Romanian literature
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Romania |
---|
![]() |
People |
Languages |
Sport |
Romanian literature (Romanian: Literatura română) is the entirety of literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language or by any authors native to Romania.
Old Romanian Literature
The development of Romanian literature has taken place in parallel with that of the rich
Medieval Slavonic Literature
The Script of Old Church Slavonic began to be used in the territories of current day Romania as early as the 10th Century, with the oldest surviving manuscripts being dated as far back as the 12th Century. The earliest dated texts in Slavonic, originally from Wallachia and Moldavia, consist of a series of Religious Songs by Nicodim & Filotei and a Hagiographical text by Grigore Țamblâc, all being dated between 1385 and 1391. Also by the 15th century many copies of medieval Slavonic texts have been created by the scribes of the Danubian Principalities.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Saint_Neagoe_Basarab_and_his_son_Teodosie.jpg/220px-Saint_Neagoe_Basarab_and_his_son_Teodosie.jpg)
In the meantime, numerous Slavonic and Greek translations of popular medieval romances were in circulation across the Danubian Principalities, like the Alexander Romance and Barlaam and Josaphat.[3]
Particularly of note is The Teachings of Neagoe Basarab to his son Theodosie: a series of teachings on
Beginning of Writing and Publishing in Romanian
Reformation-era literature |
---|
The earliest surviving document in Romanian is
The earliest books in Romanian were translated from Slavonic religious texts in the 15th century. The "Psalter of Șchei" (Psaltirea Șcheiană) of 1482 and the "Voroneț Codex" (Codicele Voronețean) are religious texts that were written in Maramureș.[8]
The first book printed in the Danubian Principalities was a Slavonic religious book, printed in 1508 at Dealu Monastery.[9] The first book printed in the Romanian language was a Protestant catechism of Deacon Coresi in 1559,[10] printed by Filip Moldoveanul.[11] Other translations from Greek and Slavonic books were printed later in the 16th century.[10] Dosoftei, a Moldavian Bishop, in 1673, published the first Romanian metrical psalter, the earliest collection of poems written in Romanian.[12][13]
Early efforts to publish the Bible in Romanian started with the 1582 printing in the small town of Orăștie of the so-called Palia de la Orăștie – a translation of the first books of the Old Testament – by Deacon Șerban (a son of the above-mentioned Deacon Coresi) and Marien Diacul (Marien the Scribe). Palia was translated from Latin by Bishop Mihail Tordaș et al., the translation being checked for accuracy using Hungarian translations of the Bible.
The entire Bible was not published in Romanian until the end of the 17th century, when the Metropolitanate's Press of Bucharest printed
In Transylvania, there was also an attestation of the explicit use of a Latin model, with the appearance of the first Romanian dictionary, Dictionarium Valachico-Latinum (Caransebeș, about 1650), while the first grammar of the Romanian language written in Latin was Institutiones linguae Valachicae (Crișana, circa 1770).[16]
Humanism
The first appearances of humanism in Moldavia and Wallachia were in the 16th century with the likes of Luca Stroici and Petru Cercel, but it took another century for these ideas to fully flourish. This delay can be attributed to the continuation of Byzantine culture in the Danubian Principalities, or to the different social classes compared to Western Europe.[17]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hierogliphyc_History_Cantemir.jpg/220px-Hierogliphyc_History_Cantemir.jpg)
During the 17th century via Poland and its Jesuit schools, having as representatives the likes of Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin, and Ion Neculce with their chronicles on the history of Moldavia.[18] Following the example of Petro Movilă's Kyiv Colegium, the Lords Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu established Neoclassical schools such as the Schola Graeca et Latina and the Iași Colegiu.[19]
The most significant Romanian humanist was Dimitrie Cantemir, who wrote histories of Wallachia, Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire, and philosophical and religious treaties such as The Divan , The Indescribable Image of Sacred Science, and The Little Compendium of Logic.[20][21] He also wrote the Roman à clef A Hieroglyphic History in 1705.[22]
Enlightenment
In 18th century Transylvania, throughout the Blaj Schools of Inocențiu Micu-Klein, a Latinist and Enlightenment movement, the Școala Ardeleană emerged, producing philological studies of the Romantic origin of the Romanian language.[23] Among the many works on Romanian history and the Romanian language by Samuil Micu-Klein, Gheorghe Șincai and Petru Maior,[24] the "Heroic-comic-satiric Poem" Țiganiada by Ion Budai-Deleanu, can also be found, promoting democratic and enlightenment ideals.[25]
In Wallachia and Moldavia, the Enlightenment can be seen in the Poems and Prose of Iancu Văcărescu,[26] Costache Conachi,[27] and Dinicu Golescu.[28]
National awakening
In 1829, in
Pașoptism
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Constantin_Daniel_Stahi_-_Portretul_lui_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg/150px-Constantin_Daniel_Stahi_-_Portretul_lui_Vasile_Alecsandri.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Constantin_Negruzzi_-_Foto02.jpg/150px-Constantin_Negruzzi_-_Foto02.jpg)
In the 1800s, the revolutionary ideas of
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Th._Aman_-_L%C4%83pu%C5%9Fneanu_ar%C4%83t%C3%A2nd_so%C5%A3iei_sale_capetele_boierilor.jpg/220px-Th._Aman_-_L%C4%83pu%C5%9Fneanu_ar%C4%83t%C3%A2nd_so%C5%A3iei_sale_capetele_boierilor.jpg)
The works of these writers, later dubbed Pașoptists (after the Revolution of 1848), have been shown not only to contain Romantic but also Neoclassical and Realist traits.[33] Vasile Alecsandri was a prolific writer, contributing to Romanian literature with poetry, prose, the Chirița plays (1850–1875), historical dramas such as Despot Vodă (1879), and collections of Romanian folklore.[34] Also, taking inspiration from history, Constantin Negruzzi wrote the novella Alexandru Lăpușneanul (1840).[35] Other Pașoptist writers include Vasile Cârlova, Grigore Alexandrescu, Anton Pann, and Alecu Donici.[33]
Junimea
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Convorbiri_Literare_-_prima_pagina_-_1_mai_1885.jpg/220px-Convorbiri_Literare_-_prima_pagina_-_1_mai_1885.jpg)
The literary circle
Many outstanding Romanian writers, including
Other notable authors of this era are Nicolae Bălcescu, Dimitrie Bolintineanu, Alecu Russo, Nicolae Filimon, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Alexandru Odobescu, Grigore Alexandrescu and Petre Ispirescu.
The Great Classics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eminescu.jpg/150px-Eminescu.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ion_Luca_Caragiale_-_Foto02.jpg/150px-Ion_Luca_Caragiale_-_Foto02.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg/150px-Ion_Creanga-Foto03.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ioan_Slavici.jpg/150px-Ioan_Slavici.jpg)
Among the many writers of Junimea, four are considered to be the Great Classics of Romanian Literature: the poet Mihai Eminescu, the satirist Ion Luca Caragiale, Ioan Slavici, and Ion Creangă.[41][42]
Mihai Eminescu is considered by many critics to be the most important and influential Romanian poet.[43] His lyrical poetry has its roots in Romanian folklore intertwined with Kantian[44] and Schopenhauer's philosophy[45] and Buddhist cosmology.[46] Among his greatest poems are the romantic poems Floare Albastră (1872) and Luceafărul, as well as the series of five philosophical poems called Letters (1881–1890).[47][48]
Ion Luca Caragiale, wrote some of the best Romanian comedies, sketches and farces.[53] Among his best known plays are O Noapte Furtunoasă (1879), O Scrisoare Pierdută (1884), and D-ale Carnavalului (1885).[54]
Sămănătorism and Poporanism
From 1901 to 1910, through the activity of the publication
Among Sămănătorul's authors were George Coșbuc a poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life,[39] author of Pașa Hasan, Nunta Zamfirei and Moartea lui Fulger;[59] but also Alexandru Vlahuță, Octavian Goga, Duiliu Zamfirescu, Ștefan O. Iosif, Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, Ion Agârbiceanu and Alexandru Macedonski.[59] Although Goga and Agârbiceanu have become later associated with Poporanism and the publication, Viața Românească.[61]
Interbellum literature
After achieving national unity in 1918, Romanian literature entered what can be called a
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mihail_Sadoveanu1.jpg/150px-Mihail_Sadoveanu1.jpg)
Traditional society and recent political events influenced works such as
An important realist writer was Mihail Sadoveanu, who wrote mainly novels which took place at various times in the history of Moldova. But probably the most important writers were Tudor Arghezi, Lucian Blaga, and Mircea Eliade. Arghezi revolutionized Romanian poetry 50 years after Eminescu, creating new pillars for the modern Romanian poem. Blaga, one of the country's most important artistic personalities, developed through his writings a complex system of philosophy, still not perfectly understood today. Eliade is today considered the greatest historian in the field of religions. His novels reveal a mystical, pre-Christian symbolism paving the way for contemporary Romanian art.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tudor_Arghezi.jpg/150px-Tudor_Arghezi.jpg)
Born in Romania,
George Bacovia was a symbolist poet. While he initially belonged to the local Symbolist movement, his poetry came to be seen as a precursor of Romanian Modernism. Some important literary figures of this period were also active in other domains. Vasile Voiculescu was a Romanian poet, short-story writer, playwright, and physician. Ion Barbu was a poet, as well as an important mathematician.
Cezar Petrescu was a journalist, novelist, and children's writer. He is especially remembered for his children's book Fram, ursul polar ("Fram, the polar bear"; the circus animal character was named after Fram, the ship used by Fridtjof Nansen on his expeditions). Elena Farago was also a children's writer and poet.
Other literary figures of this era include Mihail Sebastian, Ionel Teodoreanu, Panait Istrati, Gib Mihăescu, Otilia Cazimir, and George Topîrceanu.
Postbellum Literature
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Marin_Preda.jpg/150px-Marin_Preda.jpg)
Marin Preda is often considered[by whom?] the most important post-World War II Romanian novelist. His novel, Moromeții ("The Moromete Family"), describes the life and difficulties of an ordinary peasant family in pre-war Romania, and later during the advent of Communism in Romania. His most important book remains Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni ("The Most Beloved of Earthlings"), a cruel description of communist society. Zaharia Stancu published his first important novel, Desculț (Barefoot), in 1948.
Some of the most important poets are Nichita Stănescu, Marin Sorescu, Ana Blandiana, Leonid Dimov, and Ștefan Augustin Doinaș.[65] An important novelist of this era was Radu Tudoran.
Outside Romania,
Contemporary literature
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herta_M%C3%BCller_%282019%29.jpg/150px-Herta_M%C3%BCller_%282019%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/RK1907_MG_8273-Edit_Claudiu_Komartin.jpg/150px-RK1907_MG_8273-Edit_Claudiu_Komartin.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gabriela_Adame%C8%99teanu%2C_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2013_1_%28crop%29.jpg/150px-Gabriela_Adame%C8%99teanu%2C_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2013_1_%28crop%29.jpg)
Some Romanian contemporary writers:
- Gabriela Adameșteanu
- Ștefan Agopian
- Radu Aldulescu
- Nicolae Breban
- Svetlana Cârstean
- Mircea Cărtărescu
- Traian T. Coșovei
- Gheorghe Crăciun
- Alexandru Ecovoiu
- Radu Pavel Gheo
- Ioan Groșan
- Florin Iaru
- Claudiu Komartin
- Ion Bogdan Lefter
- Norman Manea
- Dan C. Mihăilescu
- Grid Modorcea
- Herta Müller (2009 Nobel Laureate)
- Ion Mureșan
- Mircea Nedelciu
- Ioana Pârvulescu
- Dora Pavel
- Dumitru Radu Popescu
- Simona Popescu
- Sorin Preda
- Doina Ruști
- Tudor Dumitru Savu
- Dan Sociu
- Cecilia Ștefănescu
- Ion Stratan
- Bogdan Suceavă
- Cristian Teodorescu
- Dumitru Țepeneag
Chronology: 19th century-present day
- 1812 Țiganiada Ioan Budai-Deleanu(epic poem)
- 1847 Povestea vorbii Anton Pann (narrative poem)
- 1850 Cântarea României Alecu Russo (epic poetry)
- 1857 Alexandru Lăpușneanul Costache Negruzzi(historical novel)
- 1861-1863, posthoumously Românii supt Mihai-Voievod Viteazul Nicolae Bălcescu (historical non-fiction)
- 1863 Ciocoii vechi și noi Nicolae Filimon (novel)
- 1867 Răzvan și Vidra Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (play)
- 1879 Amintiri din copilărie Ion Creangă (autobiographical novel)
- 1883 Poezii Mihai Eminescu (poetry)
- 1884 O Scrisoare Pierdută I.L. Caragiale(play)
- 1894 Mara Ioan Slavici (novel)
- 1920 Ion Liviu Rebreanu (novel)
- 1922 Pădurea Spânzuraților Liviu Rebreanu (novel)
- 1924 În Marea Trecere Lucian Blaga (poetry)
- 1925 Danton Camil Petrescu (play)
- 1927 Concert din Muzică de Bach Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu (novel)
- 1927 Cuvinte Potrivite Tudor Arghezi (poetry)
- 1928 Hanu Ancuței Mihail Sadoveanu (novel)
- 1929 Craii de Curtea-Veche Mateiu Caragiale (novel)
- 1930 Joc Secund Ion Barbu (poetry)
- 1930 Baltagul Mihail Sadoveanu (novel)
- 1930 Ultima noapte de dragoste, întâia noapte de război Camil Petrescu (novel)
- 1932 Răscoala Liviu Rebreanu (novel)
- 1933 Patul lui Procust Camil Petrescu (novel)
- 1933 Maitreyi Mircea Eliade (novel)
- 1933 Adela Garabet Ibrăileanu (novel)
- 1934 De două mii de ani Mihail Sebastian (novel)
- 1934 Ioana Anton Holban (novel)
- 1935 Huliganii Mircea Eliade (novel)
- 1936 Întâmplări în Irealitatea Imediată Max Blecher (novel)
- 1937 Inimi cicatrizate Max Blecher (novel)
- 1938 Enigma Otiliei George Călinescu (novel)
- 1938 Nuntă în cer Mircea Eliade (novel)
- 1943 Panopticum Ion Caraion (poetry)
- 1945 Plantații Constant Tonegaru (poetry)
- 1946 Stanțe Burgheze George Bacovia (poetry)
- 1946 Libertatea de a Trage cu Pușca Geo Dumitrescu (poetry)
- 1947 Don Juana Radu Stanca (play)
- 1953 Bietul Ioanide George Călinescu (novel)
- 1954 Noaptea de Sânziene Mircea Eliade (novel)
- 1955 Moromeții Marin Preda (novel)
- 1956 Primele Iubiri Nicolae Labiș (poetry)
- 1960 La țigănci Mircea Eliade (novel)
- 1964 Ultimele sonete închipuite ale lui Shakespeare Vasile Voiculescu (poetry)
- 1965 Iarna Bărbaților Ștefan Bănulescu (short prose)
- 1966 Omul cu Compasul Ștefan Augustin Doinaș (poetry)
- 1966 11 Elegii Nichita Stănescu (poetry)
- 1968 Iona Marin Sorescu (play)
- 1969 Carte de Vise Leonid Dimov (poetry)
- 1969 Dicționar onomastic Mircea Horia Simionescu (novel)
- 1970 Matei Iliescu Radu Petrescu (novel)
- 1973 Vânătoarea Regală Dumitru Radu Popescu (novel)
- 1975 Lumea în Două Zile George Bălăiță (novel)
- 1977 Cartea de la Metropolis Ștefan Bănulescu (novel)
- 1977 Bunavestire Nicolae Breban (novel)
- 1980 Faruri, Vitrine, Fotografii Mircea Cărtărescu (poetry)
- 1980 Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni Marin Preda (novel)
- 1983 Dimineață Pierdută Gabriela Adameșteanu (novel)
- 1983 Poeme de Amor Mircea Cărtărescu (poetry)
- 1988 versuri vechi, nouă Mircea Ivănescu (poetry)
- 1989 Și Ieri Va Fi o Zi Mircea Nedelciu (short prose)
- 1990 Levantul Mircea Cărtărescu (epic poem)
- 1993 Nostalgia Mircea Cărtărescu (short prose)
- 1996 Amantul Colivaresei Radu Aldulescu (novel)
- 1996 Coaja lucrurilor, sau Dansând cu Jupuita Adrian Oțoiu (novel)
- 1996 Orbitor. Aripa stângă Mircea Cărtărescu (novel)
- 2002 Orbitor. Corpul Mircea Cărtărescu (novel)
- 2004 Omulețul roșu Doina Ruști (novel)
- 2004 Pupa Russa Gheorghe Crăciun (novel)
- 2004 Proorocii Ierusalimului Radu Aldulescu (novel)
- 2006 Zogru Doina Ruști (novel)
- 2007 Orbitor. Aripa dreaptă Mircea Cărtărescu (novel)
- 2008 Fantoma din moară Doina Ruști (novel)
- 2009 Lizoanca la 11 ani Doina Ruști (novel)
- 2010 Rădăcina de bucsau Ovidiu Nimigean (novel)
- 2015 Solenoid Mircea Cărtărescu (novel)
- 2022 Theodoros Mircea Cărtărescu (novel)
Translations of Romanian literature
- "Testament - Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse - Bilingual Edition - English/Romanian" (ISBN 978-973-21-0847-5). This presents a comprehensive selection of Romanian poetry from 1850 to the present (post 2010) covering 56 poets and over 75 poems. It includes classics such as Vasile Alecsandri, Mihai Eminescu, Ion Minulescu, George Coșbuc, Tudor Arghezi, Vasile Voiculescu, Nicolae Labiș, as well as contemporaries such as Nichita Stănescu, Ana Blandiana, Marin Sorescu, Nora Iuga, Cezar Ivănescu, Ileana Mălăncioiu, Adrian Păunescu, George Tarnea, Mircea Cărtărescu, Daniel Banulescu, Lucian Vasilescu, Adrian Munteanu, Ioan Es. Pop], Liliana Ursu, Doina Uricariu, and others. The volume is prefaced by literary critic and historian Alex Ștefănescu.
- " The Disheveled Maidens" (Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, Romanian Cultural Institute Publishing House 2004)
- "Something is still present and isn't, of what's gone. - A Bilingual Anthology of Avant-Garde and Avant-Garde Inspired Rumanian poetry - English/Rumanian" (Victor Pambuccian; Aracne editrice, Rome 2018 - B. Fundoianu, Ilarie Voronca, Geo Bogza, Max Blecher, Gherasim Luca, Gellu Naum, Geo Dumitrescu, Paul Celan, Ion Caraion, Nora Iuga, Nichita Stănescu, George Almosnino, Constantin Abăluță, Vintilă Ivănceanu, Daniel Turcea, Mariana Marin. The volume is prefaced by literary critic and historian of the Romanian avant-garde Mădălina Lascu.
See also
- List of Romanian novelists
- List of Romanian writers
- Aromanian literature
References
- ^ "Romanian literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- JSTOR 4207969.
- ^ Duÿescu, Victor. Lucrări Clasice anonime în literatura română [Anonymous Classic Works in Romanian Literature] (PDF) (Report) (in Romanian).
- ^ "Neagoe Basarab (1481-1521) (II)". argesexpres.ro (in Romanian). 29 January 2017. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- S2CID 143220377.
- ^ Belu, Catalin (15 September 2021). "PORTRET: 500 de ani de la moartea lui Neagoe Basarab, domn al Ţării Româneşti (1512 – 1521) | Agenția de presă Rador" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ "Radio Romania International - 500 years since the letter of Neacșu of Câmpulung". Radio Romania International. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ "Primele traduceri romanesti ale cartilor de slujba". www.crestinortodox.ro. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ "Mănăstirea Dealu, locul unde a apărut prima carte din ţară. Călugărul Macarie, primul utilizator al tiparniţei în Ţările Române". adevarul.ro (in Romanian). 19 May 2015. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ a b Groza, Mihai-Octavian (2021-08-31). "Diaconul Coresi, un vrednic tipograf și ctitor al limbii române literare" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ISBN 978-3-643-91502-3.
- ^ "Dosoftei, sfantul invatat | Jurnalul National". 2007-05-10. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ ""Psaltirea în versuri": în Mănăstirea Unievului, cu ajutorul tiparului s-a reprodus". historia.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ "Biblia de la Bucuresti - 1688". www.crestinortodox.ro. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ "333 de ani de la tipărirea Bibliei de la București: A contribuit la unificarea limbii și culturii românilor". Doxologia - Portal Crestin Ortodox (in Romanian). 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ISSN 2067-0931. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Cândea, Virgil (1979). Rațiunea Dominantă. Contribuții la istoria umanismului românesc (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Editura Dacia. pp. 12–14.
- ^ "Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin, Ion Neculce | Бельцы Сити". Бельцы Сити - новостной медиапортал (in Russian). 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
- ^ Cândea, Virgil (1979). Rațiunea Dominantă. Contribuții la istoria umanismului românesc (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Editura Dacia. p. 15.
- ^ "Dimitrie Cantemir - filosof și umanist ortodox român". poruncaiubirii.agaton.ro. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
- ISSN 1877-0428.
- ^ Cantemir, Dimitrie, Istoria ieroglifică (in Romanian)
- ^ "Şcoala Ardeleană, expresie a iluminismului românesc (1)". Revista Romania mare (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "radioromaniacultural.ro". radioromaniacultural.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ admin (2019-02-03). ""Țiganiada", lucrare de o modernitate cuceritoare - Ziarul Metropolis". Ziarul Metropolis (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "Iancu Văcărescu - Poezii". Poetii Nostri (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Cana, Dora (2015-11-28). "Costache Conachi - un boier "luminat" şi unul dintre cei mai de seamă cărturari ai epocii". Deștepți.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "radioromaniacultural.ro". radioromaniacultural.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ ""Curierul românesc", primul periodic în limba română din Ţara Românească (8 aprilie 1829)". Revista Culturală Leviathan (in Romanian). 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Ionescu, Sofia (2022-09-16). "Cine a fost Ion Heliade Rădulescu". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Albina Românească – primul ziar în limba română din Moldova (sub redacția lui Gheorghe Asachi)". Tipărituri vechi (in Romanian). 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Revoluţia paşoptistă, 170 de ani. Direcţie-cheie: «A familiariza pe oameni cu ideea unei Românii întregi»". historia.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ a b c Sinca, Camelia (2021-02-17). "Pașoptismul - trăsături și scriitori reprezentanți". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "Vasile Alecsandri | Marea Loja Regulara - Phoenix". www.mlnar.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Sinca, Camelia (2021-02-15). "Costache Negruzzi - biografia și operele prozatorului român". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Revista "Convorbiri literare" – 150 de ani în slujba culturii române – Apostolul" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Sinca, Camelia (2021-01-28). "Titu Maiorescu - viața și activitatea literară a pedagogului român". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Junimea, punct de cotitură în evoluția societății românești". historia.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ a b c "George Cosbuc". nemira.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ stormers (2017-05-29). "Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea". Cultura in Iasi (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "CEI PATRU MARI (ȘI APROPIAȚI) CLASICI AI LITERATURII ROMÂNE - Bistrita culturala - informatii culturale din Orasul Bistrita". www.bistritaculturala.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Epoca Marilor Clasici". liceunet.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Mihai Eminescu, Romania's Most Celebrated Poet - RoDiscover". 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Popescu, N. (2013-02-23). "Preocupări filosofice la Mihai Eminescu". Foaie Națională (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Filosoful care i-a influenţat pe Eminescu şi Cioran s-a născut acum 160 de ani. Este considerat ultimul mare reprezentant al idealismului german". mariustuca.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Mihai Eminescu şi fascinaţia faţă de spiritualitatea indiană: "Eu sunt budist"". adevarul.ro (in Romanian). 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Sinca, Camelia (2021-01-26). "Mihai Eminescu - viața și operele celui mai cunoscut poet și prozator român". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Mihai Eminescu | Opere - Liceunet.ro". liceunet.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Sinca, Camelia (2021-01-27). "Ioan Slavici - viața și operele pedagogului român". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "Locul nuvelisticii lui ioan slavici in contextul operei sale". www.qdidactic.com. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
- ^ a b Manolescu, Nicolae. Istoria Critică a Literaturii Române (in Romanian). pp. 444–445.
- ^ "Monografia in operele lui Ioan Slavici". www.scrigroup.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ "radioromaniacultural.ro". radioromaniacultural.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ Sinca, Camelia (2021-01-21). "Ion Luca Caragiale - viața și operele dramaturgului român". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ Nicolae, Manolescu. Istoria critică a literaturii române (in Romanian). pp. 410–414.
- ^ a b Sinca, Camelia (2021-01-21). "Ion Creangă - viața și operele scriitorului". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "AMINTIRI DIN COPILĂRIE" – O IMPORTANTĂ SURSĂ ETNOGRAFICĂ ©". Ziar Targu Neamt (in Romanian). 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Samanatorism vs. Modernism". www.scrigroup.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ a b c d "Perioada de tranzitie". liceunet.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ a b Razes, Alexandru (2011-03-18). "Samanatorismul. Contextul istoric al aparitiei si orientari teoretice". Foaie Națională (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Începuturile revistei "Viața Românească", văzute azi". Viața Românească (in Romanian). 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Perioada Interbelica in Literatura Romana". liceunet.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Mari prozatori români ai perioadei interbelice - 1. Literatura română în perioada interbelică - Wattpad". www.wattpad.com (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "Literaria". literaria.info. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-294-1.
- George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent ("The History of the Romanian Literature from its origins until present day"), 1941
- Nicolae Iorga, Istoria literaturii românești ("The History of the Romanian Literature"), 1929
- Alex Ștefănescu, Istoria literaturii române contemporane, 1941-2000 ("The History of the Contemporary Romanian Literature, 1941-2000"), 2005
- Dan C Mihăilescu, Literatura română în postceaușism, Vol II, Proza. Prezentul ca dezumanizare, Editura Polirom, 2006 Vol II, Proza. Prezentul ca dezumanizare, Ed. Polirom, 2006
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)