Marietta, Ohio
Marietta, Ohio | ||
---|---|---|
FIPS code 39-47628[5] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1087138[4] | |
Website | http://www.mariettaoh.net/ |
Marietta is a city in, and the
Founded in 1788 by pioneers to the Ohio Country, Marietta was the first permanent U.S. settlement in the newly established Northwest Territory, created in 1787, and what would later become the state of Ohio. It is named for Marie Antoinette, then Queen of France, in honor of French aid in the American Revolution.[6] The area was inhabited by various native tribes of the Hopewell tradition, who built the Marietta Earthworks, a complex more than 1,500 years old, whose Great Mound and other major monuments were preserved by the earliest settlers in parks such as Mound Cemetery. Since 1835 the city has been home to Marietta College, a private, nonsectarian liberal arts school with approximately 1,200 students. Leading up to the American Civil War, the city was a station on the Underground Railroad.
History
Prehistoric
Succeeding Indigenous cultures lived along the Ohio River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Among them were more than one culture who built earthwork mounds, monuments which generally expressed their cosmology, often with links to astronomical events.[7]
Between 100 BC and AD 500, the
Settlement
French explorers entered this area in the 18th century, and in 1749 buried numerous leaden plates to mark their claim to the Ohio Country (which they called the Illinois Territory, as they had more settlements near the Mississippi River.) They later ceded their territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain after the French and Indian War. Two of their plates were discovered in the Marietta area in 1798, and one was replicated for what is known as the French monument, erected in the 20th century (see photo).
In 1770, the future
After the
After the war, the newly formed United States had little cash but plenty of land. Eager to develop additional lands, the new government decided to pay veterans of the Revolution with warrants for land in the Northwest Territory, which was organized under federal authority in 1787 by the Northwest Ordinance. Competing states had agreed to end their claims to the lands; Pennsylvania and Virginia received some lands in a settlement. Arthur St. Clair was appointed by the president as governor of the new territory. He was inaugurated on a site now marked by the Start Westward Memorial.
The
Bringing with them the first government sanctioned by the US for this area,
The settlers immediately started construction of two forts: Campus Martius, whose former site is now occupied by the museum of the same name, and Picketed Point Stockade, at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers. At the same time, the settlers started developing their community, platted according to plans they had made in Boston.
In 1788, George Washington said:
No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. ... If I was a young man, just preparing to begin the world, or if advanced in life and had a family to make provision for, I know of no country where I should rather fix my habitation....[19]
The families of the settlers began arriving within a few months. By the end of 1788, 137 people populated the area.
In 1789, the United States signed the
The settlers held services regularly and chartered the first church in 1799.
Education was important to the settlers, many of whom had been officers during the Revolution. During that first winter, they began a basic school for the children at Campus Martius. In 1797, settlers founded Muskingum Academy. The town had numerous abolitionists, and Ephraim Cutler was instrumental as a state delegate in 1802 at the state convention in swaying the vote for the state to be free of slavery.[22]
19th century
Townspeople organized and chartered
, on land reserved for public education under the Northwest Ordinance.The settlers preserved the Great Mound, or Conus, by planning their own cemetery around it. They also preserved the two largest platform mounds, which they called Capitolinus and Quadrophenus. The former was developed as the site for the city library.[8] As of 1900, the Mound Cemetery had the highest number of burials of Revolutionary War officers in the nation, indicating the nature of the generation that settled Marietta.[23]
Marietta's location on two major navigable rivers made it ideal for
Interest in the prehistoric culture that built the Marietta Earthworks continued. The complex was surveyed and drawn by
Railroads and oil
Local development began with the
In 1871, the Ohio Valley Railroad was formed and for the next two years built tracks going north for 103 miles. Their home office was in Marietta, with treasurer offices in Pittsburgh. The Ohio Valley railroad was reorganized as the Marietta and Cleveland. The Pennsylvania Railroad in its expansion later purchased the railroad and its right-of-way between Marietta and Bellaire.[citation needed]
Passengers traveling between Marietta and Parkersburg, Virginia (now West Virginia) had to take a steamboat for the 14 miles between the two towns and transfer. With help from the B&O and the Baltimore City Council, the Union Railroad finally connected Marietta to Belpre, Ohio in 1860. Later absorbed by the B&O, this section of track is still in operation (2008), with unit coal trains providing most of the traffic.[citation needed]
The planned
William P. Cutler was a major figure in the M&C. He also backed the Union Railroad and the Marietta, Columbus and Cleveland Railroad, among other local railroads. Cutler served as General Manager and as President of the M&C for many years.[citation needed]
In 1860, oil was first drilled in the Marietta region. Oil booms in 1875 and 1910 made investors rich, who constructed numerous lavish houses in town, of which many still stand.
In 1880, the first Putnam Street Bridge was opened to connect Marietta to Fort Harmar. It provided the first free crossing of the Muskingum River.[citation needed]
20th century
As transportation advanced along railroads and highways, Marietta was initially passed by. From 1868 to 1870, the
But the
Before the United States entered World War I, a group of 23 young men went from Marietta College to serve in France in 1917 as an ambulance unit; four died in battle. In 1937–1938, during the US celebration of the Northwest Territory, France gave a plaque to the city of Marietta, which was installed on the French monument, to commemorate these young men and their service. In 1939, the Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen was established in Marietta during the Great Depression to celebrate the city's substantial river history and its people. Two years later the Ohio River Museum was opened. In 1972, the museum campus was totally redesigned.[citation needed]
The 2016 Ohio State of the State address was held at People's Bank Theater on April 6. The speech was given by governor John Kasich.[26]
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.75 square miles (22.66 km2), of which 8.43 square miles (21.83 km2) is land and 0.32 square miles (0.83 km2) is water.[27]
The Muskingum River and Duck Creek flow into the Ohio River at Marietta. The area is part of the Appalachian Plateau which covers the eastern half of Ohio. The Appalachian Plateau consists of steep hills and valleys and is the most rugged area in the state. The area is within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[28] This portion of the state has some of Ohio's most abundant mineral deposits.[29]
Marietta was affected by the Great Flood of 1913.[30]
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by humid summers, cold winters, and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year that can not be accurately predicted because of the amount of water in the Ohio Valley. According to the
Climate data for Marietta, Ohio (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
91 (33) |
93 (34) |
100 (38) |
103 (39) |
100 (38) |
97 (36) |
93 (34) |
81 (27) |
78 (26) |
103 (39) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.5 (4.2) |
42.9 (6.1) |
52.8 (11.6) |
65.6 (18.7) |
74.5 (23.6) |
81.8 (27.7) |
85.3 (29.6) |
84.6 (29.2) |
78.7 (25.9) |
66.6 (19.2) |
54.0 (12.2) |
43.7 (6.5) |
64.2 (17.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.1 (−0.5) |
33.5 (0.8) |
41.9 (5.5) |
53.2 (11.8) |
63.2 (17.3) |
71.4 (21.9) |
75.3 (24.1) |
74.0 (23.3) |
67.4 (19.7) |
55.2 (12.9) |
43.9 (6.6) |
35.9 (2.2) |
53.8 (12.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 22.7 (−5.2) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
40.8 (4.9) |
51.9 (11.1) |
60.9 (16.1) |
65.3 (18.5) |
63.4 (17.4) |
56.1 (13.4) |
43.8 (6.6) |
33.8 (1.0) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
Record low °F (°C) | −23 (−31) |
−10 (−23) |
−2 (−19) |
19 (−7) |
26 (−3) |
37 (3) |
44 (7) |
38 (3) |
33 (1) |
20 (−7) |
10 (−12) |
−11 (−24) |
−23 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.49 (89) |
3.14 (80) |
3.98 (101) |
3.98 (101) |
4.35 (110) |
4.87 (124) |
4.79 (122) |
3.60 (91) |
3.39 (86) |
3.16 (80) |
2.91 (74) |
3.61 (92) |
45.27 (1,150) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 7.2 (18) |
4.0 (10) |
2.7 (6.9) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
2.1 (5.3) |
16.3 (41) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 15.0 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 11.0 | 11.6 | 14.0 | 151.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.0 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 11.6 |
Source: |
Environmental issues
Eramet has released thousands of pounds of manganese and other hazardous air pollutants into the air.[34][35]
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1800 | 321 | — | |
1810 | 463 | 44.2% | |
1820 | 746 | 61.1% | |
1830 | 1,207 | 61.8% | |
1840 | 1,814 | 50.3% | |
1850 | 3,175 | 75.0% | |
1860 | 4,323 | 36.2% | |
1870 | 5,218 | 20.7% | |
1880 | 5,444 | 4.3% | |
1890 | 8,273 | 52.0% | |
1900 | 13,348 | 61.3% | |
1910 | 12,923 | −3.2% | |
1920 | 15,140 | 17.2% | |
1930 | 14,285 | −5.6% | |
1940 | 14,543 | 1.8% | |
1950 | 16,006 | 10.1% | |
1960 | 16,847 | 5.3% | |
1970 | 16,861 | 0.1% | |
1980 | 16,467 | −2.3% | |
1990 | 15,026 | −8.8% | |
2000 | 14,515 | −3.4% | |
2010 | 14,085 | −3.0% | |
2020 | 13,385 | −5.0% | |
Sources:[36][5][37][38] |
2010 census
As of the
There were 5,828 households, of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.9% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.80.
The median age in the city was 39 years. 18.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 16% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 18.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.
Economy
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017) |
Sewah Studios, a producer of historical markers, was founded in Marietta in 1927.[40] The company produced the United States' first aluminum historical markers,[41] and currently produces about 1,200 markers per year for historical societies across the country.[42]
Marietta is home of the longest-running ferromanganese refinery in North America, Eramet Marietta Industries Inc., the only ferromanganese refinery in the United States until recently[when?], and leader in Manganese emissions.[35]
Arts and culture
The annual Ohio River Sternwheel Festival was founded in 1976,[43] and features Sternwheeler ships gathering on the Ohio River in Marietta. The event attracts an estimated 100,000 attendees per year.[44] Other boating events include the Riverfront Roar powerboat races, the Ralph Lindamood Memorial Regatta, the Marietta Invitational Regatta, and the "Head of the Muskingum".
A Marietta Civil War Reenactment is held annually, and features Union and Confederate reenactors battling across the Muskingum River. Goodfest is a music festival held at Goodfellows Park.
In 2023, Marietta installed a gallery of public murals by local artists, which reflected Marietta's history.[45]
Library
Marietta has a public library, a branch of the Washington County Public Library.[46]
Government
Local government
Marietta uses the
City Council of Marietta, Ohio (2020–2024 term) | ||
---|---|---|
Council President | Susan Vessels | Republican |
At-Large | Susan Boyer | |
At-Large | Bill Farnsworth | |
At-Large | Cassidi Shoaf | |
First Ward | Michael Scales | |
Second Ward | Michael M. McCauley | |
Third Ward | Bill Gossett | |
Fourth Ward | Geoff Schenkel |
Marietta politics feature a number of citizens groups that influence policy and public opinion. Such groups as Citizens for Responsible Government, the Citizen's Armory Preservation Society, and Neighbors for Clean Air work to improve the public process and exercise significant influence over the government of the city.
State and federal government
Marietta is represented by Republican Jay Edwards (District 94)[47] and Republican Don Jones in the Ohio House of Representatives, and by Republican Frank Hoagland (District 30) in the Ohio Senate.[48]
Marietta falls within Ohio's 6th congressional district; the office currently sits vacant since Republican Bill Johnson resigned from the House of Representatives on Jan. 21, 2024 in favor of becoming president of Youngstown State University
Education
As of 2021, the Marietta City School District operates three elementary schools (two preK-2nd and one 3rd-6th), and one building that houses a middle/high school, Marietta High School.[49] Phillips Elementary and Washington Elementary house the preK-2nd grades. The elementary school that houses 3rd-6th grades is located in the building that was previously the middle school.
Marietta College and Washington State Community College are both located in Marietta.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Highways
Five state routes run through Marietta. These are: Ohio State Route 7, Ohio State Route 60, Ohio State Route 26, Ohio State Route 550, and Ohio State Route 676.
Air
Marietta is served by Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport in Williamstown, West Virginia, which has three flights a day Monday through Friday from Charlotte Douglas International Airport.
Bike path
Marietta's River Trail bike path is a two lane, paved trail that spans over four miles. While built for cycling, it is heavily used by pedestrians as well. The trail runs along the Ohio and Muskingum rivers and connects various points of interest throughout Marietta, including downtown and multiple parks.
Notable people
Notable people on the List of early settlers of Marietta, Ohio include: Arthur St. Clair, Major General and Patriot in the revolutionary war, 9th President of the Continental Congress, he was the first governor of the Northwest Territory; Gen. Rufus Putnam, Gen. Benjamin Tupper, Gen. James Varnum, Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons, Commodore Abraham Whipple, Col. William Stacy, and Griffin Greene.[16][17][18][50]
Other notable people include:
- Seventeenth United States Congress[51]
- United States Senator[52]
- Mary Bird Lake, the town's first Sunday school teacher.
- Hobart Bosworth, movie actor, director, writer and producer.
- Governor of Ohio, Member of the Ohio House of Representatives[53]
- Clem S. Clarke, oilman and Republican politician from Shreveport, Louisiana; born in Marietta in 1897[54]
- William Cutler, Member of the Ohio House of Representatives[55]
- Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States
- Rufus Dawes, Union Brigadier General who commanded troops as part of Wisconsin's Iron Brigade at Gettysburg.[56] Later served as a member of the United States House of Representatives.
- Larry Dickson, auto racer
- Charles H. Elston, member of the United States House of Representatives[57]
- Althea Flynt, pornographic model, and wife of magazine magnate, Larry Flynt
- Marion Havighurst, poet, novelist, and children's author
- Samuel Prescott Hildreth, pioneer physician, scientist, and historian
- Nancy Hollister, 66th Governor of Ohio, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, member of the Ohio House of Representatives[58]
- Perley Brown Johnson, Member of the Ohio House of Representatives[59]
- Governor of Kansas, 1936 Republican Presidential Candidate[60]
- Francis B. Loomis, 25th United States Assistant Secretary of State
- Return Jonathan Meigs Jr., 4th Governor of Ohio and 5th United States Postmaster General[61]
- Vinnie Mele (born 1977), singer, actor, composer, and instrumentalist[62]
- Robert Oliver (soldier) (1738–1810), American Revolutionary War lieutenant colonel and politician
- Ohio Supreme Court, Attorney General of the State of Ohio[63]
- Harrison Gray Otis, Los Angeles Times
- Greg Pryor, former Major League Baseball infielder
- Eliza M. Chandler White (1831–1907), charity work leader and clubwoman
- Governor of Ohio[64]
- William A. Whittlesey, former US Congressman
- Warner Wing, Michigan jurist and legislator[65]
- major league baseball player and manager[66]
Sister cities
See also
- List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
- List of mayors of Marietta, Ohio
- Washington State Community College
- Marietta College
References
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "Marietta, Ohio". Ohio Central History. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marietta, Ohio
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Marietta, Ohio - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ Hissem, L. V. (November 24, 2023). "Native American history of the MOV: Pre-colonization". WTAP. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Marietta Earthworks", Ohio History Central, accessed August 20, 2012
- ^ J. A. Caldwell: History of Belmont and Jefferson Counties, Ohio, Historical Publishing Co., Wheeling, W.Va., 1880, p. 605, reprinted 1983.
- ^ Julie Minot Overton, with Kay Ballantyne Hudson and Sunda Anderson Peters, eds.: Ohio Towns and Townships to 1900: A Location Guide, The Ohio Genealogical Society, Mansfield, Ohio: Penobscot Press, 2000, p. 59.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.
- ^ "Lewiston Evening Journal - Google News Archive Search".
- ^ a b c Lois Kimball Mathews, The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865, page 175
- ^ Dickinson, Rev. CE. A History of the First Congregational Church of Marietta. self-publ., 1896. 9–30
- ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.
- ^ a b Hildreth, S. P.: Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1848)
- ^ a b Hulbert, Archer Butler: The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volume I, Marietta Historical Commission, Marietta, Ohio (1917).
- ^ a b Hulbert, Archer Butler: The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volume II, Marietta Historical Commission, Marietta, Ohio (1917). Note:
- ^ Sparks, Jared: The Writings of George Washington, Vol. IX, Harper and Brothers, New York (1847) p. 385.
- ^ Murray, Charles Augustus (1845). Praire-bird. p. 3.
- ^ "History of the First Congregational Church of Marietta, Ohio". mariettafirstchurch.org. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
- ^ a b Robert C. Yeager, "A Historic River Town Where the West Began", New York Times, November 6, 2009, accessed August 22, 2012
- ^ Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR): American Monthly, Vol. 16, Jan–Jun 1900, New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1900, p. 329
- ^ Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Parkersburg Bridge, Ohio River, Parkersburg, Wood County, WV, Historic American Engineering Record, accessed August 22, 2012
- ^ Yeager, Robert C. (November 6, 2009). "A Historic River Town Where the West Began". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Schreckinger, Ben (April 7, 2016). "Kasich team says he can win New York". POLITICO. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ "Level III Ecoregions of Ohio". National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
- ^ "Ohio Geography from NETSTATE".
- ^ "Marietta Following the 1913 Flood Photographs". Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ Climate Summary for Marietta, Ohio
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ "Station: Marietta WWTP, OH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Economic Impact Analysis (EIA) for the Manganese Ferroalloys RTR. EPA 2015, 68pp
- ^ PMID 19879291.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". Retrieved December 8, 2021.
- ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ "America's Finest". Sewah Studios. Accessed April 17, 2023.
- ^ Aquino, Lyric. "The Historical Markers of Marietta’s Sewah Studios." Ohio Magazine. Published December 2018. Accessed April 15, 2023.
- ^ Prater, Tonya. "Made in Marietta: Bite-size History at Sewah Studios." Travel Inspired Living. Published September 7, 2016. Accessed April 15, 2023.
- ^ "History". Ohio River Sternwheel Festival. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ "47th Ohio River Sternwheel Festival". Washington County CVB. March 16, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
- ^ "Marietta Main Street Public Art Committee Installs Post Street Mural Gallery". Marietta Main Street. August 18, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ "Hours & Locations". Washington County Public Library. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ^ "Representative Jay Edwards - District 94".
- ^ "Senator Frank Hoagland | Ohio Senate".
- ^ "Schools". Marietta City Schools. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
- ^ Summers, Thomas J.: History of Marietta, The Leader Publishing Co., Marietta, Ohio (1903).
- ^ "BARBER, Levi, (1777–1833)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "BARTLETT, Dewey Follett, (1919–1979)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Ohio Governor John Brough". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- OCLC 122308295.
- ^ "CUTLER, William Parker, (1812–1889)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Rufus Dawes at the Epicenter". American Battlefield Trust. April 15, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
- ^ "ELSTON, Charles Henry, (1891–1980)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Ohio Governor Nancy P. Hollister". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Biography of Perley Brown Johnson". Retrieved March 18, 2008.
- ^ "Kansas Governor Alfred Mossman Landon". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Ohio Governor Return Jonathan Meigs Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Vinnie Mele and the Lubricators". ReverbNation. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
- ^ "Ohio Governor Crane William O'Neill". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Ohio Governor George White". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ 'History of Monroe County, Michigan,' volume I, John McClelland Bulkley, Lewis Publishing Company: 1913, Biographical Sketch of Warner Wing, pg. 259
- ISBN 0-02-578970-8.
- ^ "Katrina: Marietta's sister city". August 28, 2010.