1926 Miami hurricane
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | September 11, 1926 |
Dissipated | September 22, 1926 |
Category 4 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 150 mph (240 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 930 mbar (hPa); 27.46 inHg (estimated) |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 372–539+ |
Damage | $100 million (1926 USD) (Costliest U.S. hurricane on record when adjusted for wealth normalization) |
Areas affected | |
IBTrACS / [1][2][3][4] | |
Part of the 1926 Atlantic hurricane season |
The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926
The hurricane is believed to have
The hurricane caused immense destruction throughout the islands and across southern Florida. The storm destroyed hundreds of structures in its path over the islands, leaving thousands of residents homeless. At least seventeen deaths occurred on the islands, though many others—some related only indirectly to the storm—were reported in the aftermath. Upon striking South Florida, the cyclone generated hurricane-force winds over a broad swath of the region, causing widespread and severe structural damage from both wind and water. Most of the deaths occurred near Lake Okeechobee, when a large storm surge breached muck dikes and drowned hundreds of people.
The hurricane quickly traversed the Florida peninsula before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico near Fort Myers. It flooded surrounding communities and barrier islands, while strong winds downed trees and disrupted electrical service. The storm later made two landfalls with weaker intensities on Alabama and Mississippi on September 20 and 21, respectively. It caused additional but less severe damage in those states, primarily from heavy rains and storm surge. Land interaction caused the cyclone to deteriorate and later dissipate on September 22.
Meteorological history
Due to the sparseness of available observations in the central Atlantic, the specific
Strengthening continued into September 16 as the hurricane reached a strength equivalent to that of a
The warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed for the tropical cyclone to reach a secondary peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) on September 20, equivalent to that of a modern-day high-end Category 3 hurricane. Although the storm had taken a more northwesterly course through the gulf, the hurricane later began paralleling the coast of the
Preparations
On September 16, the
Impact
Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes, 1900–2017 Direct economic losses, normalized to societal conditions in 2018[5] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rank | Hurricane | Season | Cost |
1 | 4 "Miami" | 1926 | $235.9 billion |
2 | 4 "Galveston" | 1900 | $138.6 billion |
3 | 3 Katrina | 2005 | $116.9 billion |
4 | 4 "Galveston" | 1915 | $109.8 billion |
5 | 5 Andrew | 1992 | $106.0 billion |
6 | ET Sandy | 2012 | $73.5 billion |
7 | 3 "Cuba–Florida" | 1944 | $73.5 billion |
8 | 4 Harvey | 2017 | $62.2 billion |
9 | 3 "New England" | 1938 | $57.8 billion |
10 | 4 "Okeechobee" | 1928 | $54.4 billion |
Main article: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes |
Turks & Caicos and The Bahamas
Although no fatalities were reported, the hurricane wrought extensive property damage to Grand Turk Island. Rain gauges recorded 10 in (250 mm) of rain during the storm, and high surf left knee-deep sand drifts on the island.[9] The ocean covered the land up to 3⁄4 mi (1.2 km) inland, and winds unroofed buildings at the weather station. Reportedly, the winds even ripped spines from prickly pear cacti.[9] Nearly all lighters at port were lost.[14] The storm left 4,000 people homeless on three of the islands in the Turks and Caicos.[15] Due to hampered communication, the extent of damage in the Bahamas was initially unclear.[16] In the Bahamas, the storm flattened hundreds of structures and killed at least 17 people, mostly on Bimini, where seven people died and the greatest property damage occurred. The hurricane also leveled many structures on Andros, including churches and large buildings, and downed trees and other homes on New Providence.[3] On parts of Andros, the storm snapped or felled almost all of the coconut palms,[17] and in the Exuma district a large storm surge ruined many crops.[18] The storm also destroyed 60% of the homes on the north island of Bimini, left water up to 7 ft (2.1 m) deep in some areas, and was widely considered the worst storm on record in Bimini to date. Some sources say 25 people died on Bimini, but these may have been indirect deaths, as many people reportedly perished after drinking contaminated well water.[19]
United States
The 1926 hurricane is known primarily for its impacts and lasting aftermath in South Florida, particularly in the Miami area. Effects were concentrated around Florida's southeastern coast and south-central Florida, with additional impacts in Northwest Florida. Damage figures from the storm in the state alone reached US$75 million and accounted for most of the damage that the tropical cyclone produced.[6] Although the official number of fatalities would later be revised downward,[1] initial estimates suggested that the death toll would likely be over 1,000 in Miami alone with an additional 2,000 injured. Nonetheless, the grave number of casualties forced resorts to serve as temporary morgues and hospitals. Homes and office buildings were used to serve as refugee camps for the approximately 38,000 people displaced by the hurricane.[20]
Miami metropolitan area
The storm surge in South Florida was not as high as it would have been had the hurricane struck another area, owing to the deep offshore
Waves several feet high were rolling up Las Olas Boulevard, which had the appearance of a river rather than a street. ... Practically the entire town was covered with three feet of water.[25]
M. A. Hortt, former mayor of Fort Lauderdale
Communication between the two locales as well as the rest of the United States was cut after all local telecommunications and power lines were blown down.
We had never been through a hurricane in 1926, when we experienced our first one. ... We didn't know that all windows should be covered in a hurricane. ... I was watching as railroad cars were being knocked off the tracks and telegraph poles were snapped like toothpicks. ...[Immediately] almost all the windows on the top floor were broken.[33][34]
Floy Cooke Mitchell, wife of former mayor of Boca Raton J. C. Mitchell
Along the east coast of South Florida, the storm caused widespread, significant beach erosion.[35] At Hillsboro Inlet Light, high tides removed 20 ft (6.1 m) of sand beneath the lighthouse.[36] The hurricane swept away much of State Road A1A in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties.[37] The combined force of waves and storm surge undermined coastal structures that collapsed, including multi-story casinos on Miami Beach,[27] and washed out the coastal bridge on Florida State Road A1A at Baker's Haulover Inlet.[38] In Boca Raton, waves were so large that they rose to the top of the high ridge on the barrier island, though they did not overtop it.[39] High surf also destroyed a casino at the Boca Raton Inlet. "Knee-deep" water east of U.S. Route 1 (Federal Highway) in Boca Raton blocked beach access, but residents waded through.[39] Meanwhile, large waves left much debris and sand drifts several feet deep on State Road A1A in Delray Beach.[30] The waters of the Lake Worth Lagoon overflowed their banks, submerging nearby streets, parks, and golf courses.[40] High tides piled debris on the streets of Palm Beach, caused a beachfront boardwalk to collapse, and exacerbated previous damage from the July hurricane.[31] On Hollywood beach, waves smashed windows and invaded the interior of the Hollywood Beach Hotel. People on the second floor found sand drifts reaching "half way to the ceiling."[34]
The storm also ravaged entertainment venues and historic sites. The storm flattened the
The storm ruined cultivated areas throughout South Florida. The storm flooded the surrounding citrus crop and agricultural fields south of Miami, particularly near Homestead and Florida City,[47]destroying half of the citrus-bearing trees in the area.[20] Much of the citrus crop in Dania was a total loss as floodwaters submerged the area to depths of 6 ft (1.8 m); flooding lingered for more than a week after the storm.[48]
Everglades, Lake Okeechobee, and Southwest Florida
A storm surge from Lake Okeechobee entirely inundated Clewiston, reportedly leaving numerous bodies along the road connecting the city with Miami. Further inland, the surge burst through frail, earthen, 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) muck dikes,[20][49] submerging Moore Haven under 13 to 15 ft (4.0 to 4.6 m) of water. Residents scrambled, often unsuccessfully, to safety on rooftops but were swept away by the winds and storm surge.[4] A nearby drainage dam was destroyed, causing additional flooding of the countryside. Most of the city's buildings were swept off of their original foundations.[20] Reports by the Red Cross and local authorities indicated that 150 human corpses were found in Moore Haven alone;[4] their estimates were incomplete as many bodies were never found, reportedly having been swept deep into the Everglades. Estimates of the dead near Lake Okeechobee ranged as high as 300.[4] Two years later, another Category 4 hurricane killed at least 2,500 people along Lake Okeechobee, but mostly affected the eastern shore, leaving Moore Haven largely unscathed.[50][51]
The Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula saw comparatively less damage compared to
Florida Panhandle and elsewhere
Although the hurricane weakened before striking the upper Gulf Coast, its slow movement produced substantial effects to coastal regions between Mobile and Pensacola; these areas experienced heavy damage from wind, rain, and storm surge.[54] Wind records at Pensacola indicate that the city encountered sustained winds of hurricane force for more than 20 hours, including winds above 100 mph (160 km/h) for five hours. The storm tide destroyed nearly all waterfront structures on Pensacola Bay and peaked at 14 ft (4.3 m) near Bagdad, Florida.[54] Rainfall peaked at Bay Minette, Alabama, where 18+1⁄2 in (470 mm) fell.[56]
Aftermath
The disarray in Miami following the hurricane's passage led to a breakout of
According to the American Red Cross, the storm caused 372 fatalities, including 114 from the city of Miami, but these totals apparently do not include deaths outside the United States.[2][60] Prior to 2003, the National Weather Service had long accepted 243 as the number of deaths, but historical research indicated that this total was far too low. The NWS then updated its totals to reflect the new findings.[1] Even the estimates for the United States are uncertain and vary, since there were many people, especially transients and colored migrants in South Florida, listed as "missing". About 43,000 people were left homeless, mostly in the Miami area. The toll for the storm in the United States was $100 million ($1.72 billion 2024 USD). It is estimated that if an identical storm hit in the year 2005, with modern development and prices, the storm would have caused $140–157 billion in damage ($196 billion in 2016); this would make the storm the costliest on record in the United States, adjusted for inflation, if it were to occur in contemporary times.[61][62]
Several events, including the sinking of a ship in the Miami harbor and an embargo by the
The
See also
- Hurricane Andrew – caused unprecedented destruction in Greater Miami before striking Louisiana
- Hurricane Harvey – the costliest tropical cyclone in American history, noted for floods in Greater Houston
- 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane – intense hurricane whose effects were lessened in southern Florida thanks to improved warning systems
- 1945 Homestead hurricane – tracked across the Bahamas before curving into Florida and causing extensive damage
- 1928 Okeechobee hurricane – third-deadliest tropical cyclone in American history, struck nearly two years to date after the 1926 hurricane
Notes
- ^ For consistency, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is used for all references of time as the cyclone existed in multiple time zones during its existence.
References
- ^ a b c d Blake, Eric S.; Gibney, Ethan J. (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum). Miami and Asheville, North Carolina: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Pfost 2003, p. 1368.
- ^ a b "17 Killed in the Bahamas". The New York Times. The Associated Press. September 24, 1926.
- ^ a b c d e Barnes 1998, p. 120.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f Landsea, Chris; et al. (April 2014). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ . Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ . Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- . Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- ^ U.S. Weather Bureau 1926, p. 39.
- ^ a b Frank, Josh (September 18, 2006). "A date with disaster: '26 storm would be devastating". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 7B. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Bahamas Are Hard Hit by Hurricane; Thousands of People Homeless on 3 Islands". The New York Times. The Associated Press. September 22, 1926.
- ^
- ^ Neely 2009, p. 125.
- ^ Neely 2009, p. 130.
- ^ Neely 2009, pp. 132–3.
- ^
- ^ a b Barnes 1998, p. 113.
- ^ "It Was Storm Without Name". Miami Herald. September 18, 1976. p. 19-A. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Duedall & Williams 2002, p. 97.
- ^ Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew. National Hurricane Center (Preliminary Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
- ^ Hortt 1953, p. 218.
- ^ a b c Barnes 1998, pp. 116–7.
- ^ a b Barnes 1998, p. 119.
- ^ Linehan & Nelson 1994, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d "Survey Reveals Delray Damage". Delray Beach News. September 24, 1926. p. 1.
- ^ a b "City Is Cut Off From Nation When 100 Mile Hurricane Rages". The Palm Beach Post. September 19, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Bulletins". The Palm Beach Post. September 19, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Skip, Sheffield (June 28, 1981). "Stark memories of storms gone by". Boca Raton News.
- ^ a b Mitchell 1978, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Simms 1984, p. 11.
- ^ McGarry 1997, p. 53.
- ^ Hortt 1953, p. 219.
- ^ National Weather Service (January 8, 2009). "Memorial Web Page for the 1926 Great Miami Hurricane". srh.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Weather Service. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
- ^ a b Williams, Mrs. Arthur (September 24, 1926). "Boca Raton News". Delray Beach News. p. 15.
- ^ "Many Buildings in Lake Worth Razed by Storm". The Palm Beach Post. September 19, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ "Fulford-Miami Speedway – Post Hurricane". Getty Images. January 11, 1927. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
- ^ "Miami-Fulford Speedway". NA-Motorsports. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
- ^ "Our History". thebarnacle.org. Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida: The Barnacle Society. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
- ^ Wooldridge, Jane (September 16, 2012). "Vizcaya Museum & Gardens in Miami shows a keen eye for detail". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Sandler, Nathaniel; Wouters (Curator), Gina (2016). "Maritime Vizcaya – Boats and Boating Culture at the Estate (December 2016)". Vizcaya Museum & Gardens. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
- ^ Beard 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Simmons & Ogden 1998, p. 4.
- ^ Cunningham 2008, p. 5.
- ^ Kleinberg 2003, pp. 15, 30.
- ^ Kleinberg 2003, p. 145.
- ^ Memorial Web Page for the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane (Report). National Weather Service Miami, Florida. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Edic 1996, pp. 126–7.
- ^ Doyle et al. 1984, p. 124.
- ^ a b c d Barnes 1998, p. 121.
- ^ Simmons & Ogden 1998, p. 163.
- ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers (1945). Storm Total Rainfall In The United States. War Department. p. SA 4–23.
- ^ "Great Floridians 2000 Project". Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
- ^ Barnes 1998, p. 126.
- doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:1(29). Archived from the original(PDF) on June 17, 2013.
- S2CID 129898413.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8130-1415-9.
- ^ Gillis 2007, p. 97.
- ^ "Traditions :: University of Miami". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
Bibliography
- Barnes, Jay (1998). Florida's Hurricane History (1st ed.). ISBN 0-8078-2443-7 – via Internet Archive.
- Beard, Karen (Winter 2006). "Letter from the Executive Director". Bonnet House Museum & Gardens: 1.
- Cunningham, Dennis (2008). "The Big Blow: Broward County and the 1926 Hurricane". Broward Legacy. Vol. 28, no. 1. Broward County Historical Commission. pp. 1–28. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019.
- Doyle, Larry J.; Sharma, Dinesh C.; Hine, Albert C.; Pilkey, Orrin Jr. H.; Neal, William J.; Pilkey Sr., Orrin H.; Martin, David; Belknap, Daniel F. (1984). Living with the West Florida Shore. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0517-0.
- Duedall, Iver W.; Williams, John M. (2002). Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–2001. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2494-3.
- Edic, Robert F. (1996). Fisherfolk of Charlotte Harbor, Florida. ISBN 978-1-881448-04-4.
- Gillis, Susan (2007). Boomtime Boca: Boca Raton in the 1920s. ISBN 978-0-7385-4443-4.
- ISBN 978-1-879362-03-1.
- Harris, Margaret Garnett (1990). Pioneer Daughter. Hypoluxo, Florida: Star Publishing.
- Hortt, M. A. (1953). Gold Coast Pioneer. ASIN B003VZWJQY.
- "In the wake of Hugo: The '26 storm revisited" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine. No. 4. 1989. pp. 10–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017. A first hand account written in 1926.
- Kleinberg, Elliot (2003). Black Cloud: the Deadly Hurricane of 1928. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1386-8.
- Lee, Harris D. (1963). Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge (PDF) (Technical report). Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau. p. 139. 48. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
- Linehan, Mary Collar; Nelson, Mary Watts (1994). Pioneer Days on the Shores of Lake Worth, 1873–1893. ISBN 978-0-941072-14-4.
- McGarry, Carmen C. (1997). Magnificent Mile: A History of Hillsboro Beach. ISBN 978-0-9641216-3-8.
- Mitchell, Floy C. (1978). "Mrs Mitchell's Memories of Early Boca Raton" (PDF). The Spanish River Papers. 6 (2). Boca Raton Historical Society: 3–19.
- Neely, Wayne (2009). The Great Bahamian Hurricanes of 1926: the Story of Three of the Greatest Hurricanes to Ever Affect the Bahamas. ISBN 978-1-4401-5174-3 – via Google Books.
- Neely, Wayne (2019). The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes to Impact the Bahamas. ISBN 978-1-64753-121-8.
- Pfost, Russell L. (2003). "Reassessing the Impact of Two Historical Florida Hurricanes". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 84 (10): 1367–72. .
- Simms, Louis M. (1984). In Place of Pearls: A Brief History of Deerfield Beach. Rimus Books. ASIN B0007B2CVW.
- Simmons, Glen; Ogden, Laura (1998). Gladesmen: Gator Hunters, Moonshiners, and Skiffers. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1573-6.
- U.S. Weather Bureau (1926). Written at Jacksonville, Florida. "The Florida Hurricane, September 17–20, 1926". Climatological Data. 30 (9). Washington, D.C: United States Department of Agriculture: 39–40.
External links
- List of People Killed in the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926
- 1926 issue of the Monthly Weather Review
- United States Hurricane History
- NOAA hurricane lists
- "The Hurricane of 1926". Mr. Miami Beach. American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016.
- Historic Images of Florida Hurricanes (Florida State Archives)