History of Russian exploration

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The history of

Russian America
were some of the primary factors in Russian territorial expansion.

Apart from their discoveries in Alaska, Central Asia, Siberia, and the northern areas surrounding the North Pole, Russian explorers have made significant contributions to the exploration of the Antarctic, Arctic, and the Pacific islands, as well as deep-sea and space explorations.

Before 1000 CE

By the tenth century, the northern part of the

Grand Duchy of Moscow would eventually collect most of the lands of European Russia
starting from the 13th century.

1000–1500

From the 11th century on, a group of Russians which settled the shores of the

Persia and India in A Journey Beyond the Three Seas in 1466–1472.[3]

1500–1700

By the beginning of the

Siberian Khanate and started the Russian conquest of Siberia.[4]

The rapid

Kamchatka
.

1700s

Mapping expeditions

Vasily Pronchischev, Khariton Laptev and Dmitry Laptev.[9] The Academic Squad of the expedition, composed of the early members of the young Russian Academy of Sciences such as Gerhard Friedrich Müller, Johann Georg Gmelin and Stepan Krasheninnikov
, inaugurated the first ethnographic, historic, and scientific research into Siberia and Kamchatka.

America

Russian Empire at its peak in 1866
The Russian Empire at its peak in 1866. This territory largely corresponds to the extent of contiguous exploration by Russians.

The

Fort Ross in California.[10]

1800s

Circumnavigation

In 1803–06 the

Fyodor Litke.[11] These voyages brought multiple discoveries in Alaska and the Pacific. In 1820–1821 a round-the-world expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on sloops Vostok and Mirny discovered the continent of Antarctica.[12]

In the 19th century, the scientific exploration of the inner areas of Siberia intensified. The complex

Amur River valley, Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin
.

Conquest of Central Asia

Main article: Russian conquest of Central Asia

The Russian conquest of

pilgrims
.

1900s

Polar exploration

The late 19th century and the early 20th century was marked by a renewed interest in Arctic exploration. Many expeditions of that era met a tragic fate, like the voyages of

Otto Shmidt completed the exploration of the Russian Arctic and established regular marine communications alongside Russia's northern shores in the 1930s.[15] North Pole-1, the drifting ice station populated by the team led by Ivan Papanin
, became the first expedition of its kind in 1937–38, and inaugurated a succession of drifting polar research stations which continues to this day.

During the

Aleksei Treshnikov and Yevgeny Tolstikov, made multiple discoveries in the inner areas of Antarctica and reached the Southern Pole of inaccessibility and the Southern Pole of Cold. At the latter location, on the site of the Vostok Station, the subglacial Lake Vostok, one of the last major geographical discoveries on Earth, was detected deep below the Antarctic ice shield.[16]

Space Age

Main article: Space Age

In 1957 the Soviet Union opened the

Lunokhod-1, on the Moon in 1970, and the first space station, Salyut 1
, launched in 1971.

The most recent exploration activities by Russians include expeditions on

Russian flag on the seabed under the North Pole, reached for the first time by the Arktika 2007 expedition led by Artur Chilingarov.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Novgorodian Karamzin Annal. The Full Collection of the Russian Annals. Vol.22. St. Petersburg. 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Viewed 2011-12-24.
  2. ^ Александр Невский [Alexander Nevsky] (in Russian). pereslavl.info. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  3. ^ Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "Nikitin – The first Russian traveler to India". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  4. ^ "Yermak. The Conquest of Siberia" (in Russian). Кольцо Сибири. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  5. ^ Mancall, Mark (1971). Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728. Viewed 2011-12-24.
  6. ^ Ursul, D.T. (1980). Nikolai Gavrilovich Milescu-Spathari. Moscow: Mysl. Viewed 2011-12-24.
  7. ^ Hintzsche; Nickol. Die Große Nordische Expedition (in German). p. 200. Viewed 2011-12-24.
  8. ^ "Gvozdev biography at the Kamchatka Krai site" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-24.
  9. ^ "Russian Northern Expeditions (18th-19th centuries)". Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  10. ^ Chevigny, Hector (1951). Lord of Alaska – Baranov and the Russian Adventure. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort. 2331138. Viewed 2011-12-23.
  11. ^ Daum, Andreas (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.
  12. ^ "Bellingshausen's biography" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
  13. ^ Биографический указатель. hrono.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  14. ^ "G.A.Ushakov's biography". skypole.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  15. ^ Шмидт Отто Юльевич [Otto Yulyevich Schmidt] (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  16. ^ "Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition. April 14, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
  17. ^ "Chilingarov at Heroes of the Country" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-23.

External links

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