Herring
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae.
Herring often move in large
Herring played an important role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe,.
Herring are also known as "silver darlings".[6]
Species
This article is part of a series on |
Commercial fish |
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Large pelagic |
Forage |
Demersal |
Mixed |
A number of different species, most belonging to the family Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The origins of the term "herring" is somewhat unclear, though it may derive from the same source as the Old High German heri meaning a "host, multitude", in reference to the large schools they form.[7]
The type genus of the herring family Clupeidae is Clupea.[4] Clupea contains only two species: the Atlantic herring (the type species) found in the North Atlantic, and the Pacific herring mainly found in the North Pacific. Subspecific divisions have been suggested for both the Atlantic and Pacific herrings, but their biological basis remains unclear.
Herrings in the genus Clupea | ||||||||||
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Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO
|
ITIS
|
IUCN status
|
Atlantic herring | Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 | 45.0 cm | 30.0 cm | 1.05 kg | 22 years | 3.23 | [8] | [9] | [10] | Least concern[11] |
Pacific herring | Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 | 46.0 cm | 25.0 cm | 19 years | 3.15 | [8] | [12] | [13] | Data deficient[14] |
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Other herrings in the family Clupeidae | |||||||||||
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Group | Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO
|
ITIS
|
IUCN status
|
Freshwater herrings | Toothed river herring | Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) | cm | cm | kg | years | [15] | [16] | Data deficient[17] | ||
Round herrings
|
Day's round herring | Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) | cm | cm | kg | years | [18] | [19] | Least concern[20] | ||
Dwarf round herring | Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) | cm | cm | kg | years | [21] | [22] | Least concern[23] | |||
Gilchrist's round herring
|
Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 | cm | cm | kg | years | [24] | [25] | Least concern[26] | |||
Little-eye round herring | Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [27] | [28] | Least concern[29] | |||
Red-eye round herring
|
Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) | 33 cm | 25 cm | kg | years | [30] | [31] | [32] | Least concern[33] | ||
Two-finned round herring | Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) | 4.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.11 | [34] | [35] | Data deficient[36] | ||
Whitehead's round herring | Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) | 20 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.4 | [37] | [38] | [39] | Least concern[40] | |
Venezuelan herring | Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 | cm | cm | kg | years | [41] | [42] | Vulnerable[43] | |||
Thread herrings | Galapagos thread herring | Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) | 26 cm | 18 cm | kg | years | 3.27 | [44] | [45] | Vulnerable[46] | |
Middling thread herring | Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [47] | [48] | Least concern[49] | |||
Pacific thread herring | Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) | 30 cm | 22 cm | kg | years | [50] | [51] | [45] | Least concern[40] | ||
Slender thread herring | Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) | cm | cm | kg | years | [52] | [53] | Least concern[54] | |||
Other | Araucanian herring | Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) | 28.4 cm | cm | kg | years | 2.69 | [55] | [56] | [57] | Least concern[58] |
Blackstripe herring | Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 | cm | cm | kg | years | [59] | [60] | Least concern[61] | |||
Denticle herring | Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 | cm | cm | kg | years | [62] | [63] | Vulnerable[64] | |||
Dogtooth herring | Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) | cm | cm | kg | years | [65] | [66] | Least concern[67] | |||
Graceful herring | Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 | cm | cm | kg | years | [68] | [69] | Least concern[70] | |||
Pacific Flatiron herring | Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [71] | [72] | Least concern[73] | |||
Sanaga pygmy herring | Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 | cm | cm | kg | years | [74] | [75] | Least concern[76] | |||
Silver-stripe round herring | Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | 10.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.0 | [77] | [78] | Least concern[79] | ||
Striped herring | Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [80] | [81] | Least concern[82] | |||
West African pygmy herring | Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 | cm | cm | kg | years | [83] | [84] | Least concern[85] |
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the
Other fishes called herring | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO
|
ITIS
|
IUCN status
| |
Longfin herring | Bigeyed longfin herring | Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) | cm | cm | kg | years | [86] | [87] | Least concern[88] | ||
Dove's longfin herring | Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) | cm | cm | kg | years | [89] | [90] | Least concern[91] | |||
Hatchet herring | Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) | cm | cm | kg | years | [92] | [93] | Least concern[94] | |||
Panama longfin herring | Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) | cm | cm | kg | years | [95] | [96] | Least concern[97] | |||
Tropical longfin herring | Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) | cm | cm | kg | years | [98] | [99] | Least concern[100] | |||
Vaqueira longfin herring | Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) | cm | cm | kg | years | [101] | [102] | Vulnerable[103] | |||
Equatorial longfin herring | Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 | cm | cm | kg | years | [104] | [105] | Least concern[106] | |||
Wolf herring
|
Dorab wolf-herring | Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) | 100 cm | 60 cm | kg | years | 4.50 | [107] | [108] | [109] | Least concern[110] |
Whitefin wolf-herring | Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 | 100 cm | cm | 0.41 kg | years | 4.19 | [111] | [112] | Least concern[113] | ||
Freshwater whitefish | Lake herring (cisco)
|
Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 | cm | cm | kg | years | [114] | [115] | Least concern[116] |
Characteristics
The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae (herrings,
Life cycle
At least one stock of Atlantic herring spawns in every month of the year. Each spawns at a different time and place (spring, summer, autumn, and winter herrings). Greenland populations spawn in 0–5 metres (0–16 feet) of water, while North Sea (bank) herrings spawn at down to 200 m (660 ft) in autumn. Eggs are laid on the sea bed, on rock, stones, gravel, sand or beds of algae. Females may deposit from 20,000 to 40,000 eggs, according to age and size, averaging about 30,000. In sexually mature herring, the genital organs grow before spawning, reaching about one-fifth of its total weight.
The eggs sink to the bottom, where they stick in layers or clumps to gravel, seaweed, or stones, by means of their mucous coating, or to any other objects on which they chance to settle.
If the egg layers are too thick they suffer from oxygen depletion and often die, entangled in a maze of
The larvae are 5 to 6 mm (3⁄16 to 1⁄4 in) long at hatching, with a small yolk sac that is absorbed by the time the larvae reach 10 mm (13⁄32 in). Only the eyes are well pigmented. The rest of the body is nearly transparent, virtually invisible under water and in natural lighting conditions.
The dorsal fin forms at 15 to 17 mm (19⁄32 to 21⁄32 in), the anal fin at about 30 mm (1+3⁄16 in)—the ventral fins are visible and the tail becomes well forked at 30 to 35 mm (1+3⁄8 in)— at about 40 mm (1+9⁄16 in), the larva begins to look like a herring.
Herring larvae are very slender and can easily be distinguished from all other young fish of their range by the location of the vent, which lies close to the base of the tail; however, distinguishing clupeoids one from another in their early stages requires critical examination, especially telling herring from sprats.
At one year, they are about 10 cm (4 in) long, and they first spawn at three years.
Ecology
Prey
Herrings consume
Herring feed on phytoplankton, and as they mature, they start to consume larger organisms. They also feed on zooplankton, tiny animals found in oceanic surface waters, and small fish and fish larvae. Copepods and other tiny crustaceans are the most common zooplankton eaten by herring. During daylight, herring stay in the safety of deep water, feeding at the surface only at night when the chance of being seen by predators is less. They swim along with their mouths open, filtering the plankton from the water as it passes through their gills. Young herring mostly hunt copepods individually, by means of "particulate feeding" or "raptorial feeding",[117] a feeding method also used by adult herring on larger prey items like krill. If prey concentrations reach very high levels, as in microlayers, at fronts, or directly below the surface, herring become filter feeders, driving several meters forward with wide open mouth and far expanded opercula, then closing and cleaning the gill rakers for a few milliseconds.
Copepods, the primary zooplankton, are a major item on the forage fish menu. Copepods are typically 1–2 mm (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) long, with a teardrop-shaped body. Some scientists say they form the largest animal
The fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of their prey, as indicated in the animation above right. In the animation, juvenile herring hunt the copepods in this synchronised way. The copepods sense with their antennae the pressure wave of an approaching herring and react with a fast escape jump. The length of the jump is fairly constant. The fish align themselves in a grid with this characteristic jump length. A copepod can dart about 80 times before it tires. After a jump, it takes it 60 milliseconds to spread its antennae again, and this time delay becomes its undoing, as the almost endless stream of herring allows a herring to eventually snap up the copepod. A single juvenile herring could never catch a large copepod.[117]
Other pelagic prey eaten by herring includes fish eggs, larval
Herrings, along with
Predators
The predators often cooperate in groups, using different techniques to panic or herd a school of herring into a tight bait ball. Different predatory species then use different techniques to pick the fish off in the bait ball. The sailfish raises its sail to make it appear much larger. Swordfish charge at high speed through the bait balls, slashing with their swords to kill or stun prey. They then turn and return to consume their "catch". Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun the shoaling fish. These sharks compact their prey school by swimming around them and splashing the water with their tails, often in pairs or small groups. They then strike them sharply with the upper lobe of their tails to stun them.[122] Spinner sharks charge vertically through the school, spinning on their axes with their mouths open and snapping all around. The sharks' momentum at the end of these spiraling runs often carries them into the air.[123][124]
Some whales
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Fisheries
Adult herring are harvested for their flesh and eggs, and they are often used as baitfish. The trade in herring is an important sector of many economies around the world. In Europe, the fish has been called the "silver of the sea", and its trade has been so significant to many countries that it has been regarded as the most commercially important fishery in history.[127]
Detailed time series |
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As food
Herring has been a staple food source since at least 3000 BC. The fish is served numerous ways, and many regional recipes are used: eaten raw, fermented, pickled, or cured by other techniques, such as being smoked as kippers.
Herring are very high in the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA.[128] They are a source of vitamin D.[129]
Water pollution influences the amount of herring that may be safely consumed. For example, large Baltic herring slightly exceeds recommended limits with respect to PCB and dioxin, although some sources point out that the cancer-reducing effect of omega-3 fatty acids is statistically stronger than the carcinogenic effect of PCBs and dioxins.[130] The contaminant levels depend on the age of the fish which can be inferred from their size. Baltic herrings larger than 17 cm (6.7 in) may be eaten twice a month, while herrings smaller than 17 cm can be eaten freely.[131] Mercury in fish also influences the amount of fish that women who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant within the next one or two years may safely eat.
History
The herring has played a highly significant role in history both socially and economically. During the Middle Ages, herring prompted the founding of Great Yarmouth and Copenhagen and played a critical role in the medieval development of Amsterdam.[132] In 1274, while on his deathbed at the monastery of Fossanova (south of Rome, Italy), when encouraged to eat something to regain his strength, Thomas Aquinas asked for fresh herring.[133]
Historical images |
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Paintings Van Gogh 1889Herring boats drift net . |
See also
References
Citations
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- Stephenson RL (2001) The role of herring investigations in shaping fisheries science In F. Funk, J. Blackburn, D. Hay, A.J. Paul, R. Stephen- son, R. Toresen, and D. Witherell (eds.) Herrings: Expectations for a New Millennium, Alaska Sea Grant College Program. AK-SG-01-04. pp. 1–20. ISBN 1-56612-070-5.
- Stephenson, R. L., Melvin, G. D., and Power, M. J. (2009) "Population integrity and connectivity in Northwest Atlantic herring: a review of assumptions and evidence" ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1733–1739.
- Whitehead PJP, Nelson GJ and Wongratana T (1988) FAO species catalogue, volume 2: Clupeoid Fishes of the World, Suborder Clupeoidei FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Rome. ]
Further reading
- Baltic Fisheries Cooperation Committee (1995) Utilization and Marketing of Baltic Herring Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789291207749.
- Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) Fishes of the Gulf of Maine Pages 88–100, Fishery Bulletin 74(53), NOAA. pdf version
- Dodd JS (1752) An essay toward a natural history of the herring Original from the New York Public Library.
- Mitchell JM (1864) The herring: its natural history and national importance Edmonston and Douglas. Original from the University of Wisconsin.
- Postan MM, Miller E and Habakkuk HJ (1987) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087094.
- Poulsen B (2008) Dutch Herring: An Environmental History, C. 1600–1860 Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789052603049.
- Samuel AM (1918) The herring: its effect on the history of Britain J. Murray. Original from the University of Michigan.
- Stephenson F (2007) Herring Fishermen: Images of an Eastern North Carolina Tradition The History Press. ISBN 9781596292697.
- Waters B (1809) Letters upon the subject of the herring fishery: addressed to the secretary of the Honourable the Board for the Herring Fishery at Edinburgh, to which is added, a petition to the lords of the treasury on the same subject Original from Harvard University.
External links
- Herring "communicate" by flatulence from National Geographic (2003)
- Atlantic Herring from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute
- Nutrition Facts for Herring
- Prospecting herring waste – from ScienceNordic Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
- PNAS Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring. Archived 2021-04-24 at the Wayback Machine