Mark II of Constantinople
Mark II of Constantinople | |
---|---|
Symeon I[1] | |
Personal details | |
Born | unknown |
Died | after 1467 |
Mark II Xylokaravis (
Archbishop of Ohrid
, a post he held until his death.
Life
Concerning the early life of Mark our main source is a document of the
Senate of Venice dated 26 June 1466, which orders the Venetian government in Crete to prevent Mark and his father in case they tried to seek refuge on the island. From this document scholars, such as Laurent,[2] deduce that in June 1466 Mark was actually Patriarch, that he and his family had previously been in Crete and that they opposed the East-West Union of Churches established in the Council of Florence and supported by the Republic of Venice
.
Mark became
Sultan Demetrios Kyritzes.[2] On the other hand, it is known that some bishops refused to commemorate him during the Divine Liturgy, as a sign that they did not recognize him as patriarch, probably accusing him of simony
.
Mark clashed mainly with the faction composed of the nobles of the former
Symeon of Trebizond.[4] Symeon was successful in obtaining the throne, giving 2000 pieces of gold as a present to the Ottoman government, thus beginning a simoniac practice that marked the history of the Patriarchate of Constantinople for the following centuries.[4] According to Laurent however,[2]
who places the patriarchate of Mark after the one of Symeon, it was Mark that bought the patriarchal office paying 2000 pieces of gold.
Whichever the cause, Mark was deposed in humiliation from the throne,Archbishopric of Ohrid was at the time the semi-autonomous main religious center of the Ottoman Bulgaria. The date of death of Mark is not known.
Disputed chronology
There is no consensus among scholars concerning the chronology of Mark II's reign.
Many scholars, such as Kiminas (2009),Symeon I, even if with some slightly different suggestions about the precise dates of the reign, however generally in the range from 1465 to 1467.
Laurent (1968),Dionysius I at end 1471.
Notes
- ^ a b c Chronology according to Kiminas (2009). For other proposals see section Disputed Chronology.
- ^ .(in French)
- ^ ISBN 954-430-345-6.)(in Bulgarian)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.
- ^ a b "Mark II". Ecumenical Patriarchate. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
- ^ Grumel, Venance (1958). Traité d'études byzantines, vol. I: La chronologie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. p. 437.(in French)
- ^ Σάρδεων Γερμανός (1933–38). "Συµβολή εις τους πατριαρχικούς καταλόγους Κωνσταντινουπόλεως από της αλώσεως και εξής". Ορθοδοξία (8–13).(in Greek)
- ISBN 978-3-406-32302-7.(in German)
Sources
- Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
- Laurent, Vitalien (1968). "Les premiers patriarches de Constantinople sous la domination turque (1454-1476): Succession et chronologie d'après un catalogue inédit". Revue des études byzantines. 26: 229–263. .
- ISBN 9780521313100.