Korean People's Army Strategic Force
Korean People's Army Strategic Force | |
---|---|
조선인민군 전략군 | |
Colonel General Kim Jong Gil[2] |
The Korean People's Army Strategic Force (Korean: 조선인민군 전략군; Hanja: 朝鮮人民軍 戰略軍),[3] previously known as the Korean People's Army Strategic Rocket Force (Korean: 조선인민군 전략로케트군; Hanja: 朝鮮人民軍 戰略로케트軍),[4] is a military branch of the Korean People's Army (KPA) founded in 2012[5] that operates surface-to-surface missiles in the nuclear and conventional strike roles.[6] It is mainly armed with ballistic missiles;[6][5] the inventory includes domestic and Soviet designs.[7][8]
History
North Korea received rocket artillery, surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and anti-ship missiles from the Soviet Union in the 1960s and then from China in the 1970s. The decision to develop a domestic missile production capability was likely made by 1965 after the Soviet Union refused to supply ballistic missiles; military and industrial preparations began shortly afterward.[9] China agreed to assist North Korea develop ballistic missiles; a joint development program for the DF-61 missile began in 1977 but was cancelled in 1978 due to Chinese domestic politics.[10]
North Korea received R-17 Elbrus (Scud-B) ballistic missiles from Egypt in the late-1970s or early-1980s.[11] The Hwasong-5 was based on reverse engineering the R-17; flight-testing began by 1984. The Hwasong-5 was supplied to Iran in 1985; its use in the War of the Cities provided considerable operational data. The missile had suffered a number of launch failures in North Korean testing and in Iranian service. A 1985 cooperative agreement may also have provided North Korea with Iranian funds for missile development.[12] The Hwasong-5 entered serial production in 1987.[12] Development continued by "scaling up Scud technology."[13] North Korea received Soviet and then Russian assistance in the mid-1980s and early-1990s.[14]
The Hwasong-7 (Nodong) began development in 1988 or 1989.[15] It began deploying 1995 after one failed and one reduced-range flight test. Iran and Pakistan were manufactured missiles based on the Hwasong-7; flight data from the Pakistani Ghauri was provided to North Korea.[16]
A rocket division under the Ministry of the People’s Armed Forces was created in the late-1990s. Rocket and ballistic units were organized under the Missile Guidance Bureau in 1999.[17]
Since Kim Jong Un came to power in December 2011, North Korea has attempted to launch nearly three times as many ballistic missiles as during the entire reign of his father, Kim Jong Il. Between 2011 and the end of 2016, North Korea launched a total of 42 ballistic missiles: 20 short-range Scud- type missiles with a range of 300–1,000 km, 10 medium-range No Dong missiles that can fly 1,300-1,500 km, eight intermediate-range Hwasong 10 (Musudan) missiles traditionally assessed to have a range of 3,500-4,000 km, and four submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). These tests can be divided into three categories: tests of operational missiles, tests of missiles North Korea considered operational but were untested (such as the Musudan), and those still under development (such as the Pukkuksong [Polaris] family of solid-fuelled missiles).[18]
In 2012 the
The testing in 2018 and 2019 of four new road-mobile, solid propellant propulsion,
Between 2018 and 2020, North Korea expanded its missiles brigades from 8 to 13.[27]
Organization
The Strategic Force is a branch of the KPA[6] and is likely directly subordinate to the General Staff Department.[5]
Facilities
- Musudan-ri is a rocket launching site in North Korea at 40°51′N, 129°40′E. It lies in southern North Hamgyong Province, near the northern tip of East Korea Bay. The area was formerly known as Taep'o-dong (대포동), from which the Taepodong rockets take their name.
- Kangwon Province, which borders South Korea. It is used for launches of short to medium-range missiles and has a pad for mobile launchers.
- Kalgol-dong (갈골동) site is in Chagang Province and houses Hwasong-5/6 missiles, targeting South Korea.
- North P'yongan Province and houses Rodong missiles. It targets U.S. forces in Japan.
- Okp’yŏng-dong (옥평동) site is in Kangwon Province and houses Hwasong and Rodong missiles.
- Pongdong-ri(봉동리) site is on North Korea's west coast, about 50 km south of the North Korean-Chinese border.
- short-range ballistic missiles site in North Hwanghae Province.[28] Geo-located at 38°35′05″N 126°06′29″E / 38.584698°N 126.107945°E
- Chia-ri (지하리) north of Chorwon County, Kangwon Province, it is a missile support facility and operational launch base.[29][30]
- Kumchon-ni (금천리) in Anbyon County, it is equipped with Hwasong-9 (Scud-ER) medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBM).[31]
- Sing'ye (Shin'gye) (신계) across from Chia-ri, this is a small missile support facility and SCUD-C base. Construction began in 1985.[32][30]
- Sil-li(신리) a missile support facility next to Pyongyang International Airport constructed between 2016 and 2020.[33]
- Hodo Peninsula (호도반도) is a rocket and missile testing facility near Wonsan. It was established in the 1960s and was modernized in 2014–2016.[34]
- Yusang-ni (유상리) Twenty-eight kilometers east of Sunchon, it is one of the newest operating bases built (c. 2003). It has been reported to house either the Hwasong-13, Hwasong-14, or Hwasong-15 missiles.[35]
- Hoejung-ni(회정리) is North Korea's newest missile base, built c. 2012–13. It is likely capable of deploying intercontinental ballistic missiles as it lies in the country's missile "strategic belt".[36][30]
- Riman-ri (Yongnim)(리만리) it is south of Chonchon County, Chagang Province and is the largest missile base by area.[30]
- Sangnam-ri (상남리) in South Hamgyong Province, it is equipped with intermediate-range ballistic missiles.[37]
- SLBMdevelopment facility
- Nodong-1 medium-range ballistic missiles.[38] Geo-located at 39°38′42″N 125°21′19″E / 39.644929°N 125.355288°E[39]
- Yeongjeo-dong(영저동) the site is near the Chinese border in Ryanggang Province.[41]
- Magun'po(마군포) is a solid rocket motor test facility.[42]
- Chamjin-ni(잠진리) is North Korea's oldest known vertical engine test stand.[43]
There are other numerous smaller sites, scattered around the country, serving for mobile launcher pads. Some larger sites are under construction.
Launch capabilities
- Silo-based launch
- South Korean government sources are reported to have stated in 2013 that a missile silo complex is located south of Paektu Mountain near the Chinese border. The silos are reportedly designed for mid- to long-range missiles, but it is not clear if all of them are operational;[44] however, these claims have not been independently verified.
- Launch pads
- Launching pads are required for the more sophisticated ICBMs, and to launch space satellites, but they are of little value if any of these missiles is to be deployed as a strategic weapon.
- Mobile launcher vehicles
- North Korea extensively uses mobile launchers for its missiles, including the Rodong-1 and the Hwasong-10. These are hard to detect and significantly improve survivability.
- Submarine/ship-based launch
- The Korean People's Navy is not known to have ballistic missile submarines in service. However, it has started research and development into a capability to launch ballistic missiles from submarines[45] and has successfully fired a missile from one of its test submarines.[46]
Active missiles
Detailed listings of the equipment holdings of the
As of 2016,
As of 2017, North Korea is thought to possess about 900 short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs).[53]
Rather speculative estimates are given in the following table:
Missile | Type | Origin | Range | Quantity | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hwasal-1[8] | Cruise missile[8] | North Korea | In testing.[8] | ||
Hwasal-2[8] | Cruise missile[8] | North Korea | 1800 km[54]~2000 km[55] | In testing.[8] | |
Hwasong-5 (Scud-B)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | 340 km[56] | 30+ launchers[8] | |
Hwasong-6 (Scud-C)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | 500 km[19] | ||
Hwasong-7 (Nodong mod 1/mod 2)[8] | MRBM[8] | North Korea | 900[19]–1,500 km[49] | 10 launchers (est.)[8] | |
Hwasong-8[8]
Hwasong-8 mod 1[8] |
SRBM[8] | North Korea | 1+ launchers[8] | In testing[8] | |
Hwasong-11A (KN-23)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | 240~800 km[57][58][59][60][61] | 17+ launchers[8] | Similar to |
Hwasong-11B (KN-24)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | 410 km[71] | 9+ launchers[8] | Some similarities to MGM-140 ATACMS, but larger, with aft-fins to maintain aerodynamic control over entire flight. Tested in August 2019 and March 2020.[71][72] |
Hwasong-11C (KN-23 mod 1)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | 6+ launchers[8] | In testing.[8] | |
Hwasong-11S (KN-23 mod 2)[8] | SRBM[8] | North Korea | "Some" launchers[8] | In testing.[8] | |
Hwasong-12[8]
Hwasong-12 mod 1[8] |
IRBM[8] | North Korea | 5000–6000 km[73] | 10+ launchers[8] | In testing.[8] |
Hwasong-14
KN-20 |
ICBM[74] | North Korea | 10,000+ km[7] | Successfully tested on 4 July 2017[74] | |
Hwasong-15
KN-22 |
ICBM[75] | North Korea | 13,000 km[76] | Successfully tested on 28 November 2017[77] | |
Hwasong-16b | IRBM[78]
|
North Korea | 600-650 km[79] | Successfully tested on 2 April 2024.[78][79]
A solid-fuel IRBM in North Korean missile arsenal. | |
Hwasong-17
KN-28 |
ICBM | North Korea | >13,000 km[76] | Successfully tested on 24 March 2022[80] | |
Hwasong-18 | ICBM | North Korea | Successfully tested on 13 April 2023[81]
First solid-fuel ICBM in North Korean missile arsenal | ||
KN-18 | SRBM | North Korea | 450+ km | Scud-C variant that carries a Maneuverable reentry vehicle. Tested May 2017.[82][83] | |
KN-21 | SRBM | North Korea | 250+ km | Scud-B/Hwasong-5 variant with maneuvering capabilities. Tested April 2017.[84] | |
KN-25 | SRBM/MLRS | North Korea | 380 km | "Super-large multiple rocket launcher," viewed as an SRBM by U.S. assessment.[85] 30 tracked chassis and another 9 truck chassis are known to have been made for total of 216 guided rockets.[86] | |
Pukguksong-2 KN-15 | MRBM | North Korea | 1200 km[87] | Operational and deployed to northern border in missile bases where Hwasong-7 is deployed.[88] | |
Scud-ER[8]
|
MRBM[8] | Soviet Union North Korea | 1,000 km[89][90][91] | "Some" launchers[8] | Recently upgraded with new guidance and electronics.[88] |
Warheads
North Korean missiles can serve to deliver various types of warheads, including WMD. It is possible that up to three Rodong-1 missiles are fitted with nuclear warheads.[92] In a similar manner to the initial Chinese nuclear doctrine, nuclear weapons are being stored separately, and would only be mounted on missiles after an order of the supreme commander (Kim Jong Un). Despite the claims by numerous media that North Korea has not yet created nuclear warheads small enough to be fit in a missile, reports surfaced in April 2009, according to which North Korea has miniaturized warheads, capable of being mounted on its missiles.[93] The most suitable nuclear weapons delivery system is the Rodong-1, which has been successfully tested many times.
Additionally, North Korea possesses a large
North Korea has yet to demonstrate the ability to produce a re-entry vehicle, without which North Korea cannot deliver a weapon accurately from an ICBM.[94] However a crude and highly-inaccurate blunt body reentry vehicle could be used in early missiles.[49]
North Korea has been upgrading warheads for their Scud-derived ballistic missiles with maneuverable reentry vehicle capability in order to increase accuracy and introduce capability of evasion of ballistic missile defence system's such as THAAD.[53]
Exports
Several countries, including
See also
- North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
- North Korean missile tests
- List of states with nuclear weapons
References
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Markus Schiller (2012). Characterizing the North Korean Nuclear Missile Threat (Report). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-7621-2. TR-1268-TSF. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- Reuters - A look at North Korea's missile arsenal
- Bermudez, Joseph S. (2001). Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea, The Armed Forces of Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1864485825.
- Homer T. Hodge, North Korea's Military Strategy, Parameters (journal), Spring 2003, pp. 68–81
- Bermudez, Joseph S. (1999). "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK: First Ballistic Missiles, 1979-1989".
- James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
- Zaloga, Steven; Illustrated by Jim Laurier and Lee Ray (2006). Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955–2005. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-947-9.
- [1]
External links
- KPA Equipment Holdings
- CIA World Factbook
- FAS
- Profile of Frog-7 Archived 2017-07-09 at the Wayback Machine published by the United States Army Center of Military History