Mile
mile | |
---|---|
US customary | |
Unit of | length |
Symbol | mi. or mi, (rarely) m |
Conversions | |
1 mi. or mi in ... | ... is equal to ... |
US units | |
US survey mile | 0.999998 survey mile |
nautical units | 0.86898 nmi |
The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a
With qualifiers, mile is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman mile (roughly 1.48 km), such as the nautical mile (now 1.852 km exactly), the Italian mile (roughly 1.852 km), and the Chinese mile (now 500 m exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 pedēs ("feet"), but the greater importance of furlongs in the Elizabethan-era England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to 8 furlongs or 5,280 feet in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the British Empire, some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile (6336/3937 km) continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the International System of Units (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.
Name
The modern English word mile derives from Middle English myle and Old English mīl, which was cognate with all other Germanic terms for miles. These derived from the nominal ellipsis form of mīlle passus 'mile' or mīlia passuum 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand paces.[1]
The present
Abbreviation
The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".
Historical
Roman
The
In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about 1,618 yards (1,479 m; 4,854 ft; 0.919 mi) in length, slightly less than the 1,760 yards (1,609 m; 5,280 ft) of the modern international mile.[12]
In
The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.[
Italian
The
Arabic
The . Although the precise value of the approximation remains disputed, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km.
English
The "old
The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",
Arnold's c. 1500 Customs of London recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5000 feet) or 1.524 km.[20]
Statute
The English statute mile was established by a
Welsh
The
Scots
The
Irish
The Irish mile (míle or míle Gaelach) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.
Dutch
The Dutch mile (mijl) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 ells. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth, the Dutch had three different miles: small (kleine), medium (middelbaar/gemeen), and large (groote). The Dutch kleine mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (uur gaans), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.[41] The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of latitude or one degree of longitude on the equator. This was originally based upon Ptolemy's underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, Willebrord Snellius calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 Rijnlantsche Roeden (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.[42] By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535 m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000 m. Since 1870, the term mijl was replaced by the equivalent kilometer. Today, the word mijl is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and compound terms like mijlenver ("miles away").
German
The German mile (Meile) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised Austrian mile used in southern Germany and the Austrian Empire was 7.586 km; the Prussian mile used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. Following its standardisation by Ole Rømer in the late 17th century, the Danish mile (mil) was precisely equal to the Prussian mile and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.[43] These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the Sjællandske miil, for instance, had been 11.13 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the geographical mile.
Breslau
The Breslau mile, used in
Saxon
The Saxon post mile (kursächsische Postmeile or Polizeimeile, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden rods, equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.[46]
Hungarian
The Hungarian mile (mérföld or magyar mérföld) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.
Portuguese
The Portuguese mile (milha) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.[47]
Russian
The .
Croatian
The
Ottoman
The Ottoman mile was 1,894.35 m (1.17709 mi), which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).
International
The international mile is precisely equal to 1.609344 km (or 25146/15625 km as a fraction).[52] It was established as part of the 1959 international yard and pound agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa,[53] which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.[54] As with the earlier statute mile, it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.
The old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.
The difference from the previous standards was 2
The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the U. S. survey mile. In the United States, statute mile normally refers to the survey mile,[58] about 3.219 mm (1⁄8 inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).
While most countries abandoned the mile when switching to the metric system, the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, Myanmar,[59] the United Kingdom[60] and the United States.[61] It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,[62] Bahamas,[63] Belize,[64] British Virgin Islands,[65] Cayman Islands,[66] Dominica,[66] Falkland Islands,[67] Grenada,[68] Guam,[69] The N. Mariana Islands,[70] Samoa,[71] St. Lucia,[72] St. Vincent & The Grenadines,[73] St. Helena,[74] St. Kitts & Nevis,[75] the Turks & Caicos Islands,[76] and the US Virgin Islands.[77] The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.[78][79][80][81] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.
US survey
The US survey mile is 5,280
The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.
The
State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2
SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states,
In October 2019,
Nautical
The nautical mile was originally defined as one
In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2 feet (1,853.249 m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as 6,080 feet (1,853.184 m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile, but it is now internationally defined to be exactly 1,852 metres (6,076.11548556 feet).[89]
Related units
The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.
The
Geographical
The geographical mile is based upon the length of a meridian of latitude. The German geographical mile (geographische Meile) was previously 1⁄15° of latitude (7.4127 km).[92]
Grid system
Cities in the continental United States often have streets laid out by miles.
Metric
The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as
The Scandinavian mile (mil) remains in common use in Norway and Sweden, where it has meant precisely 10 km since metrication in 1889.[43] It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per mil. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.
The Swedish mile was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or 10.6884 kilometres (6.6415 miles) in 1649; before that it varied by province from about 6 to 14.485 km.[43]
Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was 11.298 kilometres (7.020 miles).
The traditional Finnish peninkulma was translated as Swedish: mil and also set equal to 10 km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.
Comparison table
A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Leagues are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.
Length (m) | Name | Country used | From | To | Definition | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 | lǐ | mainland China | 1984 | today | 1,500 chi | In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed |
960–1,152 | Talmudic mil | Land of Israel/Canaan | today | 2,000 amot ( cubits ) |
Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement | |
1,480 | mille passus, milliarium | Roman Empire | Ancient Roman units of measurement | |||
1,486.6 | miglio[94] | Sicily | ||||
1,524 | London mile | England | ||||
1,609.3426 | (statute) mile | England/UK | 1592 | 1959 | 1,760 yards | Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I |
1,609.344 | mile | some English speaking countries[citation needed] | 1959 | today | 1,760 yards | On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch. |
1,609.3472 | (statute) mile | United States | 1893 | 2022 | 1,760 yards | From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: 3600/3937 × 1760 |
1,807 | Scots mile | Scotland | 1685 | 5,920 feet | ||
1,820 | Italy | |||||
1,852 | nautical mile | international | today | approx. 1 minute of arc |
Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm | |
1,852.3 | (for comparison) | 1 meridian minute | ||||
1,853.181 | nautical mile | Turkey | ||||
1,855.4 | (for comparison) | 1 equatorial minute | Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km. | |||
2,065 | Portugal | |||||
2,220 | Gallo-Roman league | Gallo-Roman culture | 1.5 miles | Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gallic and Germanic provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.[95] | ||
2,470 | Sardinia, Piemont | |||||
2,622 | Scotland | |||||
2,880 | Ireland | |||||
3,780 | Flanders | |||||
3,898 | French lieue (post league) | France | 2,000 "body lengths" | |||
3,927 | Ri |
Japan | 12,960 shaku | |||
4,000 | general or metric league | |||||
4,000 | legue | Guatemala | ||||
4,190 | legue | Mexico[96] | = 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas | |||
4,444.8 | landleuge | 1⁄25° of a circle of longitude | ||||
4,452.2 | lieue commune | France | Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution
| |||
4,513 | legue | Paraguay | ||||
4,513 | legua | Chile,[96] (Guatemala, Haiti) | = 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas | |||
4,808 | Switzerland | |||||
4,828 | English land league | England | 3 miles | |||
4,900 |
4,800Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge (double league) |
|||||
5,000 | légua nova | Portugal[96] | ||||
5,196 | legua | Bolivia[96] | = 40 ladres | |||
5,152 | legua Argentina | Argentina, Buenos Aires[96] | = 6,000 varas | |||
5,154 | legue | Uruguay | ||||
5,200 | Bolivian legua | Bolivia | ||||
5,370 | legue | Venezuela | ||||
5,500 | Portuguese legua | Portugal | ||||
5,510 | legue | Ecuador | ||||
5,510 | Ecuadorian legua | Ecuador | ||||
5,532.5 | Landleuge (state league) |
Prussia | Obsolete German units of measurement
| |||
5,540 | legue | Honduras | ||||
5,556 | Seeleuge (nautical league) | 1⁄20° of a circle of longitude 3 nautical miles |
||||
5,570 | legua | Spain and Chile | Spanish customary units
| |||
5,572 | legua | Colombia[96] | = 3 Millas | |||
5,572.7 | legue | Peru[96] | = 20,000 feet | |||
5,572.7 | legua Antigua old league |
Spain[96] | = 3 millas = 15,000 feet | |||
5,590 | légua | Brazil[96] | = 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas | |||
5,600 | Brazilian legua | Brazil | ||||
5,685 | Fersah (Turkish league) | Ottoman Empire | 1933 | 4 Turkish miles | Derived from Persian parasang | |
[97] | 5,840Dutch mile | Holland | ||||
6,170 | milltir | Wales | 13thC | 9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi = 243,000 inches) | Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I | |
6,197 | légua antiga | Portugal[96] | = 3 milhas = 24 estadios | |||
6,240 | Persian legue | Persia | ||||
6,277 | Luxembourg | |||||
6,280 | Belgium | |||||
6,687.24 | legua nueva new league, since 1766 |
Spain[96] | = 8,000 varas | |||
6,700 | Breslau mile | Silesia | 1630 | 1872 | Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish | |
6,797 | Landvermessermeile (state survey mile) |
Saxony | Obsolete German units of measurement
| |||
7,400 | Netherlands | |||||
7,409 | (for comparison) | 4 meridian minutes | ||||
7,419.2 | Kingdom of Hanover | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
7,419.4 | Duchy of Brunswick | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
7,414.9 |
7,420.4Bavaria | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
7,420.439 | geographic mile | 1⁄15 equatorial grads [dubious ] |
||||
7,421.6 | (for comparison) | 4 equatorial minutes | ||||
7,448.7 | Württemberg | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
7,450 | Hohenzollern | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
7,467.6 | Russia | 7 verst | Obsolete Russian units of measurement
| |||
7,480 | Bohemia | |||||
7,500 | kleine / neue Postmeile (small/new postal mile) |
Saxony | 1840 | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||
7,532.5 | Land(es)meile (German state mile) |
Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia | Primarily for Denmark defined by Obsolete German units of measurement
| |||
7,585.9 | Postmeile (post mile) |
Austro-Hungary | Austrian units of measurement
| |||
7,850 | Milă | Romania | ||||
8,534.31 | Mila | Poland | 1819 | 7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst[98] | ||
8,800 | Schleswig-Holstein | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
8,888.89 | Baden | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
9,062 | mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile (middle post mile or police mile) |
Saxony | 1722 | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||
9,206.3 | Electorate of Hesse | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||||
9,261.4 | (for comparison) | 5 meridian minutes | ||||
9,277 | (for comparison) | 5 equatorial minutes | ||||
9,323 | alte Landmeile (old state mile) |
Hanover | 1836 | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||
9,347 | alte Landmeile (old state mile) |
Hanover | 1836 | Obsolete German units of measurement
| ||
9,869.6 | Oldenburg | |||||
10,000 | metric mile, Scandinavian mile | Norway, Sweden | today | Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre
| ||
10,044 | große Meile (great mile) |
Westphalia | Obsolete German units of measurement
| |||
10,670 | Finland | |||||
10,688.54 | mil | Sweden | 1889 | In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km. | ||
11,113.7 | (for comparison) | 6 meridian minutes | ||||
11,132.4 | (for comparison) | 6 equatorial minutes | ||||
11,299 | mil | Norway | was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods. |
Similar units:
- 1,066.8 m – obsolete Russian units of measurement
Idioms
The mile is still used in a variety of
- A country mile is used colloquially to denote a very long distance.
- "A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
- "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" – a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"[99][100] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
- "Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
- "Go a mile a minute" (move very quickly)
- "Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
- "To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
- "Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
- "Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)
See also
- Biblical mile
- Chinese mile(里)
- Data mile
- Food miles
- Four-minute mile
- Geographical mile
- Medieval weights and measures
- Mile run
- Scandinavian mile
- Section lines
Notes
- partitive genitive construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".[8]
- Weights and Measures Act establishing the Imperial system. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.[23]
- ^ "Pole" being another name for the rod.
- ^ When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.
References
Citations
- ^ OED (2002), "mile, n.1".
- ^ AHD (2006), "mile, 1".
- ^ a b Thompson (2008), B.6..
- ^ Weintrit, Adam (24 October 2019). "History of the Nautical Mile". Logistyka. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ Butcher (2014), p. C-16.
- ^ "Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom.
- ^ "Numbers" Archived 27 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
- ^ Lease (1905), p. 211.
- ISSN 0195-9131.
- ^ Soren (1999), p. 184.
- ^ Shuttleworth.
- ^ Smith (1875), p. 762.
- ISBN 978-0-8160-7482-2.
- ^ a b De Morgan (12 February 1842). "XXXIV On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Taylor & Francis: 230–233.
- ^ Zupko (1981), "Miglio".
- ^ Young, Norwood, ed. (1908). Handbook for Rome and the Campagna. Murray's Handbooks. E. Stanford. p. 29.
- ^ Andrews (2003), p. 70.
- ^ a b Evans (1975), p. 259.
- ^ Chaney (1911), p. 484.
- ^ a b c Klein (1988), p. 69.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm (1864), p. 8.
- ^ a b c NPL.
- ^ Chisholm (1864), p. 37.
- ^ Chisholm (1864), p. 4.
- ^ Zupko (1977), pp. 10–11, 20–21.
- ^ Burke (1978), Ch. 9.
- ^ Adams (1990).
- ^ Statutes at large from the first year of King Edward the fourth to the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Vol. II. 1763. p. 676. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ^ Act 35 Eliz. I cap. 6, s. 8.[28]
- ^ Norgate (1998).
- ^ Morden (1695).
- ^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §5.
- ^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §2.
- ISBN 978-0-004-49017-5.
- ^ a b "mile". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary.
- ^ "fall, faw". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.
- ^ "Act for a standard of miles". Records of the Parliaments of Scotland. Edinburgh. 23 April 1685. APS viii: 494 c.59. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "Act ratifying and approving the treaty of union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England". Records of the Parliaments of Scotland. Edinburgh. 3 October 1706. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "Irish mile".
- ^ a b Ordnance Survey Ireland. "Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
- ^ Apian, Petrus (1545). Cosmographie, oft Beschryvinghe der geheelder werelt. de Bonte. p. xvii. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Metius, Adriaan Adriaansz (1627). Fundamentale onderwijsinghe, aengaende de fabrica en het veelvoudigh gebruyck van het Astrolabium, soo catholicum als particulier. Netherlands: gedr. bij U. Balck. p. 163. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Rowlett (2018), "mil 4".
- OCLC 46420892.
- OCLC 50928641.
- ^ "Historie der Postsäulen" (in German). Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e.V. und 1. Sächsischer Postkutschenverein e.V. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "milha".
- ^ (in Croatian) "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application". Kartografija i putopisi.
- ^ Viličić, Marina; Lapaine, Miljenko (2016). "Hrvatska milja na starim kartama" [The Croatian Mile on Old Maps] (PDF). Kartografija I Geoinformacije (in Croatian and English). 15 (25). Zagreb: Croatian Cartographic Society: 4–22. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ Opačić, Nives (23 February 2003). "Mrvice s banskoga stola". Vijenac (in Croatian). No. 232. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ "Schedule I, Part VI", Weights & Measures Act of 1985.
- ^ 1,760 yards × 0.9144 m/yard.[51]
- ^ Barbrow (1976), pp. 16–17, 20.
- ^ Bigg (1964).
- ^ Parliament of India (8 April 1976). "The Standards of Weights and Measures Act" (PDF). Act No. 60 of 1976. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Survey of India, "National Map Policy – 2005 Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine".
- ^ Astin (1959).
- ^ Convert mile [statute] to mile [statute, US] "1 metre is equal to 0.000621371192237 mile [statute], or 0.000621369949495 mile [statute, US]. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around 1609.347219 metres."
- ^ File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg
- ^ "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1995/1804
- ^ Maximum posted speed limits Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011
- ^ Hayner, Jeff (29 November 2012). "ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor". Samoa News. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "The Nassau Guardian". 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ Jerome Williams (30 August 2013). "Pawpa Brown Race results". Amandala.com.bz. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Mt. bikers compete in Anegada". Bvibeacon.com. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Paddling 300 miles for NCVO". Cayman Compass. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Bronze medal for Falklands football at Island Games in Bermuda". Penguin-news.com. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Find the culprit!!!". Spicegrenada.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Navy evacuates patient from cruise ship 50 miles off Guam". Pacific Daily News. 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Saipan Tribune". 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "When you need to go". 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885". Thevoiceslu.com. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown". Searchlight.vc. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "And I would walk 50 miles..." Sthelenaonline.org. 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "104 Square Miles, but is it ours?". The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Provo has a new club". Suntci.com. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ AARON GRAY (Daily News Staff) (27 February 2012). "Butler outduels archrival to win 8 Tuff Miles". Virgin Islands Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ Branch, Legislative Services (19 April 2021). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Weights and Measures Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
- ^ Weights and Measures Act Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of Canada (26 October 2011). "Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada". www.tsb.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.February 2012, Rail Report – 2010 – Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about 2+1⁄2 hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.
- ^ Hastings Racecourse Fact Book Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).
- ^ "Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement". Retrieved 14 January 2020. (links to a Microsoft Word document)
- ^ a b c d e US National Geodetic Survey. "What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) metres to inches, and 2) metres to feet?". Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ "NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022". National Geodetic Survey. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors". NIST. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "Federal Register :: Request Access".
- ^ Maloney (1978), p. 34.
- ^ Maloney (1978), pp. 34–35.
- ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived(PDF) from the original on 4 June 2021, retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "data mile".
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "radar mile".
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "meile".
- ^ Rowlett (2018), "mile".
- ^ Leopold Carl Bleibtreu: Handbuch der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde und des Wechsel-Staatspapier-, Bank- und Aktienwesens europäischer und außereuropäischer Länder und Städte. Verlag von J. Engelhorn, Stuttgart, 1863, p. 332
- ^ R. C. A. Rottländer (January 2006). "Hierarchische Gliederung der vormetrischen Längeneinheiten". vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helmut Kahnt (1986), BI-Lexikon Alte Maße, Münzen und Gewichte, Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut, p. 380
- ^ IKAR-Altkartendatenbank[permanent dead link] der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Kartenabteilung.
- OL 23442814M.
- ^ Concise Oxford English Dictionary (5th edition; 1964). Oxford University Press.
- ^ John Heywood (1562). The proverbs, epigrams, and miscellanies of John Heywood ... Print. for subscribers, by the Early English Drama Society. pp. 95–. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
Bibliography
- Adams, Cecil (1990), "What's the origin of miles and yards?", The Straight Dope, retrieved 6 April 2015.
- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4 ed.), Boston: ISBN 978-0-618-70172-8.
- Andrews, J.H. (15 September 2003), "Sir Richard Bingham and the Mapping of Western Ireland" (PDF), Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 103C, No. 3, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2012, retrieved 27 October 2011.
- Astin, A.V.; et al. (25 June 1959), Doc. 59-5442: Refinement of values for the yard and the pound (PDF), Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards.
- Barbrow, Louis E.; et al. (1976), Weights and Measures Standards of the United States—A Brief History (PDF), .
- Bigg, P.H.; et al. (1964), "The United Kingdom Standards of the Yard in Terms of the Metre", .
- Burke, James (1978), Connections, Little, Brown, & Co., ISBN 0-316-11685-8.
- Butcher, Tina, ed. (2014), "Appendix C", NIST Handbook 44: Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices.
- Chaney, Henry James (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 477–494. . In
- Chisholm, Henry Williams (11 March 1864), "No. 115: Letter from the Comptroller General of the Exchequer to the Treasury, Dated 3d June 1863, Transmitting a Report on the Exchequer Standards of Weight and Measure, Dated 27th April 1863", Accounts and Papers: Session 4 February — 29 July 1864, vol. LVIII, London: Milner Gibson, p. 621
- Evans, I. M. (1975), "A Cartographic Evaluation of the Old English Mile", The Geographical Journal, 141 (2): 259–264, JSTOR 1797211
- Klein, Herbert Arthur (1988) [Originally published 1974], The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey, New York: Dover Publications (Previously published by Simon & Schuster as The World of Measurements: Masterpieces, Mysteries and Muddles of Metrology).
- Ab Urbe Condita, vol. I, XXI, & XXII, New York: University Publishing.
- Maloney, Elbert S. (1978), Dutton's Navigation and Piloting (13 ed.), Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
- Morden, Robert (1695), Dorsetshire, retrieved 17 August 2011.
- "History of Length Measurement", Factsheets, Teddington: National Physical Laboratory.
- Norgate, Martin; et al. (1998), "Morden's Hampshire 1695", Old Hampshire Mapped, ISBN 1-85975-134-2, retrieved 17 August 2011.
- Owen, Aneurin, ed. (1841), "The Venedotian Code", Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales; Comprising Laws Supposed to be Enacted by Howel the Good, Modified by Subsequent Regulations under the Native Princes prior to the Conquest by Edward the First: And Anomalous Laws, Consisting Principally of Institutions which by the Statute of Ruddlan were Admitted to Continue in Force: With an English Translation of the Welsh Text, to which are Added A few Latin Transcripts, Containing Digests of the Welsh Laws, Principally of the Dimetian Code, London: Commissioners on the Public Records of the Kingdom. (in Welsh) & (in English)
- Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Rowlett, Russ (2018), How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, retrieved 5 November 2019.
- Shuttleworth, M., Building Roman roads, Experiment Resources, archived from the original on 21 April 2011, retrieved 2 May 2011.
- Smith, William, ed. (1875), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray.
- Soren, D.; et al. (1999), "A Roman villa and a late Roman infant cemetery : excavation at Poggio Gramignano, Lugnano in Teverina", Bibliotheca Archaeologica, Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider.
- Thompson, Ambler; et al. (2008), Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (PDF), Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- ISBN 978-0-299-07340-4, retrieved 26 November 2011.
- Zupko, Ronald Edward (1981), Italian Weights and Measures from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, ISBN 0-87169-145-0.
Further reading
- NIST General Tables of Units of Measurement, United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, archived from the original on 10 December 2011
- "Tafel zur Vergleichung und Bestimmung der Wegemaasse", Naturhistorische und chemischtechnische Notizen nach den neuesten Erfahrungen zur Nutzanwendung für Gewerbe, Fabrikwesen und Landwirthschaft, Expedition der Medicinischen Centralzeitung, 1856, pp. 320–326 (Item notes: Sammlung5-6 (1856–57) Original from Harvard University Digitized 9 January 2008)
- Smits, Jan (15 February 2013) [1996], Mathematical data for bibliographic descriptions of cartographic materials and spatial data, Personal page on website ICA Commission on Map Projections, archived from the original on 12 February 2014
- Wigglesworth Clarke, Frank (1875), Weights, measures, and money, of all nations, New York, D. Appleton & Company, p. 91