Little Zab
Little Zab Suleymaniyah, Iraq | |
---|---|
Location | |
Country | Iran, Iraq |
Region | Iraqi Kurdistan |
District | Erbil Governorate |
Municipality | Erbil |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | Zagros Mountains, Iran |
• elevation | 3,000 m (9,800 ft)approx. |
Mouth | |
• location | Tigris, Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq |
• coordinates | 35°14′17″N 43°26′11″E / 35.23806°N 43.43639°E |
Length | 400 km (250 mi)approx. |
Basin size | 22,000 km2 (8,500 sq mi)approx. |
Discharge | |
• average | 197.8 m3/s (6,990 cu ft/s) |
• maximum | 3,420 m3/s (121,000 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | Baneh, Qala Chulan, Rubar-i-Basalam |
The Little Zab or Lower Zab (
Course
The Little Zab rises in the Mountains in Iraq at an elevation of circa 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)
Different estimates have been given for the length of the Little Zab: 380 kilometres (240 mi),[7] 400 kilometres (250 mi)[8] and 456 kilometres (283 mi).[2][9] For a short distance, the Little Zab forms the border between Iran and Iraq, and along its lower course it also constitutes the border between Erbil Governorate and Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and Erbil and Kirkuk Governorates. The river is fed by snowmelt and rainfall, resulting in a peak discharge in the period February–May. Low water levels are recorded for the period July–October. The average discharge of the Little Zab is 197.8 cubic metres (6,990 cu ft) per second, whereas the maximum recorded discharge is 3,420 cubic metres (121,000 cu ft) per second. Average annual discharge is 7.2 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi).[8][10][11] Because of its torrential nature, Medieval Arab geographers have described the Little Zab, and the Great Zab as well, as "demoniacally possessed".[1]
Watershed
The
The Little Zab crosses very diverse climatic and ecological zones. Annual precipitation along the course of the river diminishes from over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the Iranian Zagros to less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at the confluence with the Tigris near
River modifications
Two dams have been constructed on the Little Zab in Iraq while Iran is currently constructing one with two others planned. The two in Iraq are the Dukan Dam and the
Iran has diverted as much as 600,000,000 cubic metres (2.1×1010 cu ft) of its water in efforts to restore Lake Urmia. This competes with need for the water in Kurdistan Region in Iraq.[30]
History
Although
The region enters history at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, when Erbil is mentioned as Urbilum by king
On the
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f Bosworth 2010
- ^ a b c Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, p. 64
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1957). "Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 19 (1): 58–81. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ Kliot 1994, p. 101
- ^ a b Shahin 2007, p. 249
- ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, p. 386
- ^ a b c Fink & Ostrizhnov 1983, p. 519
- ^ Kolars 1994, p. 87
- ^ a b Frenken 2009, p. 203
- ^ Buringh 1960, p. 37
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, pp. 45–46
- ^ Buringh 1960, p. 43
- ^ US Air Force Combat Climatology Center 2009
- ^ Edmonds 1957, p. 20
- ^ Solecki 2005, p. 164
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b, pp. 15–16
- ^ Al-Soof 1970
- ^ Mortensen 1970
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b, p. 17
- ^ "Construction of dams and hydroelectric power plant began operation Sardasht" (in Persian). Shasa. 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse Project". SEPASAD Engineering Co. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Projects - Sardasht Dam and Powerhouse". SEPASAD Engineering Co. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Hydroelectric Project Activity" (in Persian). Farab Energy and Water. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "IWPC Tender". Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ StoneApr. 29, Richard (29 April 2021). "After revival, Iran's great salt lake faces new peril". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Braidwood & Howe 1960, pp. 12–13
- ^ Biglari & Shidrang 2006
- ^ Braidwood & Howe 1960, p. 61
- ^ Mohammadifar & Motarjem 2008
- ^ Solecki 1963
- ^ Hunt 2010
- ^ Braidwood & Howe 1960, p. 180
- ^ Zeder 1999, p. 22
- ^ Braidwood & Howe 1960, p. 183
- ^ Braidwood & Howe 1960, pp. 43–44
- ^ Mortensen 1970, p. 2
- ^ Al-Soof 1968
- ^ Nováček et al. 2008, p. 276
- ^ Villard 2001
- ^ Eidem 1985
- ^ Stein 1997
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 273
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 300
Bibliography
- Al-Soof, Abu (1968), "Distribution of Uruk, Jamdat Nasr and Ninevite V Pottery as Revealed by Field Survey Work in Iraq", Iraq, 30 (1): 74–86, JSTOR 4199840
- Al-Soof, Behnam Abu (1970), "Mounds in the Rania Plain and Excavations at Tell Bazmusian (1956)", Sumer, 26: 65–104, ISSN 0081-9271
- Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (2006), "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran", Near Eastern Archaeology, 69 (3–4): 160–168, JSTOR 25067668
- OCLC 624382576
- OCLC 395172
- Buringh, P. (1960), Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq, Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture, OCLC 630122693
- OCLC 397502
- Eidem, Jesper (1985), "News from the Eastern Front: The Evidence from Tell Shemshāra", Iraq, 47: 83–107, JSTOR 4200234
- Fink, A.K.; Ostrizhnov, I.D. (1983), "Dokan Hydroelectric Station in Iraq", Power Technology and Engineering, 17 (10): 519–522, ISSN 1570-1468
- Frenken, Karen (2009), Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey 2008, Water Reports, vol. 34, Rome: FAO, ISBN 978-92-5-106316-3
- Hunt, Will (2010), Arbil, Iraq Discovery Could be Earliest Evidence of Humans in the Near East, Heritage Key, retrieved 4 August 2010
- Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006a), "Volume I: Overview of Present Conditions and Current Use of the Water in the Marshlands Area/Book 1: Water resources", New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas, New Eden Group
- Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006b), "Annex III: Main Water Control Structures (Dams and Water Diversions) and Reservoirs", New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas, New Eden Group
- Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009), "The Hydrology, Evolution, and Hydrological Regime of the Mouth Area of the Shatt al-Arab River", Water Resources, 36 (4): 380–395, ISSN 0097-8078
- Kliot, Nurit (1994), Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, Milton Park: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09752-5
- Kolars, John (1994), "Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates", in Biswas, Asit K. (ed.), International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile, Oxford University Press, pp. 44–94, ISBN 978-0-19-854862-1
- Mohammadifar, Yaghoub; Motarjem, Abbass (2008), "Settlement Continuity in Kurdistan", Antiquity, 82 (317), ISSN 0003-598X
- Mortensen, Peder (1970), Tell Shimshara. The Hassuna period, Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, vol. 5, 2, Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab, OCLC 562453801
- Naval Intelligence Division (1944), Iraq and the Persian Gulf, Geographical Handbook Series, OCLC 1077604
- Nováček, Karel; Chabr, Tomáš; Filipský, David; Janiček, Libor; Pavelka, Karel; Šída, Petr; Trefný, Martin; Vařeka, Pavel (2008), "Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season", Památky Archeologické, 99: 259–302, ISSN 0031-0506
- Shahin, Mamdouh (2007), Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region, Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-5414-3
- PMID 17772076
- ISSN 1073-6697
- Stein, Diana L. (1997), "Nuzi", in Meyers, Eric M. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East, vol. 4, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171–175, ISBN 0-19-506512-3
- US Air Force Combat Climatology Center (2009), Climate of Iraq, NOAA, retrieved 4 August 2010
- ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2
- Villard, Pierre (2001), "Arbèles", in Joannès, Francis (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Mésopotamienne, Bouquins (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 68–69, ISBN 978-2-221-09207-1
- Zeder, Melinda A. (1999), "Animal Domestication in the Zagros: A Review of Past and Current Research", Paléorient, 25 (2): 11–25, ISSN 1957-701X