Illig Qaghan
Illig Khagan 頡利可汗 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fourth Khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate | |||||
Reign | 620-630 | ||||
Predecessor | Chulou Qaghan | ||||
Successor | None | ||||
Born | Ashina Duobi 阿史那咄苾 | ||||
Died | 634 | ||||
Spouse | Princess Yicheng (義成公主) | ||||
Issue | Yukuk Shad | ||||
| |||||
House | Ashina | ||||
Father | Yami Qaghan | ||||
Mother | Poshi 婆施 | ||||
Religion | Tengrism |
Illig Qaghan[1] (Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰏𐰴𐰍𐰣; simplified Chinese: 颉利可汗; traditional Chinese: 頡利可汗; pinyin: Jiélì Kèhán), born Ashina Duobi (Chinese: 阿史那咄苾; pinyin: Āshǐnà Duōbì), posthumous name Prince Huang of Guiyi (歸義荒王), was the last qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
Background
He was a son of Yami Qaghan and his Tuyuhun wife Poshi (婆施). He was raised by the Tuyuhun general Külüg Tarkhan (胡祿達官).[2] After coming of age, he was given the title Baghatur shad (莫賀咄設) and was assigned to rule the eastern parts of the empire.
Reign
He declared himself Illig Khagan after the death of his older brother
Raids into Tang
His first contacts with Tang were very hostile. In 621, Tujue forces attacked Fenyin and Xi territories, reaching as south as Yanmen in April.[3] As a response, Turkic ambassadors were arrested in China and vice versa. In May, khagan's forces crushed Tang forces commanded by Li Shuliang (李叔良), Gaozu's cousin who died from arrow wounds after a month.[3] They were repelled later by Yang Shidao.
Later raids were accompanied by Gao Kaidao and Yuan Junzhang (苑君璋), a general formerly under Liu Wuzhou.[3] To stop raids, Gaozu offered khagan a tribute and a Chinese princess. Khagan accepted the proposal and both states released arrested envoys.
Soon raids restarted, in 623, khagan were assisted by
) and capturing it. Yuan Junzhang was appointed governor of Mayi. But Mayi was soon reverted by Tujue in hopes of attaining a marriage to Tang princess.Later Liang Luoren (梁洛仁), the brother of
As raids were becoming more frequent in 624,
In 625, khagan attacked Ling Prefecture (靈州, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). Emperor Gaozu sent the general Zhang Jin (張瑾) to resist Tujue with Wen Yanbo serving as Zhang's secretary general. When Zhang engaged khagan, however, he suffered a major defeat, and Wen was captured. As Wen was an important official, khagan put him under interrogation and asked him about the strengths and weaknesses of the Tang state. Wen refused to answer and khagan moved him to the Yin Mountains region.
In 626, just 19 days after Emperor Taizong took the throne, Shibobi and Illig were just across the Wei River from Chang'an. Emperor Taizong, accompanied by Gao Shilian and Fang Xuanling, was forced to meet Tujue across the river and personally negotiate peace terms, including tributes to Eastern Turks, before Illig withdrew.
Civil war
In 627 he attempted to levy horses from the vassal Tiele tribes after all his livestock died from a snowstorm. The Tiele revolted under a Xueyantuo coalition. Emperor Taizong of Tang wasted no time in allying with these Tiele and the Khitans in a joint attack. Illig was already facing internal dissent from the Göktürk generals jealous of the influence of Illig's Sogdian viziers.
As response, khagan gave 100,000 cavalry to the command of Yukuk Shad to suppress revolts. However shad was defeated by Huige forces commanded by Pusa (菩薩) near Malie (near modern Gansu). Later, more generals of Tujue were defeated by the Xueyantuo.
In 628 Kumo Xi tribes also rose in rebellion against Tujue. Eastern governor Ashina Shibobi was unsuccessful in defeating rebels, which made khagan angry and ordered him to be flogged and imprisoned for 10 days.[3] Taizong used this opportunity to invite him to flee to Tang.
End of reign
In summer 628, when a number of
Around the new year 630, with Eastern Tujue in internal turmoil, khagan attacked Ashina Shibobi (阿史那什鉢苾). As a reaction Emperor Taizong commissioned
Later years
In his later years, former qaghan grew ill in morale. He was created a commander and appointed to be a governor of Guó Prefecture which was rich with deer 632 by Taizong, but he declined. He died in 634 and was created Prince of Guiyi (歸義王) and named Huang (荒) by Taizong posthumously.[5] His teacher Kulug Tarkhan also reported to take his own life upon sadness.[5] Cen Wenben was ordered to write memorial stone. His tomb is still not found.
Family
He was married to Princess Yicheng of Sui (義成公主) and a number of wives. He had at least five issues:
- Ashina Dieluozhi (阿史那疊羅支) - he was captured by alongside his mother Li Jing in 630. Taizong reportedly told about him "filial respect for mother and father is same for every person be it Chinese or non-Chinese".[6] He died single.[3]
- Ashina Yukuk (阿史那欲谷) - he was ruling prince of Tiele tribes before 627, he would later go on to be khagan of Western Wing.
- Ashina Poluomen (阿史那婆羅門) - lived between 610 and 651. He was a general in Tang army. His tomb was found in October 2005, near Xi'an.[5]
- Ashina Tegin (阿史那特勤)[5] - yabgu of Eastern Tujue.
- Etmish Beg - Ilterish Qaghan, founder of Second Turkic Kaghanate was a descendant of Illig[3] through Etmish beg.[8] Some scholars such as Vladimir Sychev suggest he was same person with Ashina Nishufu.[9]
References
- ^ The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3., Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 181.
- ^ New Book of Tang, vol 215
- ^ OCLC 33892575.
- ISBN 9780875869803.
- ^ a b c d Ekrem, Erkin. "Gök Türk Hsieh-li Kağan'ın (618-630) Oğlu A-shih-na P'o-luo-men'in Mezar Kitabesi Üzerine" (PDF). Ankara University (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ "唐史演義/016 - 维基文库,自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- ^ SAITO, Shigeo. "「突厥「阿史那感徳墓誌」訳注考──唐羈縻支配下における突厥集団の性格──」『内陸アジア言語の研究』26, 2011, pp. 1-38.(The Study on the Epitaph of Ashina Gande 阿史那感徳 of the Türks (Tujue 突厥): The Characteristics of the Türks under the Loose Rein (Jimi羈縻) Control of Tang. In: Studies on the Inner Asian Languages 26, 2011, pp. 1-38)".
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(help) - ^ "Гумилев Л. Н. Древние тюрки. Генеалогические таблицы". gumilevica.kulichki.net. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
- )
Sources
- Lev Gumilev. The Gokturks. Moscow, 1967.
See also
- Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue