Mind–body interventions
This article is part of a series on |
Alternative medicine |
---|
Mind–body interventions (MBI) or mind-body training (MBT)[1][2] are health and fitness interventions that are intended to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and Pilates.[3][4][5]
The category was introduced in September 2000 by the United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), a government agency, and encompasses alternative medicine interventions.[6] It excludes scientifically validated practices such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Cochrane reviews have found that studies in this area are small and have low scientific validity.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Since 2008, authors documenting research conducted on behalf of the NCCIH have used terms mind and body practices and mind-body medicine interchangeably with mind-body intervention to denote therapies, as well as physical and mental rehabilitative practices, which "focus on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect on health and disease."[13] According to the NCCIH, "mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher".[14]
Definitions
The
The Cochrane Library contains 3 systematic reviews that explicitly cite and define MBI as MBT.[18][9][2] The reviews consider biofeedback, mindfulness, autogenic training, hypnotherapy, imagery, meditation, and prayer as MBT despite them focusing more strictly on the mind.
One review uses a narrower definition, defining MBT as an ‘active’ intervention in which mental and physical exercises are alternated.[2] A web search will yield mentions of mind-body training in offerings of entities that give yoga, pilates, or meditation training, but explicit definitions are rare.[citation needed]
Origins and history
Western MBI was popularized in the early 20th century but dates back to Ancient Greece.[19] The Greek values of strength and beauty in combination with Greek mythology led to activities intended to promote confidence.[citation needed]
Eastern MBI in the form of
A renewed interest developed in mind-body work in the late 19th and early 20th century. Possibly due to visits from yoga gurus and increased interest, some medical practitioners and movement specialists developed movement therapies with a deliberate mental focus.[19]
Two prominent names in modern mind-body training are Joseph Pilates (1880-1967) and Margaret Morris (1891-1980). A famous statement of Joseph Pilates was “Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness.”[23] Margaret Morris had a background in dance and claimed a connection between a free dance and a free mind.[19][24]
In conventional medicine
All mind-body interventions focus on the interaction between the brain, body, and behavior and are practiced with intention to use the mind to alter physical function and promote overall health and well-being.[25][26]
However, the
Evidence for efficacy
Most studies of MBI and related techniques are small and have low scientific validity, a finding that dominates many
Some of the individual studies do show positive results, but this may be due to chance or placebo effects and the significance may diminish when groups are randomized.Proponents of MBI techniques suggest that a rationale for mind-body training is that the mind follows the body and the body follows the mind. The body-mind connection can be attributed to hormones and chemicals released during movement,[27] although the mind-body connection is dominated by the brain and is considered to be more of a neurological mechanism. There are some indications that movement complexity may have an impact on brain development.[28]
When it comes to explicitly alternating mental and physical exercise sections, proponents rationalize that physical activity induces an elevated heart-rate and increases in stress, which mimics conditions in which athletes need their mental skills the most.[29] It is believed that these conditions make training more functional and there is some limited scientific evidence supporting effectiveness because of this type of approach.[2]
There are documented benefits of several mind-body interventions derived from
Side effects are rarely reported in mind-body training. Some studies have indicated that meditation can have undesired adverse effects on specific clinical populations (e.g., people with a history of
There is limited high-quality evidence as well with regard to the effect of intensity and duration. In a small study observing 87 healthy female participants undergoing either mind-body training or no training,[3] participants who actively participated in an online program showed significantly greater resilience toward stress, anger, anxiety, and depression at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks into the study.[3] However, this study was not randomized and the placebo effect may be large on the subjective psychological test scores.[39] Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTCs) confirmed the efficacy of smartphone interventions for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress.[40][41]
Popularity
Mind–body interventions are the most commonly used form of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States,[42][43][44] with yoga and meditation being the most popular forms.[43][42][45][46][47][48]
See also
- Acupuncture
- Alexander technique
- Art therapy
- Breathing exercises
- Bodywork (alternative medicine)
- Chiropractic
- Dance therapy
- Feldenkrais Method
- Guided imagery
- Guided meditation
- Hypnosis
- Hypnotherapy
- Massage therapy
- Meditation
- Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement
- Music therapy
- Osteopathic manipulation
- Pilates
- Prayer
- Progressive muscle relaxation
- Qigong
- Rolfing
- Tai chi
- Trager approach
- Yoga
References
- ^ a b "Framework for Developing and Testing Mind and Body Interventions". NCCIH. 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ^ PMID 30306545.
- ^ PMID 27479499.
- PMID 15209590.
- ISSN 2046-9012.
- ^ a b US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health Collection Development Manual. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 October 2003. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ PMID 28956893.
- ^ PMID 26130018.
- ^ PMID 25856658.
- ^ PMID 30106471.
- ^ PMID 27272131. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ^ PMID 28873417.
- PMID 23227136.
- ^ "Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s in a Name?" US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001-2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- .
- ^ PMID 27695277.
- ISBN 978-3-447-03479-1. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ISBN 978-0-691-01758-7. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ISBN 978-1-139-47021-6. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ISBN 978-0-9531034-1-6. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- S2CID 52985475.
- S2CID 9358639.
- PMID 21717826.
- PMID 27252937.
- PMID 16437509.
- ^ "What is 2Mynds Mind-Body Training (MBT)". Welcome to 2Mynds (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- PMID 17900044.
- PMID 10453429.
- PMID 18541886.
- PMID 14613052.
- PMID 12665179.
- S2CID 40177801.
- S2CID 15306042.
- PMID 28542181.
- PMID 31071152.
- ISSN 1355-5146.
- PMID 28941113.
- PMID 28456072.
- ^ PMID 15188733.
- ^ S2CID 2912817.
- S2CID 44961156.
- PMID 19361005.
- PMID 25671660.
- PMID 25671583.
- PMID 26028573.