List of disputed issues in early Islamic history

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There are a number of uncertainties and disputed issues in the early history of Islam.^[a]

Most of these disputes can be traced to

have also resulted in lack of consensus within denominations of Islam.

List of disputed issues

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)

The uncertainties include:

• Succession to Muhammad
• The date of birth of Muhammad^[5]
• The date of Muhammad's death^[5]
• The age at which Khadija married Muhammad (25–40 years)^[6][7]
• The date of birth of
  Fatimah (±10 years)^[8][9]
• The marriage in which three of Khadija's three daughters were born[10]
• The number of marriages Khadija was in before marrying Muhammad ^{[citation needed]}
• The prohibition of
  Nikah Mut'ah^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Date of birth of Aisha^{[citation needed]}
• Identity of the second wife of Muhammad (
  Sawda bint Zamʿa or Aisha)^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Disputes over the identity of the "Umm Khulthum" that married Umar (bint Ali, Bint Abu Bakr or a third)^{[citation needed]}
• The existence of Fatimah's third son, Muhsin ibn Ali^{[citation needed]}
• The ultimate faith of Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.
• Mohammad's inheritance and the dispute on the land of Fadak & Khaybar
• Burial place of Fatimah^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Whether the night ascension (Miʿraj) was a physical journey or a spiritual one.

• Timeline of Islamic history
• History of Islam

Further reading

• Qur'an and History — a Disputed Relationship: Some Reflections on Qur'anic History and History in the Qur'an / القرآن والتاريخ: علاقة موضع جدل Angelika Neuwirth and ٲنجليکا نيوورث. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1–18. Edinburgh University Press.
• Tayeb El-Hibri, Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. Columbia University Press, 2010.
• Jóhann Páll Árnason, Civilizations in Dispute: Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. BRILL, Jan 1, 2003.
• Régis Blachère, The problem of Muhammad - test critical biography of the founder of Islam, a volume of 135 pages, University Press of France, Paris, 1952.

Notes