Hubris
This article possibly contains original research. (August 2023) |
Hubris (
According to studies, hubris, arrogance, and pretension are related to the need for victory (even if it does not always mean winning) instead of reconciliation, which "friendly" groups might promote.[8] Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may suffer collateral consequences from wrongful acts. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments, or capabilities. The adjectival form of the noun hubris/hybris is hubristic/hybristic.[1]
The term hubris originated in Ancient Greek,[9] where it had several different meanings depending on the context. In legal usage, it meant assault or sexual crimes and theft of public property,[10] and in religious usage it meant emulation of divinity or transgression against a god.[11]
Ancient Greek origin
In ancient Greek, hubris referred to "outrage": actions that violated natural order, or which shamed and humiliated the victim, sometimes for the pleasure or gratification of the abuser.
Mythological usage
The goddess Hybris is described in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition as having "insolent encroachment upon the rights of others".[13]
These events were not limited to myth, and certain figures in history were considered to have been punished for committing hubris through their arrogance. One such person was king
What is common to all these examples is the breaching of limits, as the Greeks believed that the Fates (Μοῖραι) had assigned each being with a particular area of freedom, an area that even the gods could not breach.[14]
Legal usage
In
Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of
Two well-known cases are found in the speeches of
to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.[18][19][20][21]
Early Christianity
In the Septuagint, the "hubris is overweening pride, superciliousness or arrogance, often resulting in fatal retribution or nemesis". The word hubris as used in the New Testament parallels the Hebrew word pesha, meaning "transgression". It represents a pride that "makes a man defy God", sometimes to the degree that he considers himself an equal.[22]
Modern usage
In its modern usage, hubris denotes overconfident pride combined with arrogance.[4] Hubris is also referred to as "pride that blinds" because it often causes a committer of hubris to act in foolish ways that belie common sense.[23]
Hubris has also been presented as a positive trait: Larry Wall promoted "the three great virtues of a programmer: laziness, impatience, and hubris".[24]
Arrogance
The Oxford English Dictionary defines "arrogance" in terms of "high or inflated opinion of one's own abilities, importance, etc., that gives rise to presumption or excessive self-confidence, or to a feeling or attitude of being superior to others [...]."[25] Adrian Davies sees arrogance as more generic and less severe than hubris.[26]
References
- ^ CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.
- ^ "Examples and Definition of Hubris in Literature". Literary Devices. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
- ^ "hubris". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
- ^ .
- ^ Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, p. 63, G. & C. Merriam Company (8th ed. 1976).
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 77 (2d Coll. ed. 1978).
- ^ Yasmin (2019-06-07). "O que é uma pessoa arrogante? Por que evitar a arrogância?". Definição.net (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-04-16.
- ^ "What Makes the Arrogant Person So Arrogant?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
- ^ a b David Cohen, "Law, society and homosexuality or hermaphrodity in Classical Athens" in Studies in ancient Greek and Roman society By Robin Osborne; p. 64
- ^ a b Aeschines "Against Timarchus" from Thomas K. Hubbard's Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents [ISBN missing] [page needed]
- ^ a b The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Hubris", Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ISBN 978-1438126395.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 758.
- ^ Cornelius Castoriadis. Ce qui fait la Grèce, tome 1: D'Homère à Héraclite, chapitre V. Editeur: Seuil (9 mars 2004).
- ^ "Hubris". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ISBN 978-0521522090. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ISBN 978-1472502339. Retrieved 2 October 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Aristotle, Rhetoric 1378b.
- ISBN 0521388376. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ISBN 1139434179. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ISBN 978-1793604682.
- Stanley J. Grenz, Theology for the Community of God, Pub: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000 – "The Greek word hubris, which occurs occasionally in the New Testament (e.g., Acts 27:10, 21; 2 Cor.12:10). parallels the Hebrew pasha. William Barclay offers a helpful definition of the term. Hubris, he writes, 'is mingled pride and cruelty. Hubris is the pride which makes a man defy God, and the arrogant contempt which makes him trample on the hearts of his fellow men.' [...] Hence, it is the forgetting of personal creatureliness and the attempt to be equal with God."
- . Retrieved October 1, 2014.
- ^
ISBN 978-1565921498. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
We will encourage you to develop the three great virtues of a programmer: laziness, impatience, and hubris.
- ^ "arrogance". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^
Davies, Adrian (2011). "How Can Human Nature and Corporate Governance Be Reconciled?". The Globalisation of Corporate Governance: The Challenge of Clashing Cultures (reprint ed.). London: Routledge (published 2016). p. 68. ISBN 978-1317030102. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
[...] hubris – a form of overweening pride and arrogance. [...] In modern usage hubris is an extreme form of arrogance, often in the face of facts [...].
Further reading
- Nicolas R. E. Fisher, Hybris: A Study in the Values of Honour and Shame in Ancient Greece, Warminster, Aris & Phillips, 1992. [ISBN missing]
- Cairns, Douglas L. (1996). "Hybris, Dishonour, and Thinking Big" (PDF). S2CID 59361502.
- MacDowell, Douglas (1976). "Hybris in Athens". Greece and Rome. 23 (1): 14–31. S2CID 163033169.
- Michael DeWilde, "The Psychological and Spiritual Roots of a Universal Affliction"
- Hubris on 2012's Encyclopædia Britannica
- "How to Use Hubris Correctly". Grammarist. 24 September 2017.
- Robert A. Stebbins, From Humility to Hubris among Scholars and Politicians: Exploring Expressions of Self-Esteem and Achievement. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2017. [ISBN missing]