Lu Zhengxiang
Lu Zhengxiang | |
---|---|
Prime Minister of the Empire of China | |
In office 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 | |
Monarch | Hongxian Emperor |
Preceded by | Xu Shichang (as Premier of the Republic) |
Succeeded by | Xu Shichang (as Premier of the Republic) |
Personal details | |
Born | Shanghai, Jiangsu, Qing dynasty | 12 June 1871
Died | 15 January 1949 Bruges, Belgium | (aged 77)
Spouse | |
Occupation | Benedictine Monk |
Awards | Order of the Double Dragon Order of Leopold[2] |
Writing career | |
Nationality | Chinese |
Period | 20th century |
Genre | Memoirs, reflections |
Lu Zhengxiang | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Lù Zhēngxiāng |
Wade–Giles | Lu4 Cheng1-hsiang1 |
IPA | [lû ʈʂə́ŋɕjáŋ] |
Lu Zhengxiang
Biography
Lu was born on 12 June 1871 in
Diplomatic career
His early years were marked by the
Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs of China
At the proclamation of the
From 27 January 1915 to 17 May 1916 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a third time, in the
Paris Peace Conference
Lu personally headed the Chinese delegation to the
The Chinese delegation beg to express their deep disappointment at the settlement proposed by the Council of the Prime Ministers. They also feel certain that this disappointment will be shared in all its intensity by the Chinese nation. The proposed settlement appears to have been made without giving due regard to the consideration of right, justice and the national security of China – consideration which the Chinese delegation emphasized again and again in their hearings before the Council of the Prime Ministers against the proposed settlement, in the hope of having it revised, and if such revision cannot be had, they deem it their duty to make a reservation on the said clauses now.[9]
When it transpired that the Great Powers would not countenance a signature with express reservations against any article, Lu ultimately refused to sign at all. This made China the only participating country not to sign the Versailles Treaty.
Benedictine monk and priest in Belgium
From 1922 to 1927 Lu was China's envoy to the
. He was ordained a priest in 1935. During the Second World War he gave lectures about the Far East in which he propagandized for the Chinese war effort against Japan; German security agents noted the names of those attending but took no further action.In August 1946
Europe's strength is found not in her armaments, nor in her knowledge — it is found in her religion [...]. Observe the Christian faith. When you have grasped its heart and its strength, take them and give them to China.
His planned departure was postponed during the Chinese Civil War, and Dom Lu died in Bruges, Belgium on 15 January 1949.
Publications
His best known work, published in 1945, is an autobiography in French, Souvenirs et pensées, summarizing his diplomatic and political career and his subsequent religious vocation, in which Christianity appears as a completion of the
His other writings and published addresses include:
- La Vie et les oeuvres du grand chrétien chinois Paul Siu Koang-k’i. Lophem-lez-Bruges: Abbaye de Saint-André, 1934. (A study of Xu Guangqi.)
- Foreword to Auguste Haouisée and Paul Yu Pin, La Voix de l’église en Chine: 1931-1932, 1937-1938. Brussels: Éd. de la Cité chrétienne, 1938.
- Published in English as The Voice of the Church in China, 1931-32, 1937-38. London and New York: Longmans, Green and co., 1938.
- Conférence sur madame Elisabeth Leseur, with a foreword by Marie-L. Herking. n.p., 1943.(On Elisabeth Leseur.)
- Allocution de Dom Lou, abbaye de Saint-André le samedi 10 août 1946 fête de Saint Laurent. n.p., 1946.
- Lettre à mes amis de Grande-Bretagne et d’Amérique. Bruges: Abbaye de Saint-André, 1948.
- La rencontre des humanités et la découverte de l’Evangile. Bruges: Desclée De Brouwer, 1949.
In the 1999 film My 1919 he is portrayed by Xiu Zongdi.[11]
Notes
- ^ Chinese: 陸徵祥; pinyin: Lù Zhēngxiáng; Wade–Giles: Lu4 Chêng1-hsiang2; he sometimes used the French name René Lou in earlier life
References
- ^ "北洋政府外長簽"二十一條"後的下場" [The foreign minister of the Beiyang government signed the "Twenty-one"]. Sing Tao Global Network (in Chinese). 15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ RD of 04.05.1914
- ^ Lu, Zhengxiang (1945). Souvenirs et pensées (in French). Bruges: Abbaye de Saint-André.
- ^ Rottach, Edmond (1914). La Chine en Révolution (in French). Paris: Perin et Cie. pp. 237–239.
- JSTOR 2186972. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- JSTOR i312394.
- ^ Announced on 2 December. See "The New Chinese Cabinet". The New York Times. 3 December 1917.
- ^ "China: Ministries 1912-1928". Rulers.org. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Why China Refused to Sign the Peace Treaty". The Wason Pamphlet Collection, Cornell University. New York: Chinese Patriotic Committee. 1919. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Monden, L. (1947). "Dom Pierre Célestin Lou Tseng-Tsiang, 'Mijn roeping. Herinneringen en gedachten.'". Streven (in Dutch). Vol. 14, no. 6. pp. 561–562. Retrieved 19 December 2018 – via Digital Library for Dutch Literature.
- ^ "My 1919 (1999) Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Additional sources
- ISBN 978-0-52094-874-7.
- Keegan, Nicholas M. (1999). "From Chancery to Cloister: the Chinese Diplomat who became a Benedictine Monk". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 10 (1): 172–185. .
External links
- Hansen, Harry (28 June 1919). "The Versailles Signing Ceremony". Chicago Daily News – via firstworldwar.com.
- "Lu Zhengxiang". Rulers.org.
- "Lou Tseng-Tsiang as titular abbot of St Peter's". Geneanet. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- Pierre-Célestin, Dom (Tseng-Tsiang, Lou) (2018). Ways of Confucius and of Christ. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-326-07434-0.)
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