Lonicera maackii
Lonicera maackii | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Dipsacales |
Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
Genus: | Lonicera |
Species: | L. maackii
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Binomial name | |
Lonicera maackii (
Maxim. | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Lonicera maackii, the Amur honeysuckle, is a species of
Lonicera maackii is a listed endangered species in Japan.[3][4] It has escaped from cultivation and naturalized in New Zealand and the eastern United States; in the woodlands of the U.S. it is a significant invasive species.[5]
Description
The plant is a large,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LoniceraMaackii5.jpg/220px-LoniceraMaackii5.jpg)
The flowers are produced in pairs; they are 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) long, have two lips, begin white and later turn yellow or pale orange in color; they bloom from middle of spring to early summer. The fruit is a bright red to black, semi-translucent berry, 2–6 millimetres (5⁄64–15⁄64 in) in diameter, that contains numerous small seeds.
Etymology and authority
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LoniceraMackii4.jpg/220px-LoniceraMackii4.jpg)
The species name "maackii" is derived from
.- Some Internet sources name the species authority as "(Rupr.) Herder", but the correct authority is "(Rupr.) Maxim".[2]
Cultivation
Amur honeysuckle is cultivated as an
It grows rapidly and prefers shady habitats such as woodland understories, neglected urban areas, and fence rows. It can form very dense thickets.[7][8][11]
The flowers are sometimes savored by children, who remove blossoms and pull off their bottoms so as to suck out the sweet nectar in the centers. The berries, on the other hand, are mildly poisonous to humans and therefore should not be consumed.
Alternatives
Because of the invasive nature of this species, regardless of whether it is banned locally, it is imprudent to cultivate Amur honeysuckle in climates similar to those where the species has invaded, e.g. eastern North America.[9]
Possible alternative shrubs that are also fast growing, shade tolerant, and deciduous, but not invasive in eastern US include:[6]
More native shrubs for use the Midwestern United States are listed in the pamphlet Curse of the Bush Honeysuckles!.[12]
Phytochemistry
L. maackii produces various
Invasive nature and remedies
Birds and mammals consume and disperse seeds. Biotic transmission vectors include species:
It has been suggested that plants growing outside their native range, in eastern Asia, should be removed and replaced by non-invasive alternatives.[6]
Consequences
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lonicera_maackii_along_Huron_River_of_Michigan_02.jpg/390px-Lonicera_maackii_along_Huron_River_of_Michigan_02.jpg)
In the understories of deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States it forms dense thickets, the shade of whose canopies prevent the growth of native shrubs, juvenile trees, and wild flowers.[5][8][9][10][6] Uncontrolled, these growths result in almost monocultural thickets of Amur honeysuckle.[5][8][9][10][6] The species gravely jeopardizes not only the diversity of the invaded ecosystems but even the regeneration of woodlands,[5][8][9][10][6] because it reduces the growth and diversity of native seedlings.[17] Additional studies indicate that it negatively affects birds[18] and tadpoles.[19] However, other studies have shown a mixture of positive and negative effects on birds, depending on species (McNeish and McEwan, 2016).[20] Effects on invertebrate diversity can also be negative or positive, depending on the taxonomic group (Loomis and Cameron, 2014).[21]
Even if L. maackii shrubs are removed, the affected habitat may not recover absent substantial restoration effort.[22]
The relationship between white-tailed deer and L. maackii is complex, with deer playing a significant role in consuming the berries, dispersing the seeds, and browsing the foliage; the presence of L. maackii may prevent deer from browsing understory vegetation, which can be desirable if a native understory is present, but undesirable if other invasive species dominate the understory.
Control and eradication
The species is controlled by cutting, flaming, or burning the plant to the level of its roots and repetition of this in two-week increments until the nutrient reserves in the roots are depleted and unable to produce any new growths. To ensure eradication,
It can also be controlled by annual applications of glyphosate that thoroughly saturate the foliage, or by grubbing the shallowly rooted juvenile plants, but these two methods increase labor cost and disrupt the soil. Uprooting by hand or with tools can be effective for small individuals, though it becomes difficult or impractical for larger ones.[24]
This species has been found to be a host for the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella in North America.[25] In its native range, Lonicera maackii is a host plant for the following butterflies: Limenitis camilla, Limenitis helmanni, and Limenitis amphyssa.[26]
References
- ^ "The Plant List: A working list of all plant species". Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Lonicera maackii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ "Red List of Threatened Plants of Japan". Ministry of the Environment (Excel spreadsheet). Government of Japan.
- ^ "Lonicera maackii (with map)". Red Data Book (Japan) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 June 2011; "Google translation".
- ^ a b c d e f g "Amur honeysuckle" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Weed of the Week Fact Sheet. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
- ^ a b c d e f g h "L. maackii". Pocket Gardener. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007.
- ^ ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ a b c d e f "Lonicera maackii in Missouri". Missouriplants.
- ^ a b c d e f "Annotated bibliography of primary research on invasive qualities of L. maackii in the U.S.A." National Biological Information Infrastructure. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
- ^ a b c d e "L. maackii". Department of Horticulture. Plant Database. University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007.
- ^ "Lonicera species" (PDF). Invasive.org. Invasive weeds from Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006.
- ^ "Curse of the Bush Honeysuckles!" (PDF). mdc.mo.gov. Missouri Department of Conservation.
- doi:10.1086/526470.
- S2CID 10377923.
- .
- ^ "L. maackii". USDA Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
- S2CID 41965189.
- S2CID 85797805.
- S2CID 7347009.
- ^ S2CID 89223917.
- S2CID 18834906.
- S2CID 14654835.
- PMID 20937859.
- ^ "Shrub Honeysuckles". extension.psu.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- S2CID 90390095.
- ^ "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants - HOSTS - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
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