List of Florida hurricanes
The List of Florida hurricanes encompasses approximately 500
Climatology
Tropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year with the exceptions of January and March. Nearly one-third of the cyclones affected the state in September, and nearly three-fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October, which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season. Portions of the coastline have return periods, or expected time between hurricane strikes of a certain intensity or category within 86
In a
The strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the state was the
Pre-1900
The first recorded tropical cyclone to affect the area that is now the state of Florida occurred in 1523, when two ships and their crews were lost along the western coastline.[6] A total 159 hurricanes are known to have affected the state prior to 1900, which collectively resulted in at least 6,504 fatalities and monetary damage of over $102 million (2017 dollars). Additionally, at least 109 boats or ships were either driven ashore, wrecked, or damaged due to the storms. A strong hurricane struck northwest Florida on May 28, 1863, and is the earliest landfall during the year known in the US, pending reanalysis.[4]
Information is sparse for earlier years due to limitations in tropical cyclone observation, though as coastlines became more populated, more data became available. The National Hurricane Center recognizes the uncertainty in both the death tolls and the dates of the events.[7]
1900–1949
In the period between 1900 and 1949, 108 tropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in about $4.5 billion (2017 dollars) in damage. Additionally, tropical cyclones in Florida were directly responsible for about 3,500 fatalities during the period, most of which were from the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The 1947 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of six systems. The 1905, 1908, 1913, 1927, 1931, 1942, and 1943 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, which is the strongest hurricane on record to strike the United States.[8] Several other major hurricanes struck the state during the period, including the 1926 Miami hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, and several Category 4 hurricanes in the period 1945–50.
1950–1974
In the period between 1950 and 1974, 85 tropical or subtropical cyclones impacted the state, which collectively resulted in about $7 billion (2017 dollars) in damage, primarily from Hurricanes Donna and Dora. Additionally, the storms were directly responsible for 93 fatalities and indirectly for 23 more deaths. Several tropical cyclones produced over 20 inches (500 mm) of rainfall in the state, including Hurricane Easy, which is the highest total during the period. The 1969 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of eight systems. The 1954 and 1967 seasons were the only years during the period in which a storm did not affect the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Donna, which was the tenth strongest hurricane on record to strike the contiguous United States.[8][5] Additionally, Hurricanes Easy, King, Betsy, and Alma hit or otherwise impacted the state as major hurricanes.
1975–1999
In the period between 1975 and 1999, 83 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected the state, which collectively resulted in $51.1 billion (2017 dollars) in damage, primarily from Hurricane Andrew, and 54 direct casualties. The 1985 season was the year with the most tropical cyclones affecting the state, with a total of eight systems. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state. The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was Hurricane Andrew, which was one of only four Category 5 hurricanes to strike the United States. Andrew, at the time, was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history and remains the seventh-costliest. Additionally, Hurricanes Eloise, Elena, and Opal hit or otherwise impacted the state as major hurricanes.
2000–present
The period from
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the period was
Florida major hurricanes
The following
Storm | Saffir–Simpson Category† |
Date of Landfall (UTC) |
Year | Landfall Intensity (in Knots) |
Landfall Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Middle Florida | 3 | August 23 | 1851 | 100 | Panama City |
Unnamed | 3 | August 17 | 1871 | 100 | Jupiter Island |
Unnamed | 3 | October 7 | 1873 | 100 | Captiva Island |
Unnamed | 3 | October 3 | 1877 | 100 | Panama City |
Unnamed | 3 | September 10 | 1882 | 110 | Navarre |
Unnamed | 3 | August 16 | 1888 | 110 | Miami Beach |
Unnamed | 3 | October 9 | 1894 | 105 | Panama City |
Unnamed | 3 | September 29 | 1896 | 110 | Cedar Key |
Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1906 | 105 | Marathon |
Unnamed | 3 | October 11 | 1909 | 100 | Marathon |
Unnamed | 3 | September 29 | 1917 | 100 | Fort Walton Beach |
Florida Keys | 4 | September 10 | 1919 | 130 | Dry Tortugas |
Great Miami | 4 | September 18–20 | 1926 | 125 | Perrine |
Okeechobee | 4 | September 17 | 1928 | 125 | Palm Beach |
Unnamed | 3 | September 4 | 1933 | 110 | Jupiter |
Labor Day | 5 | September 3 | 1935 | 160 | Craig Key |
Unnamed | 3 | October 18 | 1944 | 105 | Dry Tortugas |
Unnamed | 4 | September 15 | 1945 | 115 | North Key Largo |
Unnamed | 4 | September 17 | 1947 | 115 | Fort Lauderdale |
Unnamed | 4 | September 21–22 | 1948 | 115 | East of Chokoloskee |
Unnamed | 4 | August 26 | 1949 | 115 | Lake Worth
|
Easy | 3 | September 5 | 1950 | 105 | East of Cedar Key |
King
|
4 | October 18 | 1950 | 115 | Miami |
Donna | 4 | September 10 | 1960 | 125 | Conch Key |
Betsy | 3 | September 8 | 1965 | 100 | Tavernier |
Alma | 3 | June 8 | 1966 | 100 | Dry Tortugas* |
Eloise | 3 | September 23 | 1975 | 110 | East of Destin |
Elena | 3 | September 2 | 1985 | 100 | Gulfport, Mississippi* |
Andrew | 5 | August 24 | 1992 | 145 | North of Homestead |
Opal | 3 | October 4 | 1995 | 100 | Pensacola Beach |
Charley | 4 | August 13 | 2004 | 130 | Cayo Costa |
Ivan | 3 | September 16 | 2004 | 105 | West of Gulf Shores, Alabama* |
Jeanne | 3 | September 26 | 2004 | 105 | Hutchinson Island |
Dennis | 3 | July 10 | 2005 | 105 | Santa Rosa Island |
Wilma | 3 | October 24 | 2005 | 105 | Cape Romano |
Irma | 4 | September 10 | 2017 | 115 | Cudjoe Key |
Michael | 5 | October 10 | 2018 | 140 | West of Mexico Beach |
Ian | 4 | September 28 | 2022 | 130 | Cayo Costa |
Idalia | 3 | August 30 | 2023 | 110 | Keaton Beach |
References: HURDAT, HRD[5][10] | |||||
† Highest Saffir–Simpson scale category experienced on land in the state. | |||||
* Storm brought winds of major hurricane intensity to part of the state, while not making landfall. |
Strongest and most intense
Strongest landfalling tropical cyclones in the U.S. state of Florida† as of 2023 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Wind speed | ||
mph | km/h | ||||
1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 185 | 295 | |
2 | Andrew | 1992 | 165 | 270 | |
3 | Michael | 2018 | 160 | 260 | |
4 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 150 | 240 | |
Charley | 2004 | ||||
Ian | 2022 | ||||
7 | "Miami" | 1926 | 145 | 230 | |
"Okeechobee" | 1928 | ||||
Donna | 1960 | ||||
10 | "Homestead" | 1945 | 130 | 215 | |
"Fort Lauderdale" | 1947 | ||||
"Florida" | 1948 | ||||
"Florida" | 1949 | ||||
King | 1950 | ||||
Irma | 2017 | ||||
Source: HURDAT,[5] Hurricane Research Division,[10] NHC[14] | |||||
†Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land. |
Most intense landfalling tropical cyclones in the U.S. state of Florida† as of 2023 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | System | Season | Barometric pressure | ||
1 | "Labor Day" | 1935 | 892 mbar (hPa) | ||
2 | Michael | 2018 | 919 mbar (hPa) | ||
3 | Andrew | 1992 | 922 mbar (hPa) | ||
4 | "Florida Keys" | 1919 | 927 mbar (hPa) | ||
5 | "Okeechobee" | 1928 | 929 mbar (hPa) | ||
6 | "Great Miami" | 1926 | 930 mbar (hPa) | ||
Donna | 1960 | ||||
8 | Irma | 2017 | 931 mbar (hPa) | ||
9 | "Florida" | 1948 | 940 mbar (hPa) | ||
10 | Charley | 2004 | 941 mbar (hPa) | ||
Ian | 2022 | ||||
Source: HURDAT,[5] Hurricane Research Division[10] | |||||
†Intensity refers to central barometric pressure upon striking land.
|
Monthly statistics
Month | Number of major hurricanes |
---|---|
July | 1
|
August | 6
|
September | 19
|
October | 10
|
Deadliest storms
Name | Year | Number of deaths |
---|---|---|
"Okeechobee" | 1928 | 2,500+ |
Unnamed | 1781 | 2,000 |
Unnamed | 1622 | 1,090 |
Unnamed | c. 1553 | 700 |
Unnamed | 1553 | <700 |
Unnamed | 1559 | 500 |
Unnamed | 1559 | ~500 |
Unnamed | 1683 | 496 |
"Labor Day" | 1935 | 409 |
"Miami" | 1926 | 372 |
Unnamed | 1563 | 284 |
"Florida Keys" | 1906 | 240 |
Ian | 2022 | 150 |
See also
- Atlantic hurricane
- Climate of Florida
- Atlantic hurricane season
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Florida
- Tropical cyclone
References
- ^ "After Great Hurricane of 1896". World Digital Library. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ Richard Gray (1933). "Florida Hurricanes" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ S2CID 123011306.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ NOAA. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1995). "Notes to the Appendices for the Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ a b c Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 2007). "THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ Weather Underground. "Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones" (web).
- ^ a b c d e f g Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
- ^ a b Jarrell, Jerry D.; et al. (1992). "Hurricane Experience Levels of Coastal County Populations from Texas to Maine" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (2007). "A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database" (PDF). Journal of Climate. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ Atlantic Hurricane Research Division. "Re-Analysis Project". Retrieved 2008-11-22.
- ^ John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagen (April 19, 2019). Hurricane Michael (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
Further reading
- Barnes, Jay (2007). Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3068-0.