Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in
Jewish emancipation followed after the
Background
Jews were subject to a wide range of restrictions throughout most of European history. Since the
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Jewish involvement in gentile society began during the Age of Enlightenment. Haskalah, the Jewish movement supporting the adoption of enlightenment values, advocated an expansion of Jewish rights within European society. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the ghetto", not just physically but also mentally and spiritually.
In 1790, in the United States, President
On September 28, 1791,
In
Emancipation movements
The early stages of Jewish emancipation movements were part of the general progressive efforts to achieve freedom and rights for minorities. While this was a movement, it was also a pursuit for equal rights.
In 1781, the Prussian civil servant Christian Wilhelm Dohm published the famous script Über die bürgerliche Emanzipation der Juden. Dohm disproves the antisemitic stereotypes and pleads for equal rights for Jews. To this day, it is called the Bible of Jewish emancipation.[16]
In the face of persistent
Jewish emancipation, implemented under Napoleonic rule in French occupied and annexed states, suffered a setback in many member states of the German Confederation following the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. In the final revision of the Congress on the rights of the Jews, the emissary of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Johann Smidt – unauthorised and unconsented to by the other parties – altered the text from "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them in the confederal states", by replacing a single word, which entailed serious consequences, into: "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them by the confederal states."[17] A number of German states used the altered text version as legal grounds to reverse the Napoleonic emancipation of Jewish citizens. The Prussian emissary Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Austrian Klemens von Metternich promoted the preservation of Jewish emancipation, as maintained by their own countries, but were not successful in others.[15]
During the
Dates of emancipation
In some countries, emancipation came with a single act. In others, limited rights were granted first in the hope of "changing" the Jews "for the better."[19]
Year | Country |
---|---|
1264 | Poland |
1791 | |
1796 | Batavian Republic – Netherlands |
1808 | Grand Duchy of Hesse |
1808 | Westphalia[21] |
1811 | Grand Duchy of Frankfurt[22] |
1812 | Mecklenburg-Schwerin[23] |
1812 | Prussia[24] |
1813 | Kingdom of Bavaria[25] |
1826 | Jew Bill revised Maryland law to permit a Jew to hold office if he professed belief in "a future state of rewards and punishments".)
|
1828 | Württemberg |
1830 | Belgium |
1830 | Greece
|
1831 | Jamaica[26] |
1832 | Canada (Lower Canada (Quebec))[27] |
1833 | Electorate of Hesse |
1834 | United Netherlands |
1839 | Ottoman Empire[28] |
1842 | Kingdom of Hanover |
1848 | Nassau[29] |
1849 | Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament declared and enacted the emancipation of Jews, the law was repealed by the Habsburgs after the joint Austrian-Russian victory over Hungary[30]
|
1849 | Denmark[31] |
1849 | Hamburg[32] |
1856 | Switzerland |
1858 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
1861 | prior to 1861 and had previously been divided amongst several foreign entities)
|
1862 | Baden |
1863 | Holstein[33] |
1864 | Free City of Frankfurt |
1865 | Mexico |
1867 | Austrian Empire |
1867 | Restoration of the law of emancipation in Austro-Hungarian Compromise
|
1869 | North German Confederation |
1870 | Sweden-Norway (1851 in Norway) |
1871 | Germany[34] |
1877 | New Hampshire (last US state to lift restrictions limiting public office to Protestants) |
1878 | Bulgaria |
1878 | Serbia |
1890 | Brazil[35] |
1911 | Portugal |
1917 | Russia |
1918 | Finland |
1923 | Romania |
1945–1949 | West Germany[36] |
1978 | Spain[37] |
Consequences
Emancipation, integration, and assimilation
The newfound freedom of Jews in places such as France, Italy, and Germany, at least during the Empire, permitted many Jews to leave the ghettos, benefitting from and contributing to wider society for the first time.[38] Thus, with emancipation, many Jews' relationships with Jewish belief, practice, and culture evolved to accommodate a degree of integration with secular society. Where Halacha (Jewish law) was at odds with local law of the land, or where Halacha did not address some aspect of contemporary secular life, compromise was often sought in the balancing of religious and secular law, ethics, and obligations. Consequently, while some remained firm in their established Jewish practice, the prevalence of emancipated Jewry prompted gradual evolution and adaptation of the religion, and the emergence of new denominations of Judaism including Reform during the 19th century, and the widely practiced Modern Orthodoxy, both of which continue to be practiced by strong Jewish communities today.[39][40][41]
Critics of the
See also
- Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom
- Jewish Enlightenment
- Jewish question
- Napoleon and the Jews
References
- ^ Barnavi, Eli. "Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Ettinger, Shmuel. "Jewish Emancipation and Enlightenment". Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ "Socialism". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- Vox Media, Inc.Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "YIVO | Fareynikte". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
- ^ "Washington Letter". Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
- ^ Leeser, I. "Jewish Emancipation," 1845, The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, vol III, no 3, http://www.jewish-history.com/Occident/volume3/jun1845/emancipation.html
- ^ Sorkin, David, Jewish Emancipation, Princeton University Press, 2019
- ^ a b Paula E. Hyman, The Jews of Modern France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 17–18.
- ^ Vlessing, Odette. "The Jewish community in transition; from acceptance to emancipation." Studia Rosenthaliana 30.1 (1996): 195-212.
- ^ Ramakers, J. J. M. "Parallel processes? The emancipation of Jews and Catholics in the Netherlands 1795/96-1848." Studia Rosenthaliana 30.1 (1996): 33-40.
- ^ a b "Emancipation". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- OCLC 5792006336.
A Jew was, unless he had previously renounced his religion, incapable of becoming a clergyman; and therefore Jews who had committed crimes and been convicted of them could not, according to the opinion of many great legal writers, avail themselves of the benefit of clergy which other malefactors, on a first conviction for felony were at liberty to plead in mitigation of punishment.
- ISBN 978-0-19-926287-8.
- ^ a b Sharfman, Glenn R., "Jewish Emancipation", in Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
- ^ Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: Europa im Jahrhundert der Aufklärung. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006 (2nd edition), 268.
- ISBN 3-7605-8673-2.
- ^ C. Dubin, Lois. Modern Judaism. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–33.
- ^ "THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ANTI-SEMITISM: images pg.21". Friends-partners.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
- ^ "Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship," 27 September 1791, 1791-09-27, retrieved 2021-12-04
- ISBN 3-7605-8673-2.
- ^ Reversed at the dissolution of the grand duchy in 1815.
- ISBN 3-7605-8673-2.
- ISBN 3-7605-8673-2.
- )
- ^ Finding Your Roots, PBS, September 23, 2014
- ^ Bélanger, Claude. "An Act to Grant Equal Rights and Privileges to Persons of the Jewish Religion (1832)". Quebec History. Marianopolis College. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ By order of the Sultan, equal rights were granted to non-Muslims, including Jews, in 1839 as part of the Tanzimat reforms.
- ^ Introduced on December 12, 1848.
- Compromise of 1867.
- ^ By the Constitution of Denmark of June 5, 1849.
- National Assembly, adopted for Hamburg's law on February 21, 1849.
- ^ By law on the Affairs of the Jews in the Duchy of Holstein on July 14, 1863.
- ^ For the status of Jews in the states, which united in 1871 to constitute Germany see the respective regulations of the principalities and states that preceded the 1871 unification of Germany.
- ^ Since 1810 Jews already had partial freedom of religion, that was completely guaranteed in 1890 after the proclamation of the Republic
- ^ After the fall of the Nazis, the Jews recovered their civil rights.
- ISSN 0963-7494.
- ^ "The Haskalah". Jewish Virtual Library.
- JSTOR 1396068.
- ^ Zalkin, M. (2019). " The Relations between the Haskalah and Traditional Jewish Communities". In The History of Jews in Lithuania. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Schöningh. doi: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657705757_011
- ^ Book: Haskalah and Beyond: The Reception of the Hebrew Enlightenment and the Emergence of Haskalah Judaism, Moshe Pelli, University Press of America, 2010
- S2CID 149297225.
- S2CID 170774270.
- ^ "If Not for the Holocaust, There Could Have Been 32 Million Jews in the World Today, Expert Says".
- ^ "Antisemitism from the Enlightenment to World War I".
- ^ Richarz, M. (1975). "Jewish Social Mobility in Germany during the Time of Emancipation (1790–1871)." The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 20(1), 69–77. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/20.1.69
Bibliography
- Battenberg, Friedrich (2017), Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (pdf).
- ISBN 978-3-8353-1699-7.
- ISBN 2-226-00316-9
- ISBN 3-7605-8673-2
- Hyman, Paula E. The Jews of Modern France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
- Sorkin, David (2019). Jewish Emancipation: A History Across Five Centuries. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16494-6.
External links
- History of Frankfurt (German Wikipedia)
- Jewish Emancipation, Ohio State University
- Emancipation, Mendelssohn, and the Rise of Reform Thinktorah.org, Rabbi Menachem Levine
- Des Juifs contre l'émancipation. De Babylone à Benny Lévy Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine [Jews Against Emancipation: From Babylon to Benny Lévy], Labyrinthe. Atelier interdisciplinaire (in French), 2007 (Special issue)
- 'Emancipation,' A Story Of European Jews' Liberation, NPR books
- Jewish Emancipation In The East
- Jewish Emancipation on The Museum of Family History