Mineral deficiency

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Mineral deficiency
SpecialtyEndocrinology Edit this on Wikidata

Mineral deficiency is a lack of the

magnesium deficiency
.

Individual deficiency

Mineral Symptoms & Diagnosis Information
Calcium deficiency Asymptomatic or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life-threatening. Symptoms of include numbness in fingers and toes, muscle cramps, irritability, impaired mental capacity and muscle twitching.[2] Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone).[2] Parathyroid related or vitamin D related.
Chromium deficiency Severely
impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion.[3][4]
 The authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient,[5] those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex.[4] Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.[6][7]
Copper deficiency Neurological problems including
neuropathy, and optic neuropathy. Blood symptoms of anemia and neutropenia.[8]
 Copper deficiency can manifest in parallel with vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies.[9] The most common cause of copper deficiency is a remote gastrointestinal surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery, due to malabsorption of copper, or zinc toxicity.
Fluorine deficiency Increased
dental caries and possibly osteoporosis
tooth decay is well-recognized,[10] although the effect is predominantly topical.[11]
iron deficiency
brittle or grooved nails, hair thinning, pagophagia, restless legs syndrome[12]
 Iron deficiency may be caused by blood loss, inadequate intake, medications interfering with absorption, mechanical hemolysis from athletics, malabsorption syndromes, inflammation, and parasitic infections. In a 2014 U.S. government consumption survey and reported that for men and women ages 20 and older the average iron intakes were, respectively, 16.6 and 12.6 mg/day.[13]
Iodine deficiency
Goiter, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, and fibrocystic breast changes
 In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil. Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as
iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency.[14]
Manganese deficiency Skeletal deformation and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.[15] Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams).
Magnesium deficiency
 Tiredness, generalized weakness,
electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be seen.[22]
 Causes include low dietary intake,
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide.[26]
Molybdenum deficiency High blood methionine, low blood uric acid, and low urinary uric acid and sulfate concentrations. The amount of molybdenum required is relatively small, and molybdenum deficiency usually does not occur in natural settings.[27]
Potassium deficiency Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms.
abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest.[22][28]
 Causes of potassium deficiencyinclude vomiting,
electrocardiogram (ECG).[22] Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood serum.[22]
Selenium deficiency Significant negative results,[30] affecting the health of the heart, Keshan disease and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation. People dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil may be at risk for deficiency.[31]
Sodium deficiency Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think,
seizures, and coma.[32][34][35]
 The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into
sweating.[36] Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine.[36] Cases in which the urine is dilute include adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and drinking too much water or too much beer.[36] Cases in which the urine is concentrated include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).[36] High volume hyponatremia can occur from heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.[36] Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar.[37][38]
Zinc deficiency Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea. Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems. Zinc deficiency in humans is caused by reduced dietary intake, inadequate absorption, increased loss, or increased body system use. The most common cause is reduced dietary intake. In the U.S., the
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 8 mg/day for women and 11 mg/day for men.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Introduction: Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  2. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.06.003
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  3. PMID 104057
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  4. ^ a b "Chromium". NCBI Bookshelf. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  5. ^ "Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" (PDF). 2017.
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  10. ^ Olivares M, Uauy R (2004). "Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)" (PDF). WHO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  11. S2CID 13189520
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  12. PMID 17368978
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  13. ^ "What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013–2014" (PDF). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
  14. ^ Creswell J. Eastman; Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014). "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  15. ISBN 9780944398722
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  16. ^ "Finding the Best Magnesium Supplements for Migraine". Migraine Again. 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  17. S2CID 23147775
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  18. ISBN 9780323322850
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  19. ^ "Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia". www.japi.org. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  20. PMID 27234911
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  21. PMID 2255809
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  22. ^
    PMID 20956045
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  23. PMID 20956045
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  24. S2CID 4999601
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  25. PMID 26696633
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  26. ^ III, James L. Lewis (2021-09-29). "Hypomagnesemia - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  27. ^ "Molybdenum". Linus Pauling Institute. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  28. ^
    S2CID 19579505
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  29. ISBN 9780470090558
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  30. PMID 30987088
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  31. PMID 28223487
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  32. ^
    S2CID 36759747. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on May 1, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  33. S2CID 12434550
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  34. PMID 27044859
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  35. PMID 25905359
    . Accessed 1 August 2016.
  36. ^
    PMID 24344146
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  37. PMID 26706473
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  38. ISBN 978-1455749874. Archived
    from the original on 2016-08-15.
  39. ^ "Zinc" Archived 19 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 442–501 in Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press. 2001.

External links

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