Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō
![]() Hiyō at anchor
| |
History | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Name | Izumo Maru |
Owner | Nippon Yusen Kaisha (Japan Mail Steamship Company) |
Ordered | Late 1938 |
Builder | Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kobe |
Laid down | 30 November 1939 |
Fate | Sold to Imperial Japanese Navy, 10 February 1941 |
![]() | |
Name | Hiyō |
Namesake | Flying Hawk |
Launched | 24 June 1941 |
Acquired | 10 February 1941 |
Commissioned | 31 July 1942 |
Stricken | 10 November 1944 |
Fate | Sunk during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | Hiyō-class aircraft carrier |
Displacement | 24,150 standard ) |
Length | 220 m (721 ft 9 in) (o/a) |
Beam | 26.7 m (87 ft 7 in) |
Draught | 8.15 m (26 ft 9 in) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines |
Speed | 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph) |
Range | 11,700 nmi (21,700 km; 13,500 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
Complement | 1,187–1,224 |
Sensors and processing systems | 1 × Type 2, Mark 2, Model 1 early-warning radar |
Armament |
|
Armour | Belt: 50 mm (2 in) |
Aircraft carried | 53 |
Hiyō (
The carrier's aircraft were disembarked several times and used from land bases in battles in the South West Pacific. Hiyō was torpedoed in mid-1943 and spent three months under repair. She spent most of the next six months training and ferrying aircraft before returning to combat. She was sunk by a gasoline-vapour explosion caused by an American torpedo hit during the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 20 June 1944 with the loss of 247 officers and ratings, about a fifth of her complement.
Design and description
The ship was ordered as the fast luxury passenger liner Izumo Maru by
After her conversion, Hiyō had a length of 220 metres (721 ft 9 in)
The ship was fitted with a pair of Mitsubishi-Curtis geared steam turbine sets with a total of 56,250 shaft horsepower (41,950 kW), each driving one propeller, using steam provided by six Kawasaki-LaMont boilers. Hiyō had a designed speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph) and slightly exceeded that during sea trials. The ship carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of 11,700 nautical miles (21,700 km; 13,500 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[5]
Flight deck arrangements
Hiyō's
Her air group was initially intended to consist of 12 Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" fighters, plus four in storage, 18 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers, plus two in storage, and 18 Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers. This was revised to substitute a dozen Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters and three in storage for the A5Ms by the time the ship was commissioned in 1942. As a result of the lessons learnt from the Battle of Midway in June, the fighter complement was increased to 21 Zeros and the B5Ns were reduced to 9. By the end of the year, 6 more Zeros replaced an equal number of D3As, giving totals of 27 A6Ms, 12 D3As and 9 B5Ns. Although it was possible to fit all these aircraft into the hangars, 8 or 9 were usually stored on the flight deck to reduce congestion below decks.[7]
Armour, armament and sensors
As a conversion from an ocean liner, it was not possible to add much armour, although the ship had a
The ship's primary armament consisted of a dozen
Two Type 94 high-angle
Construction and career
Hiyō was
The ship was assigned to the
A fire in the ship's generator room occurred on 21 October and reduced her top speed to 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph), so Kakuta transferred his flag to Jun'yō while Hiyō returned to Truk for repairs. Three Zeros, one D3A and five B5Ns were also transferred to Jun'yō before she left. The remaining aircraft of her air group (16 Zeros and 17 D3As) were flown off for Rabaul, on the island of New Britain, on 23 October, from where the fighters escorted bombers attacking Guadalcanal the following day. A detachment from the air group was transferred to Buin, New Guinea, on 1 November and attacked American ships off Lunga Point on 11 November. Escorted by 18 Zeros from Hiyō and the 204th Naval Air Group, 9 D3As slightly damaged three cargo ships in exchange for 4 dive bombers shot down and another forced to crash land. The Zeros were able to ambush six Wildcats in the heavy cloud and shot down four while losing two of their own. That same day, those aircraft that remained at Rabaul flew back to Truk, but the Buin detachment remained there until 14 December when they were ferried back to Japan. Captain Michio Sumikawa relieved Beppu on 30 November.[14][16]
Hiyō spent November in Truk before returning in early December to Japan, where she was rejoined by the rest of her air group. Aside from a brief refit at
A second series of attacks was made against Oro Bay, New Guinea, on 11 April. Jun'yō's 9 Zeros, together with Hiyō's 21 fighters, escorted the latter's D3As. One defending fighter was claimed for the loss of a single dive bomber. The following day, 17 of Hiyō's Zeros provided top cover for several waves of attacks on Port Moresby, New Guinea, her pilots claiming nine victories without losing any of their own. On 14 April, the Japanese attacked Milne Bay, New Guinea, with a large force escorted by 75 Zeros contributed by all the carriers involved. Hiyō's fighter pilots claimed to have shot down three Allied aircraft without loss, and the bombers sank two transports. Her air group returned to Truk by 18 April to rejoin the ship.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Juny%C5%8D_moored_at_Sasebo%2C_Japan%2C_in_1945_%2880-G-701429%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Juny%C5%8D_moored_at_Sasebo%2C_Japan%2C_in_1945_%2880-G-701429%29.jpg)
In response to the
Hiyō returned to Japan on 1 January 1944, and Furukawa was relieved by Captain Toshiyuki Yokoi on 15 February. Her air group was reassigned to her on 2 March, albeit without aircraft. The Japanese Navy had restructured its carrier air groups so that one air group was assigned to one carrier division and the 652nd Naval Air Group was assigned to the Second Carrier Division with Hiyō, Jun'yō and Ryūhō.[14] The air group was the last to be rebuilt; it had only 30 Model 21 Zeros, 13 Model 52 Zeros and four D3As on hand on 1 April of its authorised 81 fighters, 36 dive bombers and 27 torpedo bombers. The ship conducted training for her aircraft in the Inland Sea until 11 May when she sailed for Tawi-Tawi in the Philippines.[22] The new base was closer to the oil wells in Borneo on which the Navy relied for fuel and also to the Palau and western Caroline Islands, where the Japanese expected the next American attack. The location lacked an airfield on which to train the green pilots, and American submarines were very active in the vicinity which restricted the ships to the anchorage.[23]
Battle of the Philippine Sea
The Japanese fleet was en route to
A second air strike of 27 D3As, 9 D4Ys, 2 B6Ns and 26 escorting Zeros was launched around 11:00, accompanied by at least 18 A6Ms and B6Ns from the carriers
At dusk, the Japanese turned away to the north west to regroup and to refuel, and the Americans turned west to close the distance. They discovered the retiring Japanese fleet during the afternoon of the following day, and Vice-Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered an air strike.[26] Hiyō was struck by two bombs, one of which detonated above the bridge and killed or wounded virtually everyone there. More seriously, the ship was struck by one torpedo dropped by a Grumman TBF Avenger from the light carrier Belleau Wood. The torpedo knocked out the starboard engine room and started fires but Hiyō was able to continue, at reduced speed. Two hours later, a large explosion occurred when leaking gasoline vapour ignited and knocked out all power on the ship. The fires raged out of control and Hiyō sank stern first shortly afterwards at 16°20′N 132°32′E / 16.333°N 132.533°E.[14][27] Roughly 1,200 men were rescued by her escorting destroyers, but 247 officers and ratings died aboard the carrier.[14]
Footnotes
- ^ Silverstone, p. 329
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 17, 19, 106
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 107
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 52
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 189–190
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 108–114
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 111
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 188
- ^ a b Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 188, 193
- ^ Stille, p. 8
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 188–189, 193
- ^ Stille, p. 23
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 17, 106–107
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tully & Casse
- ^ Lundstrom, pp. 318–319
- ^ Hata, Izawa & Shores, pp. 43, 133; Lundstrom, p. 472
- ^ Hata, Izawa & Shores, pp. 51–52
- ^ Rohwer, p. 244
- ^ Hata, Izawa & Shores, pp. 53–54; Rohwer, p. 244
- ^ a b c Hata, Izawa & Shores, p. 133
- ^ Hata, Izawa & Shores, pp. 133–134
- ^ Hata, Izawa & Shores, p. 235
- ^ Polmar & Genda, pp. 380–381
- ^ Brown, pp. 252, 257–261
- ^ Brown, pp. 261–262
- ^ Brown, pp. 263–264
- ^ Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 193
References
- Brown, J. D. (2009). Carrier Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-108-2.
- ISBN 978-1-906502-84-3.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Lengerer, Hans & Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1985). "The Japanese Aircraft Carriers Junyo and Hiyo". In Lambert, Andrew (ed.). Warship IX. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 9–19, 105–114, 188–193. ISBN 978-0-85177-403-9.
- Lundstrom, John B. (2005). The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-472-8.
- Polmar, Norman & ISBN 978-1-57488-663-4.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Stille, Mark (2005). Imperial Japanese Navy Aircraft Carriers 1921–1945. New Vanguard. Vol. CIX. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-853-3.
- Tully, Anthony P. & Casse, Gilbert (2013). "IJN Hiyo: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)