Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburg | |
---|---|
Anthem: "Limburg mijn Vaderland" "Limburg My Fatherland" | |
Non-religious 15% | |
HDI (2018) | 0.915[5] very high · 8th |
Website | www.limburg.nl |
Limburg (Dutch pronunciation:
Limburg had a population of about 1,128,000
Name
Limburg's name derives from the
There are several proposals concerning the etymology of Limbourg. The second part, "bourg" or "burg" is common in placenames, and refers to a fortified town. The first part is often suggested to refer to lime or linden trees (species of Tilia). The historian Jean-Louis Kupper has proposed that its founder Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine named it after Limburg Abbey in Germany. He favours a derivation from a Germanic word "lint" meaning "dragon".[7]
Ironically the area under the direct lordship of the old Duchy did not overlap at all with the modern Belgian and Dutch provinces named after it today, though the medieval Duchy was a high status title in the region. On the other hand, while the Duchy's effective power was limited, the Duchy and what is now
After 1794, it was the French Republic which unified the region, along with Belgian Limburg, and removed all ties to the old feudal society (the
After the defeat of Napoleon the newly created United Kingdom of the Netherlands desired a new name for this province. It was decided that the historic connection to the duchy of Limburg was to be restored, albeit only in name.
History
The current province Limburg of the Netherlands only came into existence in 1839, after the finalization of the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands which had begun in 1830. The two Limburgs had been brought together under French revolutionary administration some decades earlier, but they and the surrounding region shared much of their history. For long periods of history however, the region was not united under the same rule.
For centuries, the strategic location of the current province, stretching along the Maas river route, made it a much-coveted region among Europe's major powers.
have all ruled parts of Limburg.The first inhabitants of whom traces have been found were
was mined in underground mines.Roman era
Julius Caesar conquered the area in 53 BC, and wrote that he had extinguished the name of the Eburones, the inhabitants of most of the area of current Limburg, as a punishment for their revolt under Ambiorix.
The north–south route along the Maas was crossed by the
Medieval era
As Roman authority in the area weakened,
With the rise of the Carolingian dynasty, who were themselves from this region, the Maas valley became more culturally and politically one of the most important regions in Europe. In 714 Susteren Abbey was founded, as far as is known the first proprietary abbey in the current Netherlands. The main benefactor was Plectrude, the consort of Pepin of Herstal. Charles Martel was born in nearby Herstal. Charlemagne made Aachen, today a German city which has suburban sprawl stretching into South Limburg, the capital of the Frankish empire.
After the death of Charlemagne, the Frankish dominions were again split between kings. While the Austrasian lands remained a separate "Middle Kingdom", sometimes now referred to as Lotharingia, in the treaties of Verdun (843), and Prüm (855), in the 870 Treaty of Meerssen, signed in South Limburg itself, Lotharingia was divided. The river Meuse became the border between the Western- and Eastern Frankish kingdoms, placing most of the current Dutch province of Limburg on the western boundary of the Eastern Frankish kingdom, with Belgian Limburg in the Western Kingdom. In the Treaty of Ribemont of 888, the Eastern Kingdom was granted control of the whole of Lotharingia, including all of the modern Netherlands and Luxembourg, and most of modern Belgium.
The region of
During the period of West Frankish control under the Treaty of Meerssen, effective Frankish power in the area of the current Netherlands more or less collapsed. For two or more years a large
In the 10th century, the Eastern kingdom consolidated its control of Lotharingia and became the Holy Roman Empire. In the first decades of this empire the founding imperial family had close ties to areas in what is today northern Limburg. The emperor Otto III for instance was born in 980 in Kessel, practically on the current border between Limburg and North Rhine-Westphalia, just east from Gennep. In 1080 in Genneperhuis , just north of Gennep, Norbert of Gennep was born as a son of the count of Gennep. He was the founder of the order of the Premonstratensians.
South Limburg in the early Middle Ages was mainly made up of the lordships of Valkenburg , Dalhem, and Herzogenrath. All of these lands were, however, united with the Duchy of Limburg, under the rule of the Duchy of Brabant, when they were known collectively as the Lands of Overmaas .
The Duchy of Limburg and its dependencies first came under Brabantian control in 1288, as a result of the Battle of Worringen, then in the 15th century under the Duchy of Burgundy. By 1473, the Lands of Overmaas and the Duchy of Limburg formed one unified delegation to the States General of the Burgundian Netherlands. Both the terms Overmaas and Limburg came to be used loosely to refer to this sparsely populated province of the so-called Seventeen Provinces. Maastricht was never part of this polity: as a condominium, sovereignty over this city was held jointly by the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and the Duchy of Brabant. Also, the central and northern part of present-day Limburg belonged to different political entities, notably the Duchy of Jülich and the Duchy of Guelders.
By the late Middle Ages most of the present day territory of Limburg had been partitioned to the Duchy of Brabant, the Duchy of Gelderland, the Duchy of Jülich, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège or the Electorate of Cologne. These dukes, prince-bishops and prince-electors were nominal subordinates of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, but in practice acted as independent sovereigns who were often at war with each other. These conflicts were often fought in and over Limburg, contributing to its fragmentation and a loss of economic importance.
Limburg was the scene of many bloody battles during the
Early modern era
In the early modern era, Limburg was largely divided between the
19th century
The modern boundaries of Dutch Limburg, along with its neighbour, Belgian Limburg, were basically set during the period after the
Following the
When the
With the Treaty of London, what is now the Belgian Province of Luxembourg was handed over to Belgium and removed from the German Confederation. To appease Prussia, which had also lost access to the Meuse after the Congress of Vienna, the Dutch province of Limburg (excluding the cities of Maastricht and Venlo because without them Limburg's population equalled that of the Province of Luxembourg, 150,000[8]), was joined to the German Confederation between 5 September 1839 and 23 August 1866 as the Duchy of Limburg. On 11 May 1867, the Duchy, which from 1839 on had been de jure a separate polity in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, was reincorporated into the latter with the 1867 Treaty of London, though the term "Duchy of Limburg" remained in some official use until February 1907. Another idiosyncrasy survives today: the head of the province, referred to as the "King's Commissioner" in other provinces, is addressed as "Governor" in Limburg.
20th century
The
According to the research of Herman van Rens, the residents of Limburg were especially active in hiding local and refugee Jews during the
In December 1991, the
Anthem
Limburg mijn Vaderland (Limburg my Fatherland) is the official anthem of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg.
Language
Although standard
Limburgish is spoken by an estimated 1.6 million people in Dutch Limburg,
Politics
The provincial council (
Since the 2011 elections the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) was the largest party in the council, although the Party for Freedom (PVV) won the most votes during the election. However, two members of the PVV left the party, taking their seats with them, which lost the PVV their number one status.
Since the 2015 elections the CDA (11 seats) has again been the largest party, followed by the PVV (9 seats) and the Socialist Party (SP) (8 seats).
The province's daily affairs are taken care of by the
States-Provincial
Results of the elections for the
Parties | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDA | 18 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 5 |
PVV | - | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
SP | 9 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
VVD | 7 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
D66 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
PvdA | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
GreenLeft
|
2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
50PLUS | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Party for the Animals | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
People's Party Limburg | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Local-Limburg | - | - | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Party New Limburg | 1 | 0 | - | - | - |
FvD | - | - | - | 7 | 1 |
BBB | - | - | - | - | 10 |
JA21 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Total | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
- See also: States of Limburg(more information)
Provincial-Executive
The
Geography
Limburg is a salient of the Netherlands into Belgium.
Compared to the rest of the Netherlands the southern part of Limburg is less flat, slightly undulated. The highest point in the continental Netherlands is the Vaalserberg (meaning 'mountain' of Vaals) with a height of 322.4 metres[11] (1,058 ft) above NAP, rising approximately 110 metres above the village Vaals, where three countries (Netherlands, Belgium and Germany) border each other at the so-called "Three-country-point".
Limburg's main river is the Meuse, which passes through the province's entire length from south to north.
Limburg's surface is largely formed by deposits from the Meuse, consisting of river clay, fertile loessial soil and large deposits of pebblestone, currently being quarried for the construction industry. In the north of the province, further away from the riverbed, the soil primarily consists of sand and peat.
Limburg makes up one region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code ISO 3166-2:NL-LI.
Municipalities
The province of Limburg has 31 municipalities.
- North Limburg COROP group
- Mid Limburg COROP group
- South Limburg COROP group
Cities
From North to South: Gennep, Venray, Venlo, Weert, Roermond, Thorn, Sittard, Geleen, Heerlen, Valkenburg, Kerkrade, Maastricht, Vaals.
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was €44.5 billion in 2018, accounting for 5.7% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €34,700 or 115% of the EU27 average in the same year.[12]
In the past peat and coal were mined in Limburg. In 1965–75 the coal mines were finally closed. As a result, 60,000 people lost their jobs in the two coal mining areas, Heerlen-Kerkrade-Brunssum and Sittard-Geleen. A difficult period of economic readjustment started. The Dutch government partly eased the pain by moving several government offices (including Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP and CBS Statistics Netherlands) to Heerlen.
The state-owned corporation that once mined in Limburg, DSM, is now a major chemical company, still operating in Limburg. In 2002 DSM sold its petrochemical division (naphtha crackers and polyolefin plants) to SABIC of Saudi Arabia. In 2010, the agro and melamine business groups were sold to OCI Nitrogen. SABIC is located on the Chemelot campus in Sittard-Geleen, which is bounded by the Chemelot Industrial Park, one of Western Europe's biggest industrial sites. At this moment 8000 people work at Chemelot, of which 1000 are active at the Campus. The innovation and licensing division Stamicarbon of DSM was sold in 2009 to Maire Tecnimont, the parent company of an engineering, main contracting and licensing group that operates worldwide in the oil, gas & petrochemicals, power, infrastructure and civil engineering sectors. Stamicarbon is based in Sittard-Geleen.
Southern Limburg has long been one of the country's two main fruit-growing areas, but over the last four decades, many fruit-growing areas have been replaced by water as a result of gravel quarrying near the Meuse.
Limburg is one of the most important provinces when it comes to
Tourism is an essential sector of the economy, especially in the hilly southern part of the province. The town of Valkenburg is the main centre.
In 2005, the two provincial newspapers, De Limburger and Limburgs Dagblad, merged.
Culture
Essential elements in Limburgian culture are
- Music;
- Religion (predominantly Roman Catholic);
- Folklore (in especially the southern part of the province);
- Carnival;
- Sports, of which especially soccerare most popular;
- Art (architecture, among others).
Music
Choral singing is popular in Limburg. One of its best-known choruses is the Mastreechter Staar (Maastricht Star), which performs nationally and internationally.
Every four years the World Music Contest, a competition for professional, amateur and military band sometimes called the Olympic Games of brass band music is held in Kerkrade. In 2013 and 2009 the winner in the World Concert Division was the Koninklijke Harmonie Sainte Cécile, from Eijsden (Limburg).[15]
Also held in Kerkrade (situated on the German border) is the Schlagerfestival, a nationally broadcast event presenting singers of German-language pop music called
Since 1969 yearly on the Pentecost weekend an international pop music festival called Pinkpop Festival takes place in the southern part of Limburg; initially at Geleen, since 1988 at Schaesberg.
More nationally or internationally known musicians from this province are mentioned hereunder in section "Famous Limburgians".
The
Folklore
Many places in both Netherlands' and Belgian Limburg still have their own (by now folkloristic) schutterij. An annual festival is held in which all 160 of them compete for the highest honours to be gained, in the "OLS" (Oud Limburgs Schuttersfeest), which is held somewhere in either Belgian or Netherlands' Limburg.
Sports
Football
In Limburg there are currently four professional Football clubs; Roda JC Kerkrade, VVV-Venlo, MVV Maastricht and Fortuna Sittard. Fortuna Sittard competes in the highest Dutch division, the Eredivisie. The others compete in the second highest division.
Cycling
The annual
Handball
Religion
Limburg is one of two Dutch provinces (
Diocese statistics of the Diocese of Roermond which covers the entire province of Limburg reports that out of a population of 1,115,895 people, roughly 1,071,000 or 96% of them were Catholics in 2022.[17]
In 2015, 64.5% of the population of Limburg identified as Catholic, while 3.3% identified as Muslim, 2.2% with the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, and 2.1% with other churches or faiths. Over a quarter (27.9%) of the population reported being non-religious.
Famous Limburgians
Politics, science, religion
- Louis Beel (1902–1977) - Politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jo Cals (1914–1971) - Politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jacob Chimarrhaeus (1542–1614) - Grand almoner
- Jan van der Croon (c. 1600–1665) - Military commander
- Eduard Cuypers (1859–1927) - Architect
- Rijksmuseum)
- Peter 'Pie' Debye (1884–1966) - Physicist, Nobel prize winner
- Hub van Doorne (1900–1979) - Founder of DAF
- Eugène Dubois (1858–1940) - Anatomist
- Camiel Eurlings (1973) - Politician
- Saint Gerlach (c. 1100–c. 1170) - Hermit, saint
- Gerard III (1185–1229) - Count of Guelders
- Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert (1973) - Politician and diplomat
- Godfrey Henschen (1601–1681) - Hagiographer
- Willem van Heythuysen (1590s–1650) - Cloth merchant and hofje founder
- Cesar van Hoensbroeck (1724–1792) - Ecclesiastic, Prince-bishop of Liège
- Maria van der Hoeven (1949) - Politician
- Auguste Kerckhoffs (1835–1903) - Linguist and cryptographer
- Jan Gerard Kerkherdere (1677–1738) - Latinist
- Lambert of Maastricht (c. 1100–c. 1170) - Bishop, saint
- Annemarie Mol (1943) - Ethnographer and philosopher
- Rene van der Linden(1943) - Politician
- Joep Lange (1954–2014) - Clinical researcher specializing in HIV therapy
- Pierre Lardinois (1924–1987) - Politician
- Gerd Leers (1951) - Politician, Minister of Immigration and Asylum
- Jan Pieter Minckeleers(1748–1824) - Physician, inventor
- Philip de Montmorency (c. 1524–1568) - Victim of the Inquisition in the Spanish Netherlands
- Charles of Mount Argus (1821–1893) - Priest, saint
- Johannes Murmellius (c. 1480–1517) - Teacher and humanist
- Erycius Puteanus (1574–1646) - Humanist
- Christian Quix (1773–1844) - Priest, historian, director of the city library of Aachen
- Richardis of Bavaria (1173–1231) - Abbess
- Ria Oomen-Ruijten (1950) - Politician and member of the European Parliament
- Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1873–1936) - Politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jolande Sap (1963) - Politician
- Frans Schraven (1873–1937) - Bishop in China
- François Vincent Henri Antoine de Stuers (1792–1881) - Dutch general and commander of the East Indies Army
- H. J. J. L. de Stuers (1788–1861) - Dutch general and commander of the East Indies Army
- Victor de Stuers (1843–1916) - Historian, lawyer, civil servant and politician
- Frans Timmermans(1961) - Politician, current First Vice President of the European Commission and former Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Yvonne Timmerman-Buck (1956) - Politician, President of the Senate of the Netherlands
- Jac. P. Thijsse (1865–1945) - Biologist, ecologist
- Johannes Herman Frederik Umbgrove (1899–1954) - Geologist and earth scientist
- Maxime Verhagen (1956) - Politician, former Minister of Economic Affairs
- Waleran III (c. 1165–1226) - Count of Arlon and Duke of Limburg
- Frans de Wever (1869–1940) - General practitioner
- Geert Wilders (1963) - Politician
Entertainment, arts
- Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti (1777–c. 1850) - Painter
- Willem Victor Bartholomeus (1825–1892) - Organist and conductor
- Jan van Cleve (1646–1716) - Painter
- Jean-Baptiste Coclers (1696–1772) - Painter
- Louis Bernard Coclers (1740–1817) - Painter
- Jo Coenen (1949) - Architect and urban planner
- Gerrit Gerritsz Cuyp(c. 1565–1644) - Glazier and painter
- Mike van Diem (1959) - Film director
- Rineke Dijkstra (1959) - Photographer
- Carach Angren - Band
- Jan Frans van Douven (1656–1727) - Painter
- Epica - Band
- Hendrick Fromantiou (1633–1693) - Painter
- Hendrick Goltzius (1558–1617) - Painter and printmaker
- Marleen Gorris (1948) - Film director
- Koen Heldens (1986) - Mixing engineer
- fl.1370) - Painter
- Toon Hermans (1916–2000) - Comedian, singer and writer
- Jan Baptist Herregouts (c. 1640–1721) - Painter
- Francine Houben (1955) - Architect
- Chantal Janzen (1979) - Actress
- Pierre Kemp (1886–1967) - Poet and painter
- Mathieu Kessels (1784–1836) - Sculptor
- fl.1385 – 1416) - Miniature painters
- Henk van der Linden (1925–2021) - Film director
- Marjon Lambriks (1949) - Soprano singer
- Henri Linssen (1805–1869) - Painter
- Pierre Lyonnet (1706–1789) - Artist, engraver and illustrator
- David de Meyne (c. 1569–1620) - Painter
- Golden Calf for Best Actresswinner
- Connie Palmen (1955) - Writer
- Frits Peutz (1896–1974) - Architect
- Guido Pieters (1948) - Film director
- Pussycat- Band
- Christoffel Puytlinck (1640–c. 1679) - Painter
- Louis Raemaekers (1869–1956) - Painter and editorial cartoonist
- André Rieu (1949) - Musician, bandleader
- Frank Scheffer (1956) - Documentary film producer
- Heintje Simons (1955) - Singer and actor
- Simone Simons (1985) - Singer
- Huub Stapel (1954) - Actor
- Jan van Steffeswert (c. 1460–c. 1531) - Sculptor
- Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (1750–1812) - Painter
- Lotte Verbeek (1982) - Actress
- Jacques Verheyen (1911–1989) - Glazier and painter
- Carel de Vogelaer (1653–1695) - Painter
- Hubert Vos (1855–1935) - Painter
- Jeroen Willems (1962–2012) - Actor, Golden Calf and Louis d'Or winner
Sports
- Gerard Bergholtz (1939) - Football player
- Eddy Beugels (1944–2018) - Cyclist
- Rens Blom (1977) - Athlete
- Mark van Bommel (1977) - Football player
- Jo Bonfrère (1946) - Football player and coach
- Antonius Bouwens (1876–1963) - Sport shooter
- Bart Brentjens (1968) - Cyclist
- Willy Brokamp (1946) - Football player
- Roel Brouwers (1981) - Football player
- Jeu van Bun (1918–2002) - Football player
- Bart Carlier (1929–2017) - Football player
- Wiel Coerver (1924–2011) - Football manager
- Annemarie Cox(Anna Wood) (1966) - Canoer
- Annemiek Derckx (1954) - Sprint canoer
- Willy Dullens (1945) - Football player
- Tom Dumoulin (1990) - Cyclist
- Mark Flekken (1993) - Football player
- Mia Gommers (1939) - Athlete
- Jorrit Hendrix (1995) - Football player
- Max van Heeswijk (1973) - Cyclist
- Wim Hof (1959) - Extreme athlete and motivational speaker
- Kevin Hofland (1979) - Football player
- Pieter van den Hoogenband (1978) - Swimmer
- Leo Horn (1916–1995) - Football referee
- Dominique Janssen (1995) - Football player
- Sjefke Janssen (1919–2014) - Cyclist
- Pierre Kerkhoffs (1936–2021) - Football player
- Jan Klaassens (1931–1983) - Football player
- Coy Koopal (1932–2003) - Football player
- Jan Krekels (1947) - Cyclist
- Jan Lambrichs (1915–1990) - Cyclist
- Vanity Lewerissa (1991) - Football player
- Marie-Louise Linssen-Vaessen - Freestyle swimmer
- René Lotz (1938) - Cyclist
- Eric van der Luer (1965) - Football player
- Jo Maas (1954) - Cyclist
- Dirk Marcellis (1988) - Football player
- Lieke Martens (1992) - Football player
- Pierre Massy (1900–1958) - Football player
- Erik Meijer (1969) - Football player
- Manoe Meulen (1978) - Football player
- Danny Nelissen (1970) - Cyclist
- Jean Nelissen (1936–2010) - Sports journalist
- Jan Nolten (1930–2014) - Cyclist
- Jan Notermans (1933) - Football player
- Joep Packbiers (1875–1957) - Archer
- Maartje Paumen (1985) - Hockey player
- Wout Poels (1987) - Cyclist
- Fernando Ricksen (1976–2019) - Football player
- Gonnelien Rothenberger (1969) - Equestrian
- Sjeng Schalken (1976) - Tennis player
- Lisa Scheenaard (1988) - Rower
- Perr Schuurs (1999) - Football player
- Kay Smits (1997) - Handball player
- Jeu Sprengers (1938–2008) - KNVB football chairman
- Huub Stevens (1953) - Football player and coach
- Karin Stevens (1989) - Football player
- Wilbert Suvrijn (1962) - Football player
- Arjen Teeuwissen (1971) - Equestrian
- Stan Valckx (1963) - Football player
- Arnold Vanderlyde (1963) - Boxer
- Mark Veens (1978) - Freestyle swimmer
- Lambert Verdonk (1944) - Football player
- Sef Vergoossen (1947) - Football manager
- Joeri Verlinden (1988) - Swimmer
- Pierre Vermeulen (1956) - Football player
- Jos Verstappen (1972) - Racing driver
- Ronald Waterreus (1970) - Football player
- Steve Wijler (1996) - Archer
- Ad Wijnands (1959) - Cyclist
- Lynn Wilms (2000) - Football player
- Peter Winnen (1957) - Cyclist
- Fons van Wissen (1933–2015) - Football player
- Boudewijn Zenden (1976) - Football player
Nature
In 2012, from April 5 to October 7, the ten-yearly world horticulture expo "Floriade" was held in Venlo.
Nationally and internationally known are nature films and nature television series produced by film director Maurice Nijsten and nature protector Jo Erkens.
-
Path in Southern Limburgian Ravensbos
-
Site at the Mooker heath in Northern Limburg
-
Oud-Lemiers near Vaals, as seen from the Schneeberg in Germany
-
Brunssummer heath in South Eastern Limburg
See also
- Buckriders
- Campine (De Kempen)
- Peel (De Peel)
- Salient
References
- King's Commissionera Governor.
- ^ Statistieken provincie Limburg - Gegevens over meer dan 100 onderwerpen!, AlleCijfers.nl
- ^ a b "CBS StatLine". opendata.cbs.nl.
- ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl.
- ^ Jean-Louis Kupper (2007) Les origines du duché de Limbourg-sur-Vesdre", Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire Année 85-3-4 pp. 609-637 [1]
- ^ "Limburg (1839-1865)" (PDF) (in German). HGIS Germany.
- ^ Cnaan Lipshiz (May 19, 2014). "For Some Dutch Jews, Limburg Province Was Refuge in Storm of Holocaust". The Forward.
- ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2016-01-11). "Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland? - Rijksoverheid.nl". www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-06-04.[permanent dead link]
- ^ (in Dutch) J.A. te Pas, Nederland van laag tot hoog, NGT Geodesia 1987 nr. 7/8 pp. 273-275
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
- ^ "Netherlands: Wine harvest season in southern Limburg".
- ^ "Europese bescherming wijn | RVO.nl | Rijksdienst".
- ^ "WMC Kerkrade 2021". wmc.nl. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013.
- ^ "Gefuseerd orkest verder als philharmonie zuidnederland". Trouw. 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ "Roermond (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus, CBS, 22 december 2016
External links
- Province of Limburg (in Dutch and English)
- Limburg Tourist Information (in English)