Kingdom of Hatra
Kingdom of Hatra | |||||||||
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2nd century CE–241 | |||||||||
Status | Autonomous state, frequently a vassal of the Parthian Empire | ||||||||
Capital | Hatra | ||||||||
Common languages | Hatran Aramaic Old Arabic | ||||||||
Religion | |||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
King | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 2nd century CE | ||||||||
• Fall of Hatra | 241 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Iraq |
Historical Arab states and dynasties |
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The Kingdom of Hatra,also called Kingdom of Arabaya
Name
The name of "Hatra" appears various times in the Aramaic Hatrene inscriptions as 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠 (ḥṭrʾ, vocalized as: Ḥaṭrāʾ), probably meaning "enclosure, hedge, fence".[4]
History
The history of Hatra before the Parthian Empire is obscure. It has been suggested that a settlement was founded there under the Neo-Assyrian Empire or the Achaemenid Empire, but that remains speculative.[4] The earliest known records that mention Hatra are from the late 1st-century.[5] The early rulers of Hatra used the title of marya "lord", but starting from the 170s, they started using the title of malka "king", often in the form of "King of the Arabs".[6][7] This elevation of titulature is considered to be related to the Roman incorporation of Edessa in 165, which resulted in Hatra being the westernmost part of the Parthian Empire, and thus of higher strategic importance.[8]
In the first and second century, Hatra was ruled by a dynasty of
Hatra had withstood sieges by Roman emperors Trajan and Septimius Severus and the Sasanian king Ardashir I. The kingdom finally fell after the Fall of Hatra to the Sasanians under Shapur I, who destroyed the city.[9]
Culture
Hatra was part of the Parthian commonwealth, a term used by historians to refer to cultures that were under Parthian control, but mainly populated by non-Iranians.
Many Parthian titles are known to have been used, many which were also used in slightly different variants in
Like the rest of the Parthian commonwealth, Iranian personal names are also well attested in Hatra. The ruling family adopted the same names used by the Arsacid kings, such as
Various gods were honored in the kingdom, including those of Sumero-Akkadian, Greek, Aramean, an Arabian religions.[14]
List of rulers
Name | Title | Date | Portrait | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Worod | mry´ | |||
2 | Ma’nu | mry´ | |||
3 | Elkud | mry´ | 155/156 | ||
4 | Nashrihab | mry´ | 128/29 - 137/38 AD | ||
5 | Naṣru | mry´ | 128/29 - 176/77 | ||
6 | Wolgash I
|
mry´ and mlk | |||
7 | Sanatruq I | mry´ and mlk | 176/177 | Ruled together with Wolgash I | |
8 | Wolgash II | ||||
9 | Abdsamiya | mlk | 192/93 - 201/202 | Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger | |
10 | Sanatruq II | mlk | 207/08 - 229/230 | Became a vassal of the Romans under Roman-Persian Wars
|
See also
- Arbayistan (Arbaya), the Sasanian province
References
- ISBN 978-1-80327-341-9.
- ^ Hatra in Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ Gregoratti 2017, pp. 126, 138.
- ^ a b c Schmitt 2003, pp. 58–61.
- ^ Ellerbrock 2021, p. 112.
- ^ de Jong 2013, p. 149.
- ^ Ellerbrock 2021, p. 113.
- ^ de Jong 2013, pp. 149–150.
- ISBN 9781910519929.
- ^ de Jong 2013, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Canepa 2018, p. 322.
- ^ de Jong 2013, p. 156.
- ^ de Jong 2013, p. 157.
- ^ Hatra in Encyclopaedia Britannica
Sources
- ISBN 9780520379206.
- de Jong, Albert (2013). "Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth". Oriens et Occidens – Band 21: 143–161.
- Dijkstra, Klaas (1995). Life and loyalty: a study in the socio-religious culture of Syria and Mesopotamia in the Graeco-Roman period based on epigraphical evidence. Religions in the Graeco-Roman world. Vol. 128. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09996-4.
- Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021). The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0367481902.
- Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.
- Kaizer, Ted; Hekster, Olivier (2011). Frontiers in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire. Brill. pp. 1–392. ISBN 9789004215030.
- Marcato, Enrico (2018). Personal Names in the Aramaic Inscriptions of Hatra. Digital Publishing. ISBN 9788869692314.
- Marciak, Michał (2017). Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. ISBN 9789004350724.
- Michael Sommer: Hatra. Geschichte und Kultur einer Karawanenstadt im römisch-parthischen Mesopotamien. von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3252-1, p. 23.
- Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674016835.
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (2003). "Hatra". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 1. pp. 58–61.