Liberals carried the day, and, during the mandate of
Between Facla and the far-right
By 1927, Streitman had been made an Officer of the Star of Romania, a Commander in the Order of St. Sava, and a Knight of Polonia Restituta.[14] Although no longer holding a seat in Parliament, he was one of Romania's delegates to the 25th Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference,[98] while also representing Romania within a journalists' version of the Little Entente, alongside Filotti and Emil Fagure.[99] He also remained active as an adviser of the Romanian far-right. In his own pamphlet, Mustul care fierbe ("The Frothing Must"), Octavian Goga paid homage to Streitman as the "fine analyst". Goga cited his admiration for Streitman against those who reproached him his antisemitism: "I have never professed that stupid kind of intolerance."[100] At the time, Streitman also advised and financed his friend Șeicaru to set up the nationalist daily, Curentul. In its original edition, this political tribune employed other Jewish men of letters, among them F. Brunea-Fox and Moses Rosen.[15] In 1929, Streitman launched a new magazine of his own, the short-lived Observatorul Politic și Social ("Political and Social Observer"), with contributions from Mihail Manoilescu.[101] In August of that year, he led a Romanian journalists' delegation to Poland, also speaking in front of the Polish Commission in the Free City of Danzig.[102]
Streitman signed up for the
In September 1932, a nationalist doctrinaire, Nichifor Crainic, spoke of Streitman as both a "distinguished intellectual" and an "Ahasuerus" unable to find his place in society, noting that had "switched quite a few religions without settling for any single one".[107] As noted in 1934 by Argetoianu, Streitman was again a politically confused person, since he wrote for "all sorts of publications"—driven mainly by material needs, he was "always meaningful" and "intelligent", a "superior Semite". Argetoianu's notebook records a joke about "Streitman's salute", which was neither the fascist salute nor the communist raised fist, but "arm extended, palm turned up, to pick up something or other".[108] He also recorded how Streitman and another journalist, Adolphe Clarnet, colluded to obtain larger gifts from their political patron Titulescu.[109] His wealth, consisting of "an oak desk and other unspecified items", was confiscated by another court order from his home on Calea Plevnei 72. It was auctioned off in April 1932, this time to repay sums borrowed from Banca Centrală a Țării Românești.[110]
Following up on Între da și nu, Streitman returned in late 1933 with the volume Mi se pare că... ("Signs Point to..."), at Alcaly Publishers. A praise of agnosticism and relativism,[111] it appeared on Pompiliu Păltânea's list of notable prose works for 1934. According to Păltânea: "Mr. Henri Streitman reveals his very own manner [...] of searching for the truth through the most distant detours, those that run into surprises and open up grand perspectives."[112] Robot was critical of Streitman's relativistic approach, describing him as a "puppy [...] urinating on some tree."[105] Doctor Ygrec, the reviewer at Adevărul, found the book amusing overall, but objected to its "commonplace" jokes about God as an anthropomorphic deity. Underneath this covering, "it would seem to me that Mr. Streitman is a religious man".[111]
On June 5, 1935, Streitman was present at Filantropia Hospital for the funeral wake of Octavian's brother, Eugen Goga.[113] Weeks later, the PNA merged with Streitman's old adversaries, the LANC. As noted by Brătescu, the Jewish Streitman became an election agent for the resulting National Christian Party (PNC), a notoriously antisemitic force;[15] Deptatea, by then a National Peasantist paper, likewise reported that Streitman and Tudor Vianu, both of them Jews, had remained active within a "nationalist, and furthermore antisemitic, movement".[114] Új Kelet contrarily claimed that Streitman had "cut off all contact" with Goga following the unification.[31] Streitman enjoyment of relativism and networking between rival groups once pushed him to deliberately introduce the far-right philosopher Nae Ionescu to his left-wing critic, Carandino. He explained that: "In life, one must learn to abstract the opinions in one's writings".[115]
Although befriending the fascists, Streitman still assisted with leftist causes. Also in 1932, he joined the staff of Facla, where he was colleagues with several leftist and rightist political commentators: Carandino,
An occasional contributor to the
Collaboration
Under
When the Iron Guard imposed its
Antonescu's takeover generally increased pressures on the Jewish community. As reported by diarist Emil Dorian, in December 1941 Streitman was one of the pro-government Jews who took over as leaders of the revamped Jewish Community: "The
Jews are amazed, almost horrified. [...] they are confused by the role of Streitman, and they don't know the government official policies and the reasons for this situation, for which one cannot find enough people".
The CE was also afforded some recognition by the underground Union of Romanian Jews (UER), whose leader, Filderman, allowed colleague David "Dadu" Rosenkranz to head the CE's Section of Professional Reeducation.[136] Scholar Carol Iancu views Streitman, as well as others in the CE, as "traitors and collaborators"—by contrast with the informal Jewish leaders, who stood in opposition to Antonescu.[137] The former journalist remained a figurehead, publishing appeals to calm and obedience, and leaving most administrative work to his second-in-command, Nandor Gingold, M. D.[138] Ethnically Jewish, but a lapsed Catholic by religion, Gingold justified his own compliance by noting that obvious resistance to Nazi demands would bring immediate destruction upon the Romanian Jews.[139] Similarly, in the Jewish weekly Gazeta Evreiască, Streitman informed his fellow Jews that the moment required a special kind of reasoning: "with our heads, and not with our nerves, and not with our backbone."[140] Although conflicted due to the religious prohibitions, the CE had to comply with an official order to relocate the Jewish cemetery on Sevastopol Street. Its eviction in May 1942 was overseen by Streitman, Gingold, Halberthal, and a Sephardi delegate, Marco Prezente.[141]
This attitude made Streitman an adversary of the dissident Jews, who still refused to take Lecca's orders. A memoir by the then-
Sacking, postwar obscurity, and death
Although they countersigned Lecca's extortion measures, no CE official was ever directly involved in the main criminal
In the aftermath of the incident, Zionist leader Mișu Benvenisti was advised by Streitman to embark for British Palestine, and thus save himself from Richter's vengeance.[152] Streitman himself only served in the CE between February and December 30, 1942, being succeeded by Gingold.[153] Scholar Yehuda Bauer notes that Streitman had ultimately resigned after witnessing Gingold's attempts to "abolish the autonomy of the communities", an additional sign that Gingold's policies were habitually "disobeyed and undercut."[154] The new CE executive subsequently put Streitman and Brucăr, alongside banker Aristide Blank, on a list of Jewish hostages; according to Brucăr, this list showed Gingold's priorities: "he was not there to protect the Jews, but to persecute and remove them".[155] Streitman's supervision was assigned to the 31st Police Precinct, which still recorded his address as Calea Plevnei 72.[156]
Streitman's last years brought his return to activism, this time as a
Streitman survived the 1947 establishment of a
Legacy
Shortly before Streitman's death, the regime had clamped down on Zionist activity. It imprisoned Loewenstein-Lavi, who emigrated to Israel in 1957;[168] after acting as a public defender of the Zionists, Rosenkranz also left the country in 1961.[136] Streitman appears as a background character in Alexandru Voitin's historical play Adio, majestate!, fragments of which were first published in December 1967.[169] In the 1972 stage production, he was played by Gheorghe Lazarovici.[170] Carandino's moral and intellectual portrait of his deceased colleague, published as part of his 1979 book De la o zi la alta, calls Streitman "not a reactionary, but a conservative [who] preferred the peacefulness of bourgeois life over any revolution, as long as the revolution was not [just] spiritual."[76] He rates Streitman as one of the "sharpest journalists of that era".[171] Also in 1979, another journalist-turned-memoirist, A. P. Samson, briefly covered Streitman's transition from socialist to "far-right Jew", noting that he was "never one to display a firmness of conviction". Samson believed that Streitman was also a "remarkable writer", whose style evoked François Rabelais.[14]
Streitman's literary contribution remained largely ignored, including after the
Notes
- ^ Podoleanu, p. 311; Streitman, "Legăturile...", p. 462
- ^ Durnea, "Primii pași...", p. 29
- ^ Camil Petrescu, "Conica teatrală. Teatrul Național: Dama cu camelii de Alex Dumas-fiul", in Argus, January 27, 1927, p. 4
- ^ Bercovici, p. 44
- ^ Bercovici, passim
- ^ Streitman, "Legăturile...", p. 462
- ^ "G. D. Pencioiu", in Rampa, July 8, 1936, p. 1
- ^ Cioculescu et al., p. 952
- ^ Cioculescu et al., p. 954; Opriș, pp. 33–34
- ^ a b c d e f Podoleanu, p. 311
- ISBN 3-85791-088-7
- ^ Cioculescu et al., p. 952; Opriș, pp. 32, 34
- ISBN 973-95405-1-1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o (in Romanian) Marian Petcu, Evoluții recente în jurnalismul autohton, Contributors.ro, December 9, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (in Romanian) G. Brătescu, "Uniunea Ziariștilor Profesioniști, 1919 – 2009. Compendiu aniversar", in Mesagerul de Bistrița-Năsăud, December 11, 2009
- ^ Marin Bucur, "Primele zile ale posterității. Un neașteptat promovator al mitului eminescian: Vintilă C. A. Rosetti", Viața Românească, Vol. LXXXIV, Issue 6, June 1989, p. 65
- ^ Constantin Titel Petrescu, Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940, p. 91. Bucharest: Dacia Traiana, [n. y.]
- ^ a b c Angheluță et al., p. 408
- ^ ISBN 978-973-167-360-8
- ^ a b c Death announcement for "H. St. Streitman, jurnalist-pensionar", in Adevărul, March 31, 1950, p. 2
- ^ "Ediția IIa. Ultime informațiuni", in Lupta, September 6, 1895, p. 3
- ^ Ilarie Chendi, Foiletoane, p. 238. Bucharest: Minerva, 1904
- ^ a b c d Podoleanu, p. 312
- ^ Angheluță et al., p. 344
- ^ Angheluță et al., p. 408; Podoleanu, pp. 311, 312
- ^ "Ce e nou? D̦iariștii bucureșceni invitați la Budapesta", in Familia, Issue 38/1897, p. 456
- Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 125/1900, pp. 2–3
- ^ "Ultima oră. Expuilzărĭ", in Adevărul, May 14, 1899, p. 3
- ^ a b "Cronica săptămâneĭ. Indigenatele", in Egalitatea, Issue 6/1903, p. 45
- ^ "Ediția de dimineață. Informațiuni", in Adevărul, February 6, 1903, p. 2
- ^ a b c d H. E., "Jelentéktelen üggyé zsugorodott a 'kétázak' keresztelkedésről szóló szenzáció. Niemerower főrabbi nyilatkozata. Szenzációhajhász lapok fújták fel néhány ember kitérési akcióját", in Új Kelet, Vol. XX, Issue 5, January 1937, p. 3
- ^ Durnea, "Primii pași...", pp. 23–24, 29
- ASTRA), Issue 40/2005
- ^ Anuarul Bucurescilor pe anul 1904, p. 14. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1904
- ^ Cyrano (George Ranetti), "Kneazul Moruzzi la Moși", in Furnica, Issue 39/1905, p. 7
- ^ Sc., "Revista generală. Notițe bibliografice", in Sămănătorul, Vol. VII, Issue 42, October 1908, p. 957
- ^ "Pentru D. Straitman", in Furnica, Issue 43/1905, p. 10
- ISBN 2909240703; Eftimiu, pp. 298, 319–320
- OCLC 82865987
- ^ H. D., "Viața cărților. La început de veac. Gala Galaction și evreii", in Buletinul Centrului, Muzeului și Arhivei Istorice a Evreilor din România, Issues 4–5, 2000, p. 143
- ^ Deletant, p. 122; Vágó, p. 700
- ^ Eftimiu, pp. 130–133
- ^ "Anunțuri judiciare. Licitațiuni. Corpul portăreilor tribunalului Ilfov", in Monitorul Oficial, Issue 290/1911, p. 12125
- ^ Mihail Șerban, "Cu d. Const. Banu, evocând trecutul. După 25 de ani dela apariția revistei Flacăra, fostul ei director ne vorbește despre începuturi, colaboratori și drumul parcurs", in Adevărul, June 27, 1928, p. 3
- ^ "Ultime informațiuni", in Adevărul, December 8, 1912, p. 3
- ^ Carandino, pp. 150–151
- ^ "Asociația generală a presei", in Gazeta Ilustrată, Issue 13/1913, p. 12; Constantin Bacalbașa, Bucureștii de altă dată. IV: 1910–1914, p. 130. Bucharest: Editura Ziarului Universul, 1936
- ^ N. D. Cocea, "Cronica teatrală. Deschiderea stagiunii", in Viața Românească, Issue 9/1910, pp. 476–477
- Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 265/1913, p. 2
- ^ "Ultime informații", in Opinia, February 25, 1914, p. 3
- ^ "Un banchet al înfrățirei franco-română la București", in Românul (Arad), Issue 57/1914, p. 5
- ^ Arhibald, pp. 199, 242
- ^ Kiriak Napadarjan (George Ranetti), "Brașoave", in Furnica, Issue 15/1915, p. 8
- ^ Filderman, p. 39
- ^ Filderman, pp. 39–40
- ^ Dimitrie Hogea, Din trecutul orașului Piatra-Neamț. Amintiri, pp. 227–228. Piatra-Neamț: Institutul de Arte Grafice Record, 1936
- ^ Arhibald, pp. 56–57, 84
- ^ Arhibald, p. 137
- ^ Arhibald, p. 131
- ^ a b "Cuvântarea dlui Dr. Valeriu Pop...", p. 4
- ^ Alexandru Macedonski, "Paginile zilei. Aparițiunea Renașterei" in Literatorul, Issue 2/1918, p. 7
- ^ Arhibald, p. 250
- ^ Arhibald, pp. 241–242, 281–282
- ^ Arhibald, pp. 241–242
- ^ Arhibald, pp. 250–251
- ^ Aurelia Lăpușan, "Destinul unui căutător de certitudini, Vasile Canarache", in Datina, Vol. I, Issue 10, December 2014, p. 18
- ^ I. Peltz, "Scrisori din București. Mișcarea literară", in Opinia, February 6, 1920, p. 1
- ^ Scurtu, p. 57
- ^ Scurtu, pp. 57–58
- ^ Lya Benjamin, "The Determinants of Jewish Identity in Inter-War Transylvania", Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank reprint (originally published in the Babeș-Bolyai University Studia Judaica, 1996, pp. 68–77); retrieved September 19, 2012
- ^ Mănescu, pp. 89–90
- ^ Mihai, pp. 88–89, 99–100
- ^ Mănescu, p. 89
- ^ a b c Geo Șerban, "Mozaic. 'Omul de pe stradă', un faimos condei", in Realitatea Evreiască, Issues 454–455, July–August 2015, p. 16
- ^ Carandino, p. 149; Podoleanu, p. 311
- ^ a b Carandino, p. 149
- ^ Cernat, pp. 132–133
- ^ Cernat, pp. 148–149
- ^ Goldiș University of AradStudii de Știință și Cultură, Issue 1 (12), March 2008, p. 77
- ^ Emilia Faur, "Leftist Critique or Fight for Democracy? Contimporanul Covering the Trial from Dealul Spirii", in Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Philosophia, Special Issue, November 2019, p. 73
- ^ (in Romanian) "Congresul ziariștilor minoritari la Arad", in Vestul României, Issue 17/1923, p. 3 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library)
- ^ I. Florin, "În jurul afacerii din Dayton. Ce e darwinismul?", in Adevărul, August 8, 1925, p. 2
- Viața Romînească, 1926
- ^ "'Ni trebuie un partid antisemit'", in Mișcarea, August 2, 1925, p. 1
- ^ Mihai, pp. 90, 100
- ^ "Rezultatul alegerilor pentru senatorii consiliilor județene și comunale", in Cuvântul Ardealului, June 27, 1926, p. 4
- ^ "Minoritățile în focul concentric", in Glasul Minorităților, Vol. IV, Issues 5–6, May–June 1926, p. 131
- ^ a b "Polemici. Indelicatețe", in Dreptatea, December 6, 1928, p. 1
- ^ "Cuvântarea dlui Dr. Valeriu Pop...", p. 4; (in Romanian) "Daltonismul național", in Chemarea Tinerimei Române, Issue 7/1926, p. 2 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library)
- ^ "Cuvântarea dlui Dr. Valeriu Pop...", pp. 3–4
- ^ Streitman, "Legăturile...", p. 461
- ^ a b "Curier literar", in Cuvântul, December 23, 1928, p. 2
- ^ Leon Feraru, "Rumanian Literary News", in The Romanic Review, No. 2/1929, p. 185 (digitized by the Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica digital library)
- ^ Scurtu, pp. 58, 59
- ^ a b "Tatarescu, Titulescu és a kor nagy szociális problémái. Pamfil Seicaru folytatja támadásait Tatarescu ellen", in Új Kelet, Vol. XXIII, Issue 185, August 1940, p. 3
- ISBN 978-606-654-036-0
- ^ Mihai, pp. 93, 100
- ^ Compte rendu de la XXVe conférence tenue à Berlin du 23 au 28 août 1928. Publié par le bureau interparlementaire, p. 547. Geneva: Éditions Payot, 1928 (digitized by the Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica digital library)
- ^ "Conferința Micii antante a presei. Dezbaterile ședinței de eri după amiază", in Adevărul, June 22, 1928, p. 3
- ^ Octavian Goga, Mustul care fierbe, p. 97. Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, [n. y.]
- ^ "Buletin Bibliografic", in Dreptatea, April 29, 1929, p. 5. See also Podoleanu, p. 311
- ^ "Excursia ziariștilor români în Polonia", in Curentul, August 28, 1929, p. 7
- ^ Mihai, pp. 94, 100
- ^ C. Bleba, "Tone de ironie...", in Epoca, August 21, 1931, p. 1
- ^ a b Alexandu Robot, "Căți noui. H.-St. Streitman, Mi se pare că...", in Rampa, January 19, 1934, pp. 1–2
- ^ G. I. Duca, Cronica unui român în veacul XX, Vol. II, p. 106. Munich: Jon Dumitru Verlag, 1984
- ^ Nichifor Crainic, "D. Eduard Mirto sau între da și nu", in Calendarul, September 26, 1932, p. 1
- ^ Argetoianu, p. 369
- ^ Argetoianu, pp. 369–370
- ^ "Vânzări mobiliare. Corpul Port. Trib. Ilfov", in Viitorul, April 22, 1932, p. 2
- ^ a b Doctorul Ygrec, "Caleidoscopul vieții intelectuale. Litere, știință, artă: Mi se pare că...", in Adevărul, December 29, 1933, p. 2
- ^ (in French) Pompiliu Păltânea, "Chronique de Roumanie", in Mercure de France, Issue 867, August 1934, p. 643 (digitized by the Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica digital library)
- ^ "Moartea lui Eugen Goga", in Curentul, June 6, 1935, p. 9
- ^ "'Oamenii de ordine' ai domnului Tătărăscu [sic]", in Dreptatea, October 3, 1935, p. 1
- ^ Carandino, p. 150
- ^ (in Romanian) Geo Șerban, "Causeries du lundi", in România Literară, Issue 25/2000
- ISBN 978-606-16-0520-0
- ^ "Caleidoscopul vieții intelectuale. Litere, știință, artă: Cărți și reviste", in Adevărul, February 7, 1936, p. 2
- ^ "Viitoarele conferințe dela cercul 'Libertatea'", in Adevărul, January 3, 1933, p. 5
- ^ Mihai Lisei, "Reportajul românesc interbelic. Teme și dezbateri (II)", in Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Ephemerides, Vol. LVI, Issue 1, June 2011, p. 167
- ISBN 973-98662-5-5
- ^ "Ziariști români decorați de președintele Beneș. Solemnitatea dela Legația Cehă", in Adevărul, May 21, 1937, p. 3
- ^ "O lucrare de valoare care se trimite gratuit", in Cuvântul, November 21, 1929, p. 2
- ^ "Memento conferințe", in Rampa, February 21, 1934, p. 4
- ^ "Ultima oră. Un decet pentru reglementarea presei. Anularea permiselor ziariștilor evrei", in Curentul, January 2, 1938, p. 8
- ^ "Cronica judiciară. Arestarea avocatului Radu Streitman", in Cuvântul, February 2, 1938, p. 2
- Universul Literar, Issue 29/1940, p. 2 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library)
- ^ Marian Petcu, "Sindicatul Ziariștilor din București, după 120 de ani", in Me.Dok, Issue 4/2021, p. 24
- ISBN 978-606-8091-13-6
- ^ Wexler & Popov, p. 196
- ^ Babeș, p. 23
- ^ Babeș, pp. 17, 24; Deletant, p. 121; (in Romanian) Edward Kanterian, "Subiectivitate și obiectivitate în Jurnalul lui Mihail Sebastian", in Revista 22, Bucureștiul Cultural supplement, Issue 11/2007; Vágó, pp. 696, 707–708, 717–718
- ^ "Deciziuni. Președinția Consiliului de Miniștri", in Monitorul Oficial, Issue 38/1942, p. 994
- ^ Deletant, p. 122; Vágó, pp. 700, 701–702
- ^ Vágó, pp. 702, 703
- ^ a b c d (in Romanian) Lucian Zeev-Herșcovici, "David (Dadu) Rosenkranz. Din viața unui avocat și lider evreu din România în secolul XX", in Revista ProLitera, February 3, 2018
- ^ Iancu, p. 231
- ^ Deletant, p. 122; Vágó, pp. 700–701
- ^ Deletant, p. 122
- ^ Vágó, p. 701
- ^ Adrian Cioflâncă, "Erasing Memory. The Destruction of the Old Jewish Cemeteries in Bucharest and Iași during Ion Antonescu's Regime", in Revista de Istorie a Evreilor, Issue 1 (16–17), 2016, pp. 323–324
- ^ Șafran, pp. 30–31
- ^ Șafran, p. 32
- ^ Alexandru Mirodan, "Dicționar neconvențional al scriitorilor evrei de limbă română. D.", in Minimum, Vol. VI, Issue 60, March 1992, pp. 43–44
- ^ Wexler & Popov, p. 107
- Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania & Editura Hasefer, 2010
- ^ Wexler & Popov, pp. 107–108, 137, 159. See also Iancu, p. 238
- ^ Deletant, pp. 122–123. See also Cazacu, pp. 57–58; Vágó, passim
- ^ Gligor, pp. 23, 99
- ^ Wexler & Popov, pp. 107, 108
- ^ Mitricioaei, pp. 381–382, 387–388. See also Benvenisti, p. 41
- ^ Benvenisti, p. 42
- ^ "Informațiuni", in Curentul, December 30, 1942, p. 3. See also Cazacu, p. 57
- ISBN 978-0-8143-4348-7
- ^ Gligor, pp. 100–101
- ^ H. D., "Elocvența documentelor — Aprilie 1943. Ostaticii din București", in Buletinul Centrului, Muzeului și Arhivei Istorice a Evreilor din România, Issue 11, 2005, p. 52
- ^ I. Herzig, "Monumente. Dadu Rosenkranz", in Tineretul Nou/Hanoar Hazioni, Vol. II, Issues 15–16, July 1945, p. 8
- ^ Wexler & Popov, pp. 135, 718
- ^ Caloianu, pp. 407–408
- ^ "Activitatea acuzatorilor publici", in Universul, March 8, 1945, p. 3
- ^ "Epurația la Federația Uniunilor de Comunități Evreești", in Scînteia, April 8, 1945, p. 5
- ISBN 978-606-92223-5-5. See also Cazacu, p. 58; Vágó, pp. 714–715
- ^ Ioan Lăcustă, "În București, acum 50 de ani", in Magazin Istoric, July 1996, p. 58
- ISBN 973-35-0536-6
- ^ "Șezătoarea Ateneului popular Tudor Vladimirescu", in Adevărul, September 17, 1947, p. 2
- ^ "Șezătoarea Ateneului popular Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej", in Universul, May 9, 1948, p. 2
- ISBN 978-606-37-0769-8
- ^ Caloianu, p. 408; Mitricioaei, p. 382
- ^ Alexandru Voitin, "Adio, majestate!. Tabloul 2", in Scânteia Tineretului, December 23, 1967, p. 3
- ^ Victor Parhon, "Teatru. Spectacolele săptămînii. Premieră la Baia Mare", in Contemporanul, Issue 44/1972, p. 4
- ^ Carandino, p. 191
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