Migration studies
Migration studies is the
Origin and development of migration studies
Migration studies did not develop along a uni-linear path and it has developed with significantly different trajectories in different academic cultures and traditions. Migration studies does not exist as a self-contained discipline and instead finds its heritage in a variety of places. Developments in the
Key topics in migration studies
Migration histories
Archaeological studies frequently focus on early human migration flows, the spread of civilisation and the development of trade routes and settlements by early humans. The debate over
Literature and the arts
One branch of research in migration studies involves the consideration of how migration, settlement, and diaspora interact with literature and the arts. For example, in a 2017 paper Dr Michelle Keown discussed how US military imperialism and Marshallese migration affected the poetry of
Urbanism
Scholars of migration in the context of
Economics
The
Demography
Studies of migration demography take a statistical approach to the size, structure, and distribution of migrant populations. One can research migrant communities either in isolation or as part of a broader population. Demographic studies of migration often consider issues such as migrant health, welfare, employment, and education in relation to the non-migrant population of a given society.
Public attitudes
Migration scholars investigate migrant reception through surveying and studying how host populations understand and respond to immigration. This might include feelings concerning refugee reception and support, considerations of multiculturalism and integration, and attitudes towards government policies. Frequently, scholars investigate how non-migrant publics consider migrants, this has resulted in a relative lack of scholarship which considers the opposite dynamic.[citation needed]
Critical border studies
Immigration law
Immigration law necessarily affects many subsections of migration studies and it is consequently a point of interest for a wide range of migration scholars. One can approach the subject of immigration law through sub-national, national, and international frameworks. The study of immigration law frequently intersects with discussions of human rights.
Migrant il/legality and "crimmigration"
In common with approaches found in critical border studies, many scholars consider how systems which govern migration construct illegality and thereby
Displacement
Forced migration
Refugee studies
Scholars focusing on refugee studies typically consider the experiences of people affected by transnational forced-migration processes. The definition of a refugee varies considerably within the refugee-studies community, with some insisting on the strict definitions of 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and others relying on more fluid or amorphous definitions.
Refugee studies represent a distinct overarching group within migration studies as it differs significantly from the topics which are central to more voluntary phenomena such as labour-market migration. The concept of refugees as weapons is analyzed as a forced experience of a mass exodus of refugees from a state to a hostile state as a "weapon."
Internal displacement
Internally displaced persons have been compelled to move from their origin but have not crossed national boundaries. This means that they do not meet the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees definition of a refugee, even though they may have similar experiences, and though the conditions which led to their displacement may closely resemble those which provoke refugee movements. Studies on internal displacement frequently focus on the complications raised by the fact that such migrants are not supported by the same international frameworks which can provide for refugees and other transnational migrants.
Climate change and environmental factors
Scholars increasingly study how
Gender and sexuality
Gender
Scholars focusing on gender consider how gender structures migrant experience, the treatment and reception of migrants, and how migration interacts with the performance of gender. Contemporary treatments of migration and gender tend to take an intersectional approach where gender is part of a dynamic set of identities including class, race, age, and health.[21] Studies which consider gendered experiences of migration look at topics such as gender-based violence against migrant populations, gendered differences in asylum and detention processes, and how family dynamics are affected by migration processes.
Queer migration
Scholars influenced by approaches from the growing field of
Humanitarianism
A recent trend in migration studies scholarship has been to critically evaluate how humanitarian actors interact with immigrants, particularly in the context of conflict environments, disaster relief, and crises. The refugee camp has become a significant point of interest for scholars working on the intersection of migration and humanitarianism, especially in relation to biopower.[23] Recently, there have been increased efforts to critically engage with how humanitarian actors deliver aid and the ethics of humanitarianism in the context of migration.[24] This criticism of humanitarian actors has led to discussions of the links between carceral systems and humanitarianism.
Epidemiology
In epidemiology, an "immigration study" is a method of understanding the relative importance of inherited genetics and environmental factor in medical conditions whose incidence varies around the world. It examines the incidence of conditions in populations who have moved (or whose recent ancestors have moved) between places at different rates. Often the immigrant population can be shown to have similar rates to the population of the new location, suggesting that environmental factors such as diet, obesity and exercise are the dominant determinants.[25]
Assimilation
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The ethics of researching migration
Research on human migration may be used to enforce or inform the strategies of national governments and law enforcement bodies. For instance, studying how undocumented immigrants access healthcare may enable a government to clamp down on these practices, or critical studies of clandestine migration may inform border securitisation policies which might restrict those same migration flows. Furthermore, migrants frequently represent vulnerable or marginalised subjects and scholarly research into migrant groups might compound or worsen conditions for these groups. The ethics of how to navigate the tensions and questions raised by carrying out research on migration, and the consequences of investigating sensitive topics within migration studies, are becoming an increasingly discussed topic.[26] This is part of a broader development of greater reflexivity regarding research ethics in the social sciences.
Teaching
Migration studies is a relatively new specialism, consequently many universities and colleges have yet to develop degree programmes which formally address the topic.[27] Whilst migration studies rarely exist as an available major for undergraduate study, Master's degrees which focus on migration and international movement are increasingly available. However, the availability of this focus varies greatly by region and academic culture. At present, most teaching of migration studies as a distinct topic is focused in European universities.[28]
Europe
In Europe, the
Africa
Few African universities offer an explicit focus on migration studies, however programmes are available in
North America
United States
Universities and colleges in the United States have been slow to develop degree programmes which explicitly focus on migration studies and have lagged behind European institutions in this regard.
Canada
In Canada, Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) has developed a graduate programme in Immigration and Settlement studies whereas Carleton University offers an undergraduate degree in Migration and Diaspora Studies.[50][51] Similarly to the situation in the United States, Canadian universities frequently address the study of migration as a topic within other disciplines rather than as a field in its own right. Thus, whilst there may be few programmes which explicitly address migration in their titles, there is still a broad range on research and teaching on the topic through other avenues.
South and Central America
Few universities in South and Central America offer named programmes in migration studies. In Mexico, Universidad Iberoamericana co-delivers a Master's programme with the University of San Francisco through an optional exchange semester.[52]
Asia
Tel Aviv University offers a terminal master's degree in Global Migration & Policy.[53] Central University of Gujarat offers a Master's and PhD in Diaspora studies.[54] In the Philippines, Miriam College offers an MA in migration studies.[55] In Nepal, migration is included in the graduate programmes in population studies at Tribhuvan University. Similarly, in Sri Lanka at the University of Colombo the graduate programs in demography give significant attention to the study of migration.[56] National University of Singapore has a migration studies research cluster located in its Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, however, does not offer a degree programme on this topic.[57] Similarly, the Chinese University of Hong Kong hosts a research centre on migration and mobility but does not operate a degree programme.[58] In Russia, no university offers a degree in migration studies, however, the Higher School of Economics organises a regular seminar on migration studies through its Institute for Social Policy.[59]
Antipodes
Australia
The
New Zealand
Research activity, publications, and outreach
Journals
As a rapidly growing field of study, there are numerous journals dedicated to migration studies. The following titles explicitly focus on migration studies, most are peer-reviewed.[67]
- The Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, is based at the University of Sussex.[68][failed verification]
- Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture is published by Intellect[69]
- Citizenship Studies is published by Taylor & Francis.[70]
- Forced Migration Review is based at Oxford University.[71]
- International Journal of Migration and Border Studies[72]
- Migration Studies, is published by Oxford University Press. The first issue was released in March 2013.[73]
- (Re)pensir L'exil[74]
- Transit addresses migration in the German speaking world.[75]
- Nordic Journal of Migration Research gives priority to migration in a Nordic context.[76]
- Mobilities addresses movements of peoples, objects, capital and information at both a large and small scale.[77]
- Refugee Survey Quarterly takes a policy-oriented approach to forced migration issues.[78]
- Global Networks addresses social scientific understandings of globalization and transnationalism.[79]
- "Journal of Migration Affairs" is bi-annual, online, peer-reviewed journal brought out by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India.[80]
- "International Migration" is a peer-reviewed journal, covering the field of policy relevance in international migration. [81]Research focusing on migration cycle’ from origin, transit, host, destination, and return and reintegration are relevant to the journal.
Conferences
- IMISCOE is a large European research network which focuses on migration and integration issues. It hosts yearly conferences alongside smaller events throughout the year.[82]
Research Centres
- The Centre for Advanced Migration Studies is based at The University of Copenhagen.[83]
- The Edinburgh Centre For Global History is based at The University of Edinburgh and has a Migration, Slavery, and Diaspora Studies hub.[84]
- The Global Refugee Studies Research Group is based at The University of Aalborg.[85]
- The Yale Center for the Study of Race, Indigeneity, and Transnational Migration is based at Yale University.[86]
- The Research Environment Migration, Ethnicity and Society (REMESO) is based at Linköping University.[87]
- The Migration Observatory and 'COMPAS' are based at Oxford University.[88]
- The African Centre for Migration & Society is based at the University of Witwatersand.[89]
- The Sydney Asia-Pacific Migration Centre is based at the University of Sydney and focuses on the Asia-Pacific region.[90]
- The Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare is based at Malmö University.[91]
- The Migration Research Unit is based in University College London's Geography department.[92]
- The Centre for Migration and Diaspora Studies is based at The School of Oriental and African Studies :University of London.[93]
- The Migration Research Unit is based at the London School of Economics.[94]
- The Global Migration Centre is based at The University of Geneva's Graduate Institute.[95]
- The Asian Research Center for Migration is based at Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.[96]
- The Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit is based at University of Dhaka in Bangladesh.[97]
- The Forced Migration Research Network is based at University of New South Wales.[98]
- The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies is based at the University of California San Diego
- The Center for the Study of International MigrationUniversity of California Los Angeles
Think Tanks
The following think tanks address issues which overlap with migration studies.
- Migration Policy Institute is based in Washington, D.C. and addresses issues related to migration in North America.
- Center for Immigration Studies is an anti-immigration think tank based in Washington, D.C.
- Latin American immigration to the United States.[100]
- Catholic social teaching to the topic of migration and borders.[101]
Notable Academics
- Graeme Hugo (1946 – 2015), an Australian demographer and geographer. Professor of geography at University of Adelaide.
- Graduate Center, CUNY. Known for landmark work on cultural assimilation.
- Nancy Foner is an American sociologist at Hunter College, CUNY. She has served as Chair of the International Migration Section of the American Sociological Association.
- Douglas Massey (b.1952) is an American sociologist at Princeton University who has written extensively on international immigration.
- Hein de Haas is a Dutch sociologist and Professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. His research concentrates on the relationship between migration and social transformation and development in origin and destination countries.
- Guillermina Jasso is an American sociologist at New York University who has primarily focused on international migration to the United States.
- Mae Ngai is an American historian and Lung Family Professor of Asian American Studies and Professor of History at Columbia University. Impossible Subjects is her landmark study on undocumented migration in the United States.
- Roger WaldingerUniversity of California Los Angeles, and the founding director of UCLA's Center for the Study of International Migration.[103]His research focuses on the causes and consequences of population movements across borders.
- Peo Hansen[104] is a political scientist from Sweden and Professor of Political Science at Linköping University whose research focuses on the significance of colonialism and decolonization for the historical development of European integration.
- Emma Briant (b.1979) is a British sociologist and Propaganda Studies scholar who co-authored the book Bad News for Refugees with the Glasgow Media Group and has researched false narratives on migration.[105] She was centrally involved in revealing the role of Cambridge Analytica in the Donald Trump and Brexit campaigns in 2018.[106]
- Ricard Zapata-Barrero (b. 1965) is a Spanish scholar of migration studies, specializing in migration governance, citizenship, and diversity. He is a professor at the Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and the director of the GRITIM-UPF Interdisciplinary Research Group on Immigration at Universitat Pompeu Fabra.[107]
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