Nail disease
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| Nail disease or disorder | |
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| Onychia without granuloma | |
| Specialty | Dermatology  |
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that show signs of infection or inflammation may require medical assistance.
Diseases
nail bed; G. eponychium
; H. free margin.- Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds (surrounding tissue of the nail plate) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail. Onychia results from the introduction of microscopic pathogens through small wounds.
- matrixectomy. The best results are achieved by cauterizing the matrix with phenol. The Vandenbos Procedure is a highly effective method that focuses on excision of excessive nail fold tissue without affecting the healthy nail and nail matrix. The Vandenbos Procedure is showing high success rates in eliminating onychocryptosis without altering the normal nail. Another, much less effective, treatment is excisionof the matrix, sometimes called a 'cold steel procedure'.
hallux
toe- 5-fluorouracil. It can include discoloration of the nail, or dyschromia.
- hereditary and can also occur as a result of long-term neglect. It is most commonly seen in the great toebut may be seen in other toes as well as the fingernails. An affected nail has many grooves and ridges, is brownish in color, and grows more quickly on one side than on the other. The thick curved nail is difficult to cut, and often remains untrimmed, exacerbating the problem.
- .
- . A new nail plate will form once the cause of the disease is removed.
- medicinal nail lacquer, and periodic filing of the nail surface. For advanced onychomycosis, especially if more than one nail is infected, systemic medication (pills) is preferred. Home remedies are often used, although their effectiveness is disputed.
- Onychophosis is a growth of horny epithelium in the nail.
- adverse reactionto drugs.
- Onychorrhexis also known as brittle nails, is brittleness with breakage of fingernails or toenails.
- meet.
- iron deficiency. The normal process of change is: brittle nails, straight nails, spoon-shaped nails.
- flammable.
- Onychomatricoma, a tumor of the nail matrix.
- Nail pemphigus, an auto-immune disease.
- Erythronychia, red bands in the nail from some inflammatory conditions.
- Melanonychia, a black, brown or grey discoloration of the nail, with numerous causes.
Nail changes and conditions associated with them
Nail inspection can give hints to the internal condition of the body as well. Nail disease can be very subtle and should be evaluated by a dermatologist with a focus in this particular area of medicine. A nail technician may be the first to note a subtle change in nail health.[2][3][4]
Pliability
- Brittleness is associated with iron deficiency, thyroid problems,[5] and impaired kidney function.
- Splitting and fraying are associated with folic acid, protein, and Vitamin C.
- Unusual thickness is associated with circulation problems.
Shape and texture
- Nail clubbing - nails that curve down around the fingertips with nailbeds that bulge is associated with oxygen deprivation and lung, heart, or liver disease.
- iron-deficiency anaemia or vitamin B12 deficiency.[citation needed]
- Pitting of the nails is associated with psoriasis.
- Beau's lines are horizontal ridges in the nail.
- Habit-tic deformity is a condition similar to Beau's Lines caused by long-term skin picking.
Discoloration of entire nail bed
- Yellowing of the nail bed is associated with chronic bronchitis, lymphatic problems, diabetes, and liver disorders.
- Brown or copper nail beds are associated with copper poisoning, and local fungal infection.
- Redness is associated with heart conditions.
Other color changes and markings
- Melanonychia (longitudinal streaking that darkens or does not grow out), especially on the thumb or big toe, may indicate subungual melanoma.
- White lines across the nail (Muehrcke's lines.
- Small white patches are known as leukonychia punctata.
- Dark nails are associated with B12 deficiency.
- Stains of the nail plate (not the nail bed) are associated with smoking and henna use.
- Splinter hemorrhages(or haemorrhages) are tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails.
- Drug-induced nail changes are caused by drug usage which may result in various abnormalities.[6]: 665–6
Treatment
In approximately half of suspected nail fungus cases there is actually no fungal infection, but only some nail dystrophy.[7] Before beginning oral antifungal therapy the health care provider should confirm a fungal infection.[7] Administration of treatment to persons without an infection is unnecessary health care and causes needless exposure to side effects.[7]
See also
- Hangnail
- List of cutaneous conditions
- Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust
- Yellow nail syndrome
References
- ISBN 0-7817-2947-5.
- ^ Common nail tumors. Baran R, Richert B., Dermatol Clin. 2006 Jul;24(3):297-311. Review.
- ^ Dealing with melanonychia. Tosti A, Piraccini BM, de Farias DC. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009 Mar;28(1):49-54. Review.
- ^ The nail in systemic diseases. Tosti A, Iorizzo M, Piraccini BM, Starace M. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Jul;24(3):341-7. Review.
- ^ "Baylor All Saints Medical Centers: Thyroid Disease". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ^ ABIM Foundation, American Academy of Dermatology, retrieved 5 December 2013, which cites
- Roberts, D. T.; Taylor, W. D.; Boyle, J.; British Association of Dermatologists (2003). "Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 148 (3): 402–410. S2CID 33750748.
- Mehregan, D. R.; Gee, S. L. (1999). "The cost effectiveness of testing for onychomycosis versus empiric treatment of onychodystrophies with oral antifungal agents". Cutis. 64 (6): 407–410. PMID 10626104.
- Roberts, D. T.; Taylor, W. D.; Boyle, J.; British Association of Dermatologists (2003). "Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 148 (3): 402–410.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diseases and disorders of the nails.
- Fungal Nail Infections - explanation covering causes, treatment, and prevention
- Links to pictures of Nail Diseases (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)
- Nail Abnormalities: Clues to Systemic Disease Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Links to pictures of Toenail Diseases (Wiggins MD)
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