Saraiki language
Saraiki | |
---|---|
سرائیکی | |
South Punjab and neighbouring regions | |
Ethnicity | Saraiki |
Native speakers | 26 million (2017)[1] |
| |
Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an
Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi. Spoken in
Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered a dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility.
The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati),[6] and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi.[7]
Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[8]
Name
The present extent of the meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s.
An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā, or
Currently, the most common rendering of the name is Saraiki.[a] However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.[21]
Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
In 1919, Grierson maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself.[22] Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore. The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.[23] However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue).
Dialects
The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki:[24]
- Central Saraiki, including Multani: spoken in the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Leiah, Multan and Bahawalpur.
- Southern Saraiki: prevalent in the districts of Rajanpur and Rahimyar Khan.
- Sindhi Siraiki: dispersed throughout the province of Sindh and in Kachhi Plain region in Balochistan province.
- Northern Saraiki, or Thali:[25] spoken in the district of Dera Ismail Khan and the northern parts of the Thal region, including Mianwali District and Bhakkar District
The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the
When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.
Status of language or dialect
In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.[28] In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[29]
Saraiki was considered a
Geographical distribution
Pakistan
Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of
Saraiki is the first language of 25.9 million people in Pakistan according to the 2017 census.[37] The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.[38] In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.[39]
India
After
There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as "
Phonology
Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi.[46] It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels.[47]
Vowels
The "centralised"
Front | Near-front
|
Central | Near-back
|
Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |||
Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
Mid | e | o | |||
Near-open | ɛ | ə | |||
Open | a |
Consonants
Saraiki possesses a large inventory of
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t̪
|
ʈ | t͡ʃ | k | |
aspirated
|
pʰ | t̪ʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d̪
|
ɖ | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
voiced aspirated | bʱ | d̪ʱ | ɖʱ | d͡ʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
implosive | ɓ | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | |||
Nasal | plain | m | n
|
ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
aspirated | mʱ | nʱ | ɳʱ | ||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||
voiced | v | z | ɣ | ɦ | |||
voiced aspirated | vʱ | ||||||
Tap
|
plain | ɾ | ɽ | ||||
aspirated | ɾʱ | ɽʱ | |||||
Approximant
|
plain | l
|
j | ||||
aspirated | lʱ |
In its
There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops:
There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which theOf the
The realisation of the
Phonotactics and stress
There are no
A
Implosives
Unusually for
The "palatal" /ʄ/ is
The "
A
Aspirated (
The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole[f] the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit janayati > Saraiki ʄəɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, yava > dʒao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian or English (ɡərdən 'throat', bəs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of the major developments:[73]
Sanskrit/ Prakrit |
Saraiki | example word[g] |
---|---|---|
b- | ɓ | bahu > ɓəhʊ̃ 'many' |
dv- | dvitiya- > ɓja 'another' | |
v- | vṛddhā > ɓuɖɖʱa 'old' | |
b | vaṇa- > bən 'forest' | |
v | vartman- > vaʈ 'path' | |
j | ʄ | jihvā > ʄɪbbʰ 'tongue' |
jy- | jyeṣṭhā > ʄeʈʰ 'husband's elder brother' | |
-jy- | ʄʄ | rajyate > rəʄʄəɲ 'to satisfy' |
-dy- | adya > əʄʄə 'today' | |
y- | dʒ | yadi > dʒe 'if' |
ḍ- | ᶑ | Pk. gaḍḍaha- > gəᶑᶑũ 'donkey' |
d- | duḥkha > ᶑʊkkʰə 'sorrow' | |
-rd- | ᶑᶑ | kūrdati > kʊᶑᶑəɲ 'to jump' |
-dāt- | *kadātana > kəᶑᶑəɳ 'when' | |
-bdh- | ɖɖ | stabdha > ʈʰəɖɖa 'cold' |
-ṇḍ- | ɳɖ | ḍaṇḍaka > ᶑəɳɖa 'stick' |
g | ɠ | gāva- > ɠã 'cow' |
gr- | grantha > ɠəɳɖʰ 'knot' | |
ɡ | grāma > ɡrã 'village' |
Within South Asia, implosives were first described for
Writing system
Saraiki alphabet |
---|
ے |
Extended Perso-Arabic script |
In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the
Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or
Language use
In academia
The Department of Saraiki,
Arts and literature
The language, partly codified during the British Raj, derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid, who has become an identity symbol.[82] His poems, known as Kafi are still famous.
The beloved's intense glances call for blood
The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black
And slays the lovers with no excuse
My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait
While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart
My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid— one of Khwaja Ghulam Farid's poems (translated)
Shakir Shujabadi (Kalam-e-Shakir, Khuda Janey, Shakir Diyan Ghazlan, Peelay Patr, Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway, and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.[83]
Media
Television channels
Former Pakistan Prime Minister
TV Channel | Genre | Founded |
---|---|---|
Waseb TV (وسیب ٹی وی) | Entertainment | |
Kook TV (کوک ٹی وی) | Entertainment | |
Rohi TV (روہی ٹی وی) | Entertainment | |
PTV MULTAN (پی ٹی وی ملتان) | Entertainment | |
PTV National (پی ٹی وی نیشنل) | Entertainment |
Radio
These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki.
Radio Channel | Genre | Founded |
---|---|---|
FM105 Saraiki Awaz Sadiq Abad | Entertainment |
See also
- Saraikistan
- Saraiki people
- List of Saraiki people
- Saraiki culture
- Saraiki cuisine
- Saraiki literature
- Saraiki diaspora
Notes
- Islamia University of Bahawalpur, department of Saraiki established in 1989,[14] Bahauddin Zakariya University, in Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006,[15] and Allama Iqbal Open University, in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998),[16] and by the district governments of Bahawalpur[17] and Multan,[18] as well as by the federal institutions of the Government of Pakistan like Population Census Organization[19] and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation.[20]
- ^ The terms "centralised" and "peripheral" are used in Shackle 1976 and Shackle 2003.
- ^ The symbols used follow Shackle (2003). Shackle (1976) has ʌ for ə and æ for ɛ.
- pre-palatal. None of these sources discuss the issue at length.
- ^ Bahl (1936, p. 28) describes its place of articulation as almost identical to the ⟨d'⟩ [ɟ] of Czech.
- ^ Saraiki differs for example in the presence of geminated implosives, or the treatment of Sanskrit vy-, whose Saraiki reflex /ɓ/ contrasts with the Sindhi /w/.(Bahl 1936, pp. 57–64)
- IAST. An asterisk * denotes an unattested but reconstructedform.
- ^ The practice is traced back to Juke's 1900 dictionary. The modern standard was agreed upon in 1979 (Wagha 1997, pp. 240–41).
Further reading
- Atta, Firdos and van de Weijer, Jeroen and Zhu, Lei (2020). "Saraiki". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000328), with supplementary sound recordings.
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References
- ^ Saraiki at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ ISBN 9783110393248.
- ^ Bashir, Conners & Hefright 2019; see also Rahman 1995, p. 16 and Shackle 2014b.
- ^ Shackle 1977, p. 389.
- ^ a b Shackle 2014b.
- ^ Shackle 1977, pp. 388–89; Rahman 1995, pp. 2–3
- ^ Rahman 1995, pp. 7–8; Shackle 1977, p. 386
- .
- ^ Rahman 1995, p. 3.
- ^ Rahman 1995, p. 4; Shackle 1976, p. 2; Shackle 1977, p. 388
- ^ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 24.
- ^ Dani 1981, p. 36.
- ^ a b "The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan - Department". iub.edu.pk.
- ^ a b "Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan". bzu.edu.pk.
- ^ a b "Department Detail". aiou.edu.pk.
- ^ "History of Bahawalpur". bahawalpur.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012.
- ^ "Introduction -City District Government Multan". multan.gov.pk.
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue Archived 12 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, website of the Population Census organization of Pakistan
- ^ Saraiki News Bulletins Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, website of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
- ^ a b Shackle 1977.
- ^ Masica 1991, pp. 18–20.
- ^ Grierson 1919.
- ^ This is the grouping in Wagha (1997, pp. 229–31), which largely coincides with that in Shackle (1976, pp. 5–8).
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 8.
- ^ Masica 1991, p. 426.
- ^ Grierson 1919, pp. 239ff.
- ^ See Masica 1991, pp. 23–27. For a brief discussion of the case of Saraiki, see Wagha (1997, pp. 225–26).
- ^ Rahman 1995, p. 16.
- ^ Rahman 1996, p. 173.
- ^ Shackle 2014a: "it has come to be increasingly recognized internationally as a language in its own right, although this claim continues to be disputed by many Punjabi speakers who regard it as a dialect of Punjabi".
- ^ Rahman 1995, p. 16: "the Punjabis claim that Siraiki is a dialect of Punjabi, whereas the Siraikis call it a language in its own right."
- ^ Rahman 1996, p. 175.
- ^ Rahman 1997, p. 838.
- ^ Javaid 2004, p. 46.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 1–2.
- ^ "Saraiki". Ethnologue.
- ^ Javaid 2004.
- ^ Pakistan census 1998
- ^ Goswami 1994, p. 30.
- ^ "Kahan se aa gai (کہاں سے کہاں آ گئے)". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ "2011 Census tables: C-16, population by Native languages". Census of India Website. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019.
- ^ Goswami 1994, pp. 30–31; Bhatia 2016, pp. 134–35.
- ^ Goswami 1994, pp. 31, 33.
- ^ Goswami 1994, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Masica 1991.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 12, 18.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Shackle 2003, p. 588.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 17.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 32.
- ^ Shackle 2003, p. 590.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 18–19.
- ^ a b c Shackle 1976, p. 22.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 21.
- ^ a b Shackle 1976, p. 23.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 20–23, 27.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 31–33.
- ^ a b Shackle 2003, p. 594.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 27.
- ^ Shackle 2003, p. 592.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 28–29.
- ^ Masica 1991, p. 104.
- ^ a b c Bahl 1936, p. 28.
- ^ Shackle 1976, pp. 22–23.
- ^ a b Shackle 2003, pp. 590–91.
- ^ a b Shackle 1976, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Bahl 1936, p. 80.
- ^ Wagha 1997, pp. 234–35.
- ^ Bahl 1936, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Bahl 1936, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Shackle 1976, p. 31.
- ^ Bahl 1936, pp. 57–64.
- ^ Bahl 1936, pp. 4, 10.
- ^ Shackle 2003, pp. 598–99.
- ^ a b Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016.
- ^ Wagha 1997, pp. 239–40.
- ^ "Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF).
- ^ "Govt plans to recruit teachers of Punjabi, Seraiki languages". DAWN.COM. 12 February 2022.
- ^ "In a first, K-P introduces regional-language books in govt schools". The Express Tribune. 27 February 2017.
- ^ "Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - Saraiki". app.com.pk. 18 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-81-8400-707-7.
- ^ "Shakir Shujabadi".
- ^ "Legendary Saraiki singer Shafa Ullah passes away". The Express Tribune. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ uploader. "Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - PTV's Saraiki channel to promote area's culture: PM". app.com.pk. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
Bibliography
- Asif, Saiqa Imtiaz. 2005. Siraiki Language and Ethnic Identity. Journal of Research (Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies), 7: 9-17. Multan (Pakistan): Bahauddin Zakariya University.
- Awan, Muhammad Safeer; Baseer, Abdul; Sheeraz, Muhammad (2012). "Outlining Saraiki Phonetics: A Comparative Study of Saraiki and English Sound System" (PDF). Language in India. 12 (7): 120–136. ISSN 1930-2940. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- Bahl, Parmanand (1936). Étude de phonetique historique et experimentale des consonnes injectives du Multani, dialecte panjabi occidental. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
- OCLC 1062344143.
- Bhatia, Motia (2016). "Lahanda". In Devy, Ganesh; Koul, Omkar N.; Bhat, Roop Krishen (eds.). The Languages of Punjab. People's Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 24. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. pp. 134–57. ISBN 978-8125062400.
- Dani, A.H. (1981). "Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind". In Khuhro, Hamida (ed.). Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–42. ISBN 978-0-19-577250-0.
- Gardezi, Hassan N. (1996). "Saraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction". Archived from the original on 21 April 2009.
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(help) - Goswami, Krishan Kumar (1994). Code switching in Lahanda speech community : a sociolinguistic survey. Delhi: Kalinga Publications. ISBN 818516357X.
- Grierson, George A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part 1, Indo-Aryan family. North-western group. Specimens of Sindhī and Lahndā. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab: 45–55. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
- Latif, Amna (2003). "Phonemic Inventory of Siraiki Language and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives" (PDF). CRULP Annual Student Report, 2002-2003. Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing.
- Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2016). "Saraiki". Ethnologue (19 ed.). Archived from the original on 25 April 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- .
- —— (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- —— (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9): 833–839. JSTOR 2645700.
- Shackle, Christopher (1976). The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
- —— (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. S2CID 144829301.
- —— (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
- —— (2007). "Pakistan". In Simpson, Andrew (ed.). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford linguistics Y. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922648-1.
- —— (2014a). "Lahnda language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- —— (2014b). "Siraiki language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies.
External links
- A review of the linguistic literature on Saraiki
- Saraiki Alphabet Archived 30 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine with Gurmukhi equivalents
- Download Saraiki font and keyboard for Windows and Android Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Saraiki online transliteration Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- Works by Aslam Rasoolpuri at the Internet Archive