List of revived languages
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A revived language is one that, having experienced near or complete
The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider dominant
Aboriginal Australian languages
A great number of the original more than 250
Some of the languages being revived across the country are:
- Barngarla people on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. It is being revived by Ghil'ad Zuckermann (University of Adelaide) and the Barngarla community, based on 170-year-old documents.
- Kati Thanda (Lake Eyre). Studies and translations by German Lutheran missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries created an extensive written form. By the early 21st century, only a few fluent speakers of Diyari remained. However, by 2013 Peter K. Austin had produced a dictionary and grammar of the language, and as of 2019, there is a project under way to teach it in schools.[citation needed]
- elders and youth, teachers, linguists and other researchers based at the University of Adelaide.[4]
Ainu
The Ainu language of the indigenous Ainu people of northern Japan is currently moribund, identified by Japanese scholars as a "dying language" since the 1920s.[8] A 2006 survey of the Hokkaido Ainu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu.[8] As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's Chiba University.[9] An Ainu language radio station was established in Hokkaido in 2001, and manga books have been produced in the language.[10]
The work of researcher Kayano Shigeru has been prominent in the revival of Ainu, including the recording of the Ainu oral epics known as yukar. Shigeru also began the Nibutani Ainu Language School in 1983, the first Ainu school in Japan.[11]
Cornish
Cornish was once spoken in the county of Cornwall until it became extinct as a spoken language in the late 18th century. The language had been in decline since the 14th century and by the time of the death of the last fluent speakers, was only spoken in the western fringes of the county. Dolly Pentreath (d. 1777) is believed to have been the last speaker of the language. Literature from the Medieval and Tudor periods, and fragments, including grammars, from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries survived, which allowed Cornish to be reconstructed by a small group of Celtic enthusiasts in the 20th century as part of the Celtic Revival. These Cornish language revivalists borrowed heavily from Welsh and Breton in order to aid in the creation of the modern Cornish language. The reconstruction of the language was known for disputes over orthography during the late 20th century, until a Standard Written Form was agreed upon in 2008. The number of Cornish speakers is difficult to estimate, but it is believed that some 500 individuals have a degree of fluency in the language. The language is now taught in some schools in Cornwall. In 2010, UNESCO reclassified the language from "extinct" to "critically endangered".[12]
Hebrew
Lazuri (Laz)
The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) declares Lazuri as a language that is definitively endangered. Lazuri is a Southwest Caucasian language spoken by ca. 30,000 people as their mother tongue along the East Black Sea coast of Turkey and in some parts of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Salminen, 2007). The region where the Lazi people live is called Lazona (Benninghaus, 1989). Because Lazuri is primarily an oral language, and all new speakers tend to grow up bilingual (typically speaking Lazuri and Turkish), the language is at risk of extinction (e.g., Yuksel-Sokmen & Chasin, 2008). Although the Lazuri alphabet was first established around the late 20s by a native folklorist, named Iskender Tsitasi, who published periodicals and poems until 1938, there were many obstacles to learn and to teach Lazuri due to the lack of language learning resources and limited documentation of the language (interview with language activist İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi in Istanbul, April 2012). Hence, Lazuri remained a primary spoken language until Lazoglu and Feuerstein re-introduced the Lazuri Alboni or Alphabet in Latin letters in 1984 and started to publish periodicals, called 'Ogni' ("Did you hear"). The first Lazuri Dictionary (Bucaklişi & Uzunhasanoğlu, 2006) was among the first one to adopt the Lazuri Alboni. The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery become the first book which has been formally translated into the Lazuri Alboni by Sinan Albayrakoğlu (2011) who worked four years on the Turkish to Lazuri translation. Also, in 2011 the Bosphorus University of Istanbul started to offer Lazuri as an elective class for beginners. With the recent establishment of the Lazika Yayin Kolektif (Lazika Publication Collective) in 2010, current and future generations of students, teachers, authors, and scholars of Lazuri are encouraged to contribute to the process of language revitalization, thus paving the way for a Lazuri literature.[15]
Livonian
Livonian is a Finnic language spoken in Latvia. It is one of the three languages (along with Manx and Cornish) listed as revived by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[16]
Leonese
Leonese was recognised as a seriously endangered language by UNESCO, in 2006. The only legal reference to this language is in the Autonomy Statute of Castile and León. The Province of León government supports the knowledge of this language through courses, by celebrating "Leonese Language Day" and by sponsoring literary efforts in the Leonese language, such as "Cuentos del Sil", where nine writers from teenagers to people in their eighties develop several stories in Leonese. The Leonese Local Government uses the Leonese language in some of their bureaus, organizes courses for adults and in 2007 organized Leonese Language Day. The Leonese Local Government official website uses the Leonese language. The Leonese language is taught in two schools of León city since February 2008. The local authority for education said it would be taught in all Leonese schools next course.
Manx
Manx is a language spoken in the Isle of Man, which is in the Irish Sea, between Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales. Manx ceased to function as a community language during the first quarter of the 20th century, but was revived by enthusiasts at a time when there were still a number of native speakers alive. Although at one point no native speakers of the language were alive and it may have been officially classified as "dead" in 1975, the revival appears to have gained strength in recent years. There is a regular programme in Manx on Manx Radio. As of 2012 there were sixty-nine pupils undergoing their education through the medium of Manx at the Bunscoill Ghaelgagh.
Native American languages
Some languages being revived across the Americas are:
Wampanoag: In the 21st century, Wampanoag became the first Native American language in the United States to be revived, with young children brought up in the language.[20]
Chochenyo: The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of California has revitalized the Chochenyo language, which was last spoken in the 1930s.[21][22][23] As of 2009, many students were able to carry on conversations in Chochenyo.[24]
Miami-Illinois/Irenwa: The Myaamia (Miami) Nation of Indiana still practice and use their native heritage to teach young and old so they can keep their traditional language alive. Many Miami members have described the language as "sleeping" rather than "extinct" since it was not irretrievably lost.
The revitalization effort is based on the work of linguist David Costa. Based on his extensive studies, he published The Miami-Illinois Language in 1994 as his Ph.D. dissertation and as a book in 2003. The book reconstructs the structure of Miami-Illinois.
The Myaamia Center is a joint venture between the tribe and Miami University. The Center seeks to "deepen Myaamia connections through research, education, and outreach." It is directed by Daryl Baldwin, who taught himself Miami from historic documents and studies held by the Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives, and has developed educational programs. Baldwin's children were raised as native speakers of Miami. Center staff develop language and culture resources using material that is often from translated missionary documents.
Published language and culture resources include:
- a children's book of Miami language and culture;
- an audio CD set with vocabulary, phrases, conversation, and the Miami origin story and a companion text; and
- a compilation of traditional stories from the Miami and Peoria tribes, recorded in the early 20th century when the language's last native speakers were alive.
A related project at Miami University concerns ethnobotany, which "pairs Miami-language plant names with elders' descriptions of traditional plant-gathering techniques."
Nǁng language
Efforts are underway to revive the Nǀuu dialect [25]
Occitan Gascon
The Aranese language, a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the
Sanskrit
.Many of India's and Nepal's scientific and administrative terms are named in Sanskrit, as a counterpart of the western practice of naming scientific developments in
.Soyot language
The language of the small-numbered
Yola
Yola, a sister language to English and Scots which was spoken in County Wexford, Ireland. Yola became extinct in 1998 it has undergone an attempted revitalization and revival movement. The “Gabble Ing Yola” resource center for Yola materials claims there are approximately 140 speakers of the Yola language today.[31]
See also
References
- AIATSIS. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Priority Languages Support Project". First Languages Australia. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Languages". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi". Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Palawa kani,the only Aboriginal language in lutruwita today". Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre.
- ^ a b Harman, Kristyn. "Explainer: how Tasmania's Aboriginal people reclaimed a language, palawa kani". The Conversation.
- ^ T16 Palawa kani at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and ... - William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith - Google Books
- ^ Can Threatened Languages Be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : A ... - Joshua A. Fishman - Google Books
- ^ Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern ... - Ann B. Irish - Google Books
- ^ Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern - Donald Denoon, Mark Hudson - Google Books
- ^ "BBC News - Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN". BBC News. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ISBN 9783111803661.
- ^ "A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew". Israelhayom.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
- ^ "The Laz people's mission to save their language from extinction". Global Voices. 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
- ^ Okrand, Marc. "Mutsun Grammar" (PDF).
- ^ "Mutsun Language Revitalization" (PDF). u.arizona.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ^ Shulman, Robert (13 August 2001). "Reading Dr. Seuss in Mutsun". articles.latimes.com.
- PBS Newshour, 10 November 2011.
- ^ Ron Russell (2007-03-28). "The Little Tribe That Could. As descendants of San Francisco's aboriginal people, the Muwekma Ohlone Indian tribe seldom gets much respect. But that could be about to change". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ Kathleen Maclay (2004-06-04). "06.04.2004 - Conferences focus on saving native languages". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
- ^ "California magazine". Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: cst". Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ "Why My Grandmother and I Are Working to Save the Language of South Africa's First People". Global Citizen. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Ediciones El País (23 September 2010). "Cataluña incorpora el aranés como su tercera lengua oficial". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Inici. Llengua catalana". 0.gencat.cat. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
- Times of IndiaRetrieved on September 14, 2008
- ^ https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-jhiri-village-in-madhya-pradesh-where-everyone-speaks-only-in-sanskrit-4746185.html
- ^ Rassadin, V.I. "The Soyot Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ^ "How many speakers of Yola are there now?". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.