List of Slavic pseudo-deities

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chislobog – the god of numbers, one of the most popular pseudo-gods today. Andrey Shishkin, 2015

Slavic pseudo-

ethnic groups, were created as a result of mistakes (e.g., by understanding the given name as a theonym, unfamiliarity with the Slavic languages, misunderstanding of pagan ritual, or uncritical use of sources), as a result of the creation and falsification of Slavic Romantics, or even as a result of falsification for political motives. The reason for the last two may be that, unlike, for example, those of Greek mythology
, the sources on Slavic mythology are severely limited.

The first Slavic pseudo-deities began to appear as early as the Middle Ages, mainly in Latin Christian texts, as a result of mistakes. Slavic pseudo-deities on a large scale began to appear from the 18th and especially the 19th century. In 1768, a popular forgery of the time appeared, the so-called Prillwitz idols, depicting alleged Slavic deities decorated with alleged Slavic runes.[1][2][3] Based on this forgery, many deities were created by Andreas Masch and later by Martin Arendt [de]. In the 19th century, the Czech Ignác Jan Hanuš was a popular fantasist, particularly his two works: Die Wissenschaft des slavischen Mythus, and Bájeslovný kalendář slovanský, and Russian Aleksandr Famintsyn [ru], who was rather uncritical in treating sources in his Bozhestva drevnikh slavyan ("Deities of the Ancient Slavs"). In addition to the above-mentioned authors, every Slavic country had its more or less popular forgers.[4] Contemporary falsification of the Slavic pantheon is continued by Czesław Białczyński [pl] in Poland (e.g. Stworze i zdusze, czyli starosłowiańskie boginki i demony. Leksykon, or Mitologia słowiańska: Księga tura),[5][6] and in Russia by Alexander Asov (Kniga Kolyady).[7]

Popular pseudo-deities

Flins
  • Dzidzilela – according to Jan Długosz, the Polish equivalent of Venera, goddess of love, weddings and fertility.[8]
  • Chislobog – pseudo-deity of time and/or numbers invented in the 1900s, mentioned in the Book of Veles[9]
  • Vesna – alleged goddess of spring
  • Jutrobog, Jutrnyboh – a supposed god worshipped in Lusatia. His name consists of the word jutry, jutrny "morning" and the word bog "god" and means "Morning God, Aurora". The town of Jüterbog is supposed to be named after him,[10] although it is also possible that the last syllable is not bog but bok "side", and the name of the city can be translated as "side facing the morning (east)".[11]
  • Kyi – alleged Polish god of blacksmithing who appears in the sermons of Gniezno.[12]
  • Kupalaa deity created by medieval chroniclers based on the name of the Kupala Night holiday
  • Koliada – personification of the New Year cycle and a figure in folk rituals mistakenly interpreted by Alexander Afanasyev as a goddess
  • Lada – alleged Polish deity first mentioned by Jan Długosz as a god of war, equivalent to Mars, then by Maciej Miechowita recognized as the Polish equivalent of Leda.[13]
  • Lelya [ru] – the goddess of love, a word found in Russian folk songs
  • Jupiter
    ; nowadays the authenticity of the god is rejected
  • Nikolay Kostomarov
    , rejected by modern scholarship
  • Pogvizd [ru], Pozvizd – a wind deity mentioned by Maciej Miechowita, and Pohvist, mentioned by Marcin Kromer as a god of inclement weather, in reality probably spirits or demons
  • Flins [pl; simple] – alleged deity of death worshipped by the remnants of the Sorbs
    , mentioned in Cronecken der Sassen (1492)
  • Krodo – originally a pseudo-chief-deity of the Saxons in later centuries ascribed to the Slavs
  • Trojan [ru] – a figure from South Slavic mythology borrowed by East Slavic writers and later recognized as a deity
  • Chur [ru] – a 19th-century Russian pseudo-god of borders, equivalent to the Roman Terminus
  • Usład [simple] – a deity mistakenly created by Siegmund von Herberstein, then repeated by Stryjkowski, who took a fragment of Primary Chronicle, us zlat ("golden moustache" – about the statue of Perun), as theonym, and compared it to Cupid.[14]

West Slavs

Polabian Slavs

Püsterich
  • Püsterich – In the middle of the 16th century, a bronze figure (57 cm.) of a pot-bellied man with one arm raised to his forehead, the rest of the limbs missing, was found at
    steam boiler, heated water poured out through holes in the head.[18]

Prillwitz idols

Many of the deities were created by

forgeries.[1][2][3] The drawings for his book were made by Daniel Woge, a German painter and illustrator.[20] Masch's information was further repeated by Martin Friedrich Arendt (1820),[21] a German botanist and antiquarian, and Bernhard Severin Ingemann (1824),[22] a Danish
writer.

Percunust - one of the Prillwitz idols

Andreas Gottlieb Masch:[20]

  • Sieba
  • Zibog, Siebog
  • Nemisa
  • Podba
  • Percunust
  • Schwaixtix
  • Zislbog, Zislbocg
  • Zirnitra, Zir
  • Wodan
  • Balduri
  • Ipabog, Ipabocg
  • Misizla
  • Plusso
  • Zois

Martin Friedrich Arendt:[21]

  • Tara(n)
  • Othin
  • Gestrab
  • Raziva
  • Tsibaz
  • Hela
  • Kricco
  • Opora
  • Karevit
  • Hirovit
  • Marovit
  • Gilbog
  • Juthrbog
  • Urii
  • Pya
  • Mita
  • Sicksa
  • Berstuk
  • Gudii

Czechs

Václav Hájek, a Czech chronicler who is accused of making up many events in his work, lists the deities in his Chronicle
: Klimba, Krasatina, Krosina.

Hájek gained imitators after his death: Pavel Stránský, Jan Jiří Středovský, Juraj Papánek, who added the following deities by themselves: Chasoň, Ladoň, Zeloň, Živěna, Nočena, Krasopaní, Hladolet.[23]

Priest Antonín Liška, one of the translators of Homer into Czech, also made up deities. He replaced Greek theonyms with similar Czech ones or just transferred them into Czech. He gave up to three versions of the same invented Czech name, writing them in brackets or footnotes:[24]

Another forgery is the glosses added to Mater Verborum, a Czech-Latin dictionary, added by Václav Hanka, containing deities invented by him:[25]

Hanka also mentions gods from other sources, e.g.

Svetovit, Triglav, Veles, Lada, Devana, and Morana. In addition, he mentions many demons, including vesna
.

East Slavs

Book of Veles

The Book of Veles is a 20th century forgery that has gained particular popularity among Ukrainians. It lists, in addition to authentic gods, the following pseudo-gods:[26]

  • Vyšenʹ (Russian: Вышень)
  • Lelja (Леля)
  • Letnica (Летница)
  • Kolendo (Колендо)
  • Krʹšenʹ (Крьшень)
  • Deržatelʹ (Держатель)
  • Snvʹіj (Снвьій)
  • Belojare (Белояре)
  • Lado (Ладо)
  • Kupalo (Купало)
  • Senic (Сениц)
  • Žitnec (Житнец)
  • Veniŝč (Венищ)
  • Zernic (Зерниц)
  • Ovsenic (Овсениц)
  • Prosicʹ (Просиць)
  • Studecʹ (Студець)
  • Ledic (Ледиц)
  • Ljutecʹ (Лютець)
  • Ptiščec (Птищец)
  • Zverenc (Зверенц)
  • Milic (Милиц)
  • Dozdec (Доздец)
  • Plodec (Плодец)
  • Jagodnec (Ягоднец)
  • Pščelic (Пщелиц)
  • Rostic (Ростиц)
  • Klenčič (Кленчич)
  • Zzerenč (Ззеренч)
  • Vetricʹ (Ветриць)
  • Slomicʹ (Сломиць)
  • Gribicʹ (Грибиць)
  • Loviščʹ (Ловищь)
  • Besedicʹ (Беседиць)
  • Snezicʹ (Снезиць)
  • Stranicʹ (Страниць)
  • Sventicʹ (Свентиць)
  • Radnicʹ (Радниць)
  • Sveticʹ (Светиць)
  • Korovicʹ (Коровиць)
  • Krasicʹ (Красиць)
  • Travicʹ (Травиць)
  • Steblicʹ (Стеблиць)
  • Rodicʹ (Родиць)
  • Maslecʹ (Маслець)
  • Živicʹ (Живиць)
  • Vedicʹ (Ведиць)
  • Listvicʹ (Листвиць)
  • Kveticʹ (Кветиць)
  • Vodišč (Водищ)
  • Zvezdicʹ (Звездиць)
  • Gromič (Громич)
  • Semišč (Семищ)
  • Lipecʹ (Липець)
  • Rembicʹ (Рембиць)
  • Brezičʹ (Брезичь)
  • Zelenicʹ (Зелениць)
  • Goricʹ (Гориць)
  • Stradicʹ (Страдиць)
  • Spasicʹ (Спасиць)
  • Listeverzicʹ (Листеверзиць)
  • Mʹjuslicʹ (Мьюслиць)
  • Gosticʹ (Гостиць)
  • Raticʹ (Ратиць)
  • Stranicʹ (Страниць)
  • Čurncʹ (Чурнць)
  • Rodicʹ (Родиць)
  • Ognebog Semerogelʹ (Огнебог Семерогель)
  • Čislobog (Числобог)
  • Kvasur (Квасур)

Others

  • Uslad (Услад) – a deity mistakenly created by Siegmund von Herberstein, then repeated by Stryjkowski, who took a fragment of Primary Chronicle, us zlat ("golden moustache" – about the statue of Perun), as theonym, and compared it to Cupid.[14]
  • Zimtserla (Зимцерла) – goddess who first appears in the Russian translation (1722) of
    Mikhail Popov in his mythological dictionary; according to him, the corrupted name may have been derived from the words зима, zima ("winter"), and the verb стерть, stiertʹ ("to wipe off"), and would be a goddess of flowers, similar to Aurora. Zimtserla later appears in many Russian texts.[27] She was erroneously believed to be the Aurora of the "Slavonians"[28][29] and a "Queen of Flowers" or goddess of spring, akin to Roman Flora.[29]

South Slavs

One of the major forgeries from the South Slavs is the Serbian Песме и обичаи укупног народа српског (1869; "Songs and customs of the all Serbian peoples") by Miloš Milojević:[30]

  • Kupalo (Serbian Cyrillic: Купало)
  • Koledo (Коледо)
  • Koled (Кољед)
  • Živboža (Живбожа)
  • Živanija (Живанија)
  • Svaroga (Сварога)
  • Prprьruša (Прпрьруша)
  • Pravid (Правид)
  • Svevid (Свевид)
  • Ljelj (Љељ)
  • Ljelja (Љеља)
  • Poljelj (Пољељ)
  • Poljelja (Пољеља)
  • Lada (Лада)
  • Branjanj (Брањањ)
  • Živ (Жив)
  • Davor (Давор)
  • Gostoslav (Гостослав)
  • Vodan (Водан)
  • Vodana (Водана)
  • Moran (Моран)
  • Morica (Морица)
  • Pra Pra Bog (Пра Пра Бог)
  • Preslav (Преслав)
  • Višnji (Вишњи)
  • Ježdraksin (Јеждраксин)
  • Belgostić (Белгостић)
  • Tug (Туг)
  • Pravd (Правд)
  • Crnobar (Црнобар)
  • Vihor (Вихор)
  • Kračun (Крачун)
  • Praovil (Праовил)
  • Belbožić (Белбожић)

The second important forgery is

Stefan Verković:[31]

  • Kuledo (Bulgarian: Куледо)
  • Kuleda (Коледа)
  • Ognen (Огнен)
  • Vishnu (Вишну)
  • Vodin (Водин)
  • Surva (Сурва)
  • Rosna (Росна)
  • Žijne (Жийне)
  • Surica (Сурица)
  • Iognica (Иогница)
  • Masina (Масина)
  • Rue (Руе)
  • Vitna (Витна)
  • Igne (Игне)
  • Jognica (Йогница)
  • Dʺžna (Дъжна)
  • Dia (Диа)
  • Jara (Яра)
  • Druida (Друида)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Szyjewski 2003, p. 9.
  2. ^ a b Gieysztor 2006, p. 38.
  3. ^ a b Strzelczyk 1998, p. 161-162.
  4. ^ Brückner 1985, p. 6.
  5. ^ Strzelczyk 1998, p. 5.
  6. ^ Szyjewski 2003, p. 10.
  7. ^ Klejn 2004.
  8. ^ Gieysztor 2006, p. 105.
  9. ^ Кутарев 2017.
  10. ^ Strzelczyk 1998, p. 87.
  11. ^ Witkowski 1970, p. 377.
  12. ^ Kolankiewicz 1999, p. 444-445.
  13. ^ Gieysztor 2006, p. 199.
  14. ^ a b Strzelczyk 1998, p. 220.
  15. ^ Strzelczyk 1998, p. 76.
  16. ^ Strzelczyk 1998, p. 86-87.
  17. ^ a b c Strzelczyk 1998, p. 194.
  18. ^ a b Strzelczyk 1998, p. 169.
  19. ^ Strzelczyk 1998, p. 57.
  20. ^ a b c Masch 1771.
  21. ^ a b Arendt 1820.
  22. ^ Ingemann 1824.
  23. ^ Kalandra 2002, p. 37.
  24. ^ Bartocha 1881.
  25. ^ Enders 1993, p. 348-358.
  26. ^ Dudko 2002, p. [11-А], [11-Б].
  27. ^ "Кто и зачем придумывал древних славянских богов?". Arzamas (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  28. ^ Montalba 1850, p. 181 (footnote 3).
  29. ^ a b "Simzerla". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon. Vol. 16. Altenburg. 1863. p. 121 – via Zeno.org.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ Milojević 1869.
  31. ^ Moroz-Grzelak 2004, p. 91-98.

Bibliography