Hyderabad, Sindh
Hyderabad
حيدرآباد حیدر آباد | |
---|---|
UTC+5 (PKT) | |
Postal code | 71000 |
Area code | 022 |
Hyderabad (
Founded in 1768 by
Toponymy
The city was named in honour of
History
Founding
The
Devotees of Imam
Kalhora
In 1768,
Hyderabad remained the Kalhora capital during the period in which Sindh was united under their rule. Attracted by the security of the city, Hyderabad began to attract artisans and traders from throughout Sindh, thereby resulting in the decline of other rival trading centres such as Khudabad.[10] A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including Sonaras, Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term "Khudabadi" in the names of their communities as a marker of origin.
Mian Ghulam Shah died in 1772, and was succeeded by his son,
Talpur
Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur captured the city of Khudabad from the Kalhoros in 1773, and made the city his capital. He then captured Hyderabad in 1775,[10] and shifted his capital there in 1789 after Khudabad once again flooded. Renovation and reconstruction of the city's fort began in 1789, and lasted for 3 years.[10] Celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Pacco Qillo fort,[10] which he made his residence and held court.
Talpur rule maintained Hyderabad's security, and the city continued to attract migrants from throughout Sindh, turning the city into a major regional center. Lohana Hindus from Afghanistan migrated to the city and set up ship as metalworkers.[10] The city's goldsmiths, silversmiths, and leather tanners began to export their Hyderabadi wares abroad.[10] The city's textile industry boomed with the arrival of Susi and Khes cotton cloth and handicrafts from towns in rural Sindh.[10] The city's became renowned for its calligraphers and bookbinders, while its carpet dealers traded carpets from nearby Thatta.[10]
In order to use the Indus River for commercial navigation to Punjab, the British signed a treaty with the rulers of Hyderabad and Khairpur that guaranteed the British free passage along the Indus and through Sindh.[13] Mir Murad Ali was pressured into accepting an 1838 treaty which resulted in the stationing of a British Resident in the city.[13] The British also signed a treaty of "eternal friendship" with the Talpur rulers of Hyderabad in the early 19th century, who promised not to allow the French to set up residency in Sindh.[13] In 1839, they were pressured into forcing another treaty that guaranteed the British trade and security privileges.[13]
British
The British defeated the city's Talpur rulers at the
Hyderabad's prosperity did not initially decline after the shifting of Sindh's capital to
The city's jail was built in 1851,
Hyderabad's Rani Bagh ("Queen's Garden") was established as Das Gardens in 1861, and was re-christened in honour of Queen Victoria.[10] British-style schools were introduced in Hyderabad by the 1860s, while the St Joseph Missionary School was established in 1868.[10] Further European schools were opened, while Hyderabad's Hindu and Muslim elite established schools for their respective communities throughout the British colonial period.[10] A hospital, psychiatric institution, and quarters for officials were built in 1871.[10] By 1872, 43,088 people lived in the city.[14] The city by 1873 had 20 kilometres of metalled roads that were lit at night by kerosene lamps.[10] The newly built urban quarters of Saddar and Soldier Bazaar further expanded the city.
The British built a rail network throughout the western part of South Asia in the 1880s, and purchased the private
In 1901, 69,378 people lived in the city. Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers, while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest religious minority. The city ranked seventh in the Bombay Presidency in terms of population.[14] By 1907, the Gazetteer of Sindh claimed that 5,000 Hyderabadi merchants were to be found dispersed throughout the world.[15] The city's Navalrai Clock Tower was built in 1914.[18] Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore remarked in the early 20th century that Hyderabad was the "most fashionable" city in all of India.[19]
Modern
The City of Hyderabad served as the capital of Sindh province between 1947 and 1955. The
The Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population.
Animosity between Urdu and Sindhi speakers first arose in 1967,[10] it intensified under the Pakistan People's Party government in the 1970s, which were widely perceived by Muhajirs to be a pro-Sindhi administration.[24] Violence erupted between Urdu and Sindhi speakers during riots in 1971 when the provincial government wished to impose Sindhi-language requirements on Urdu speakers, and again in 1972 in reaction to the 1972 Sindhi Language Bill.[24]
The
The late 1980s saw turbulent ethnic rioting between
Much of Hyderabad's public spaces have been encroached upon by illegally-constructed homes and businesses.[10] Much of the city's historic structures are badly neglected,[10] with little preservation being undertaken by the provincial administration.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1872 | 43,088 | — |
1881 | 48,153 | +11.8% |
1891 | 58,048 | +20.5% |
1901 | 69,378 | +19.5% |
1911 | 75,952 | +9.5% |
1921 | 81,838 | +7.7% |
1941 | 135,000 | +65.0% |
1951 | 242,000 | +79.3% |
1961 | 435,000 | +79.8% |
1972 | 629,000 | +44.6% |
1981 | 752,000 | +19.6% |
1998 | 1,166,894 | +55.2% |
2017 | 1,733,622 | +48.6% |
Source: [32][33] |
Population
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, including the cantonment area, is home to 1,733,622 people as per the
Ethnicity
Hyderabad was a majority
Following the arrival of Muhajirs, Hyderabad became a majority
people.At the time of the 2017 census, 52.57% of the population spoke Urdu, 31.88% Sindhi, 5.25% Punjabi, 3.76% Pashto, and 1.29% Saraiki as their first language.[34]
Religion
Hyderabad is noteworthy in Sindh and Pakistan generally for its comparative tolerance towards religious and ethnic minorities. The spread of Islamist militancy and extremism has been stymied in large parts of Sindh by vibrant civil society, and Sindh's progressive politics.[37]
The city has a long association with
Hindus once formed the majority in Hyderabad prior to 1948, and today account for the largest religious minority in Hyderabad - forming 5% of the total population of the city. Hyderabad's Amil Hindus clan of the Lohana caste had been employed previously the Talpur Mirs for their Persian language proficiency and skills in bureaucracy - this role continued under the British as the Amils were recruited into colonial administration.[10] The Amils formed the Amil Colony, which was where some of Hyderabad's finest colonial architecture was found.[10] The Bhaiband clan, also of the Lohana caste, dominated commerce in the city.[43]
While Christians account for 1% of the total population, Hyderabad is the seat of a diocese of the Church of Pakistan and has five churches and a cathedral.
Geography
Location
Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 metres (43 ft), Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways, the Indus Highway and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi), Jamshoro at 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi), Hattri at 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) and Husri at 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi).
Climate
Hyderabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with warm conditions year-round. The city is famous for its winds which moderate the otherwise hot climate.[44] As a result, Hyderabadi homes traditionally feature "wind-catching" towers that funnel breezes down into living quarters in order to alleviate heat.[10]
The period from mid-April to late June (before the onset of the monsoon) is the hottest of the year, with highs peaking in May at 41.4 °C (106.5 °F). During this time, winds that blow usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breeze that flows at night is more pleasant. Winters are warm, with highs around 25 °C (77 °F), though lows can often drop below 10 °C (50 °F) at night. The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded on 25 May 2018, while the lowest temperature of 1 °C (34 °F) was recorded on 8 February 2012.
In recent years, Hyderabad has seen great downpours. In February 2003, Hyderabad received 105 millimetres (4.13 in) of rain in 12 hours, leaving many dead.[45][46] The years of 2006 and 2007 saw close contenders to this record rain with death tolls estimated in the hundreds. The highest single-day rain total of 259.7 millimetres (10.22 in) was recorded on 12 September 1962, while the wettest month was September 1962, at 346 millimetres (13.62 in).
Climate data for Hyderabad (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.3 (91.9) |
38.2 (100.8) |
43.4 (110.1) |
46.0 (114.8) |
48.4 (119.1) |
48.5 (119.3) |
45.5 (113.9) |
43.9 (111.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
44.0 (111.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
48.5 (119.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.2 (75.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
38.9 (102.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
34.1 (93.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
27.5 (81.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.8 (0.07) |
5.1 (0.20) |
3.2 (0.13) |
15.9 (0.63) |
22.6 (0.89) |
6.4 (0.25) |
72.3 (2.85) |
96.7 (3.81) |
54.0 (2.13) |
25.1 (0.99) |
13.5 (0.53) |
2.3 (0.09) |
318.9 (12.57) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 10.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 240.3 | 244.6 | 267.5 | 277.7 | 294.0 | 225.7 | 186.8 | 203.4 | 255.6 | 274.7 | 256.9 | 249.1 | 2,976.3 |
Source: NOAA[47]
|
Topography
The city was initially founded on a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar, or "Bald Hill." The limestone outcropping provided several scenic vistas in the city, as well as inclined routes.[10] The most famous incline, the Tilak Incline, is named after the early 20th century independence activist Lokmanya Tilak.[10]
Economy
The industrial sector contributes 25% to the GDP of Pakistan, with a major concentration of industry in an arc stretching from Karachi to Hyderabad.[48] 75% of Sindh's industry is located in the Karachi-Hyderabad region.[49] The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, home to 439 industrial units, was established on the outskirts of Hyderabad in 1950 which prospered with until the urban violence of the 1980s. Much of the city's industrial base was weakened by ethnic violence in urban Sindh in the 1980s, although poor infrastructure and supply of electricity has also hampered growth.[50]
Hyderabad is an important commercial centre where industries includes: textiles, sugar, cement, manufacturing of mirror, soap, ice, paper, pottery, plastics, tanneries, hosiery mills and film. There are hide tanneries and sawmills. Handicraft industries, including silver and gold work, lacquer ware, ornamented silks, and embroidered leather saddles, are also well established.
Hyderabad produces almost all of the ornamental glass bangles in Pakistan, as well as layered glass inlay for jewelry.[51] The glass industry employs an estimated 300,000-350,000 people in manufacturing units centered on the Churi Parah neighbourhood.[50][52] The industry frequently uses recycled glass as material for its bangles.[52]
Hyderabad is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains, and is a major commercial centre for the agricultural produce of the surrounding area, including millet, rice, wheat, cotton, and fruit.[53]
Cityscape
Local architecture
Hyderabad's local architectural patterns reflect the region's harsh climate and local customs. Walls of most traditional-style buildings were made of mud bricks, which helped keep the structure cool in summer and warm in winter.[25] Hyderabad is famed for its heat-relieving winds,[44] and so homes also featured wind-catchers that directed cool breezes into each homes' living quarters.[10]
Residential structures in
Homes built during the British colonial period contain introduced architectural elements like balconies and decorative columns as part of an elaborate outward-facing façade.[25] Such examples can be found in the Saddar neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Large decorated windows were featured as part of Hyderabad's colonial style in order to ventilate the building.[44] Tall and multi-sectional windows with stained glass windows became a hallmark of Hyderabad's colonial-era architecture.[44] Homes of wealthy residents, especially among the city's Bhaiband community, the presence of windows was a marker of status, and allowed wealthy Hindus to practice the custom of purdah.[44] Balconies were sometimes affixed to the front of a building, and were typically made of wood or cast-iron.[44] Such homes would also sometimes have painted facades.[44]
Civil administration
Before the government of Abubaker Nizamani, the District Hyderabad included the present-day District of Badin. The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro,[1][54] The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed, who served from 1962 to 1971.
In 2005/2006, General Pervaiz Musharraf again divided it into four more districts Matiyari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Mohammad Khan and Hyderabad. Hyderabad district was subdivided into four
Judiciary
Court of District & Sessions Judge Hyderabad was established in 1899 under the subordination of Judicial Commissioner of Sindh.
Transportation
Metro Bus
Peoples Bus Service, formally known as the Sindh Intra-District Peoples Bus Service Project is a public bus service by the Government of Sindh operating in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana.[1]
Road
The
Rail
Hyderabad Junction railway station serves as the city's main rail station. Passenger services are provided exclusively by Pakistan Railways. The city's station is serviced by the Allama Iqbal Express to Sialkot, the Badin Express, and the Khyber Mail to Peshawar. Hyderabad has trains to Nawabshah, Badin, Tando Adam Junction, Karachi, and points in northern Pakistan.
Air
Hyderabad Airport is situated at the east of the city Hyderabad near Gulistan e Sarmast which is an area of Latifabad but it is no longer served by commercial air traffic. The last services were suspended in 2013. Passengers must now instead rely entirely on Karachi's Jinnah International Airport.
Education
75% of males and 65% of females over the age of 10 were literate in
The
The Public School Hyderabad was founded in 1961, one of the oldest school in Hyderabad which is located at the autobahn road. The first boarding school in Hyderabad started by Mr. Niaz Hussain Tunio, After his death local government has manage all the Administration of the school, After that since 2018 IBA Sukkur management is assign to manage all the Administration.
Sports
The Niaz Stadium of Hyderabad, with a seating capacity of 15,000 is home to the Hyderabad cricket team since 1961. It is known for Pakistani bowler Jalal-ud-Din's hat-trick, which was the first ever hat-trick taken by a bowler in a one-day match in 1982.[57] Hyderabad also has a hockey stadium. Hyderabad has also Sport Club name "Sindh Sports Board Hyderabad Club" which is a platform to boost sports activity.
Landmarks
- Pacco Qillo
- Tombs of Talpur Mirs
- Rani Bagh Zoological & Botanical Garden
- Sindh Museum
- Hyderabad Cantonment
- Niaz Cricket Stadium
- Kacha Qilla
- Hyderabad Junction
- Hyderabad Airport
- Ganju Takar Mountain Range
Media
Literature
As tradition goes, Sindh had always been a hub for
Hyderabad has served many Sindhi literary campaigns throughout the history of Pakistan as is evident from the daily newspapers and periodicals that are published in the city. A few worth mention dailies are the Kawish,[59] Ibrat,[60] and Daily Sindh.[61]
Radio and television
With the inauguration of a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950, it was possible to lay the foundations for the Hyderabad radio station in 1951. The initial broadcast was made capable using 1 kW medium-wave transmitter. With the first successful transmissions on the FM 100 bandwidth in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad in October 1998, the Government decided on opening transmissions to other cities where Radio Pakistan had found success. This made available the FM 101 bandwidth transmissions to Hyderabad and other cities in Sindh.[62]
A relief from the regular broadcasts in other cities, entertainment content on the Hyderabad radio gave birth to many a star whose names became an attribute to Hyderabad's richer media content. Among them were actor Shafi Mohammad, a young man who had recently finished his postgraduate degree from the University of Sindh.[63] Such fresh and young talent became a trademark to entertainment in Hyderabad.
While the year 2005 saw new FM regular stations set up at
, private radio channels began airing in and around Hyderabad. Of late, stations like Sachal FM 105 and some others have gained popularity. But the unavailability of an up-to-date news and current affairs platform renders the services of such stations of not much value to the masses but nonetheless appealing to youngsters.As the
Notable people
- Maulana Muhammad Saeed Jadoon (1964-2022) Religious, political, social personality, Principal Jamia Arabia QowwatulIslam Garebabad, Caliph Hazrat Maulana Pir Abdul Qudoos Naqshbandi, Former President Ahle Sunnat Wal JamatDistrict Hyderabad Sindh
- Hoshu Sheedi, General of Talpur Mirs' Army, who fought against British in the Battles of Miani and last Battle of Dubbo.
- Jivatram Kripalani (1886–1982), Indian politician and Indian independence activist.
- Mirza Kalich Beg(1853–1929), civil servant and author
- K. R. Malkani (1921–2003), Indian politician. Lieutenant-Governor of Pondicherry (2002–03)
- Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi (1886–1968), philosopher and scholar
- Sadhu Vaswani (1879–1966), Hindu spiritualist. Founder of the Sadhu Vaswani Mission.
- Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch (1917–2011), linguist and author
- Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (born 1915), scholar and translator
- Rizwan Ahmed, Secretary to Government of Pakistan
- Ghulam Mustafa Khan (born 1912), researcher, and linguist
- Syed Qamar Zaman Shah (born 1933), the nephew and son-in-law of Late Syed Miran Mohammad Shah. Senator during the early 1970s.
- Sindh Government, former Ambassador of Pakistan to Spain.
- Qabil Ajmeri (1931–1962), recognised as a "senior" poet of Urdu
- Usman Ajmeri (1944–2019), recognised as a Most Senior Journalist in Hyderabad and was the Bureau Chief of Daily Nawaiwaqt newspaper until his death. He was the founder member of Hyderabad Press club. Held strong influence among politicians and industrialists. His last resting place is Tando Yousuf graveyard.
See also
- Barrage Colony, Hyderabad
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan
- Hyderabad District, Sindh
- Hyderabadi pickle
- Hyderabad Electric Supply Company
- Sateen Jo Aastan
- Tando Jahania
- Hyderabad Airport
- History of Hyderabad, Pakistan
- History of Hyderabad, Sindh
- Battle of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad Junction railway station
- Shiv temple, Hyderabad
Notes
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- ^ "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2023". www.pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017.
- ^ "Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.pbs.gov.pk/content/announcement-results-7th-population-and-housing-census-2023-digital-census.
- ^ "Definition of HYDERABAD". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "By winning 2nd largest city Hyderabad and 4th largest city Mirpurkhas, MQM declared Urban Sindh Lead | Siasat.pk Forums". Siasat.pk. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Hyderabad". Population Welfare Department - Government of Sindh. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19-860537-9.
- ^ a b c Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur. "The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)" (PDF). UNIOR Web Journals. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- ^ ISSN 1827-8868.
- ^ "Pakka Qila Hyderabad". abbasikalhora.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Hyderabad". Humshehri. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ ISBN 8120725069. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- ^ ISBN 978-1317243847. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ISBN 9789004236455. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
- ^ "Navalrai Clock Tower". Heritage of Sindh. The Endowment Fund Trust for the Preservation of Heritage of Sindh. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ISBN 8187096012.
- ^ .
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hyderabad heart of sindh.
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- ^ a b c d Ekram, Lailun (1995). "Khuda Ki Basti Incremental Development Scheme" (PDF). 1995 Technical Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ a b c "Pakistan Backgrounder". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
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- ^ Uch Sharif (18 December 2011). "Safarnama Makhdoom Jahanian Jahangasht". Uchsharif.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ "UCH Sharif Trust | Understanding of Culture and Heritage | An Ancient Tradition". Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Sufis & Shaykhs [4] – World of Tasawwuf". Spiritualfoundation.net. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ "Tomb of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'al-Halim and Ustead and the Tomb and Mosque of Jalaluddin Bukhari – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ Google Maps
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- ISBN 0415939194. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ a b Soomro, Marvi. "Cut from glass: The perilous lives of Hyderabad's bangle makers". Dawn. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Pakistan Backgrounder". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
- ^ "PPP names Kashif Shoro as its candidate for Hyderabad mayor post". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ [1] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d "Hyderabad" (PDF). ASER Pakistan. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Mirza Kalich Beg: Renowned scholar of Sindh". Retrieved 18 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Read Daily Kawish online". Daily Kawish. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
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References
- Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan (1963–1966 edition)